The document provides information about bright field and dark field microscopy. It begins with an overview of different types of light microscopes including bright field, dark field, phase contrast and fluorescent. It then describes the principles, components and working of bright field microscopy, including sample illumination, contrast mechanisms, magnification and applications. Next, it discusses dark field microscopy, explaining how it works by blocking the light source and illuminating samples with scattered light so they appear bright against a dark background. It compares key differences between bright field and dark field microscopy and lists some common applications and advantages of dark field microscopy.
BRIGHT FIELD MICROSCOPY by SIVASANGARI SHANMUGAM
bRIGHT FIELD MICROSCOPY is also called a compound microscope. The name bright - field is derived from the fact that the specimen is dark and contrasted by the surrounding bright viewing field.
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)- by sivasangari Shanmugam. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a technique used to observe the features of very small specimens.
The microscope has evolved a lot from the time of Leeuwenhoek. This presentation gives a brief overview about the types of microscope their principle of function and application.
Microscopy is the technical field of using microscopes to view objects and areas of objects that cannot be seen with the naked eye (objects that are not within the resolution range of the normal eye). There are three well-known branches of microscopy: optical, electron, and scanning probe microscopy, along with the emerging field of X-ray microscopy.
BRIGHT FIELD MICROSCOPY by SIVASANGARI SHANMUGAM
bRIGHT FIELD MICROSCOPY is also called a compound microscope. The name bright - field is derived from the fact that the specimen is dark and contrasted by the surrounding bright viewing field.
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)- by sivasangari Shanmugam. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a technique used to observe the features of very small specimens.
The microscope has evolved a lot from the time of Leeuwenhoek. This presentation gives a brief overview about the types of microscope their principle of function and application.
Microscopy is the technical field of using microscopes to view objects and areas of objects that cannot be seen with the naked eye (objects that are not within the resolution range of the normal eye). There are three well-known branches of microscopy: optical, electron, and scanning probe microscopy, along with the emerging field of X-ray microscopy.
Phase contrast microscopy by sivasangari shanmugam
Phase-contrast microscopy, first described by Dutch physicist Frits Zernike in 1934.
It can be utilized to produce high-contrast images of transparent specimens, such as living cells (usually in culture), microorganisms, thin tissue slices, fibers, latex dispersions, glass fragments, and subcellular particles (including nuclei and other organelles).
Bright field microscopy, Principle and applicationsKAUSHAL SAHU
Introduction
History
Basic Component of Microscope
Light Microscopy
Types of Light Microscopy
What Are Bright Microscopy
Principle of Bright Microscope
Advantage
Disadvantage
Application
Conclusion
Reference
1. MICROSCOPY - introduction + principle (Basics)Nethravathi Siri
Basics only
Microscopy is the technical field that uses microscopes to observe samples which are
not in the resolution range of the normal-unaided eye.
Microscope is a scientific-instrument consisting of magnifying lens that enables an
observer to view the minute features distinctly.
In greek, micro = small
skopein = to view.
LIGHT MICROSCOPY by SIVASANGARI SHANMUGAM
The optical microscope, The functions of a light microscope is based on its ability to focus a beam of light through, which is very small and transparent, to produce an image.
This presentation include information about electron microscope & types of electron microscope i.e. SEM (Scanning electron microscope) & TEM (Transmission electron microscope).
An electron microscope is a microscope that uses a beam of scattered electrons as a source of illumination. It is used to get information about structure, topology, morphology & composition of materials. It has many advantages. Basically there are 4 types of electron microscope but here we will discuss only 2 types.
Transmission electron microscopy is a microscopy technique in which a beam of electrons is transmitted through an ultra-thin specimen, interacting with the specimen as it passes through it. Its resolution & magnification is about 10,000,000x. There are 5 types of transmission electron microscope i.e. BFTEM (Bright field transmision electron microscope), DFTEM (Dark field transmission electron microscope), HRTEM (High resolution transmission electron microscope), EFTEM (Energy filtered transmission electron microscope), ED (Electron diffraction). there are 4 techniques of TEM i.e. negative staining, shadow casting, Freeze fracture replication, freeze etching. It has many applications e.g, for the study of Cancer research, virology, chemical industry, electronic structure etc.
A scanning electron microscope is a type of electron microscope that produces images of a sample by scanning it with a focused beam of electrons. Types of signals produce by SEM include secondary electrons, back scattered electrons, X-rays, light rays. There are many advantages of SEM e.g, Btter resolution, fast imaging easy to operate, work with low voltage etc.
DARK FIELD MICROSCOPY by SIVASANGARI SHANMUGAM
Dark-field microscopy is ideally used to illuminate unstained samples causing them to appear brightly lit against a dark background.
This type of microscope contains a special condenser that scatters light and causes it to reflect off the specimen at an angle
This ppt contain all about Bright field simple microscope.
Here You can find uses, parts and principle and limitation of Bright field simple microscope.
you can also understand the difference between bright field simple microscope and bright field compound microscope.
Phase contrast microscopy by sivasangari shanmugam
Phase-contrast microscopy, first described by Dutch physicist Frits Zernike in 1934.
It can be utilized to produce high-contrast images of transparent specimens, such as living cells (usually in culture), microorganisms, thin tissue slices, fibers, latex dispersions, glass fragments, and subcellular particles (including nuclei and other organelles).
Bright field microscopy, Principle and applicationsKAUSHAL SAHU
Introduction
History
Basic Component of Microscope
Light Microscopy
Types of Light Microscopy
What Are Bright Microscopy
Principle of Bright Microscope
Advantage
Disadvantage
Application
Conclusion
Reference
1. MICROSCOPY - introduction + principle (Basics)Nethravathi Siri
Basics only
Microscopy is the technical field that uses microscopes to observe samples which are
not in the resolution range of the normal-unaided eye.
Microscope is a scientific-instrument consisting of magnifying lens that enables an
observer to view the minute features distinctly.
In greek, micro = small
skopein = to view.
LIGHT MICROSCOPY by SIVASANGARI SHANMUGAM
The optical microscope, The functions of a light microscope is based on its ability to focus a beam of light through, which is very small and transparent, to produce an image.
This presentation include information about electron microscope & types of electron microscope i.e. SEM (Scanning electron microscope) & TEM (Transmission electron microscope).
An electron microscope is a microscope that uses a beam of scattered electrons as a source of illumination. It is used to get information about structure, topology, morphology & composition of materials. It has many advantages. Basically there are 4 types of electron microscope but here we will discuss only 2 types.
Transmission electron microscopy is a microscopy technique in which a beam of electrons is transmitted through an ultra-thin specimen, interacting with the specimen as it passes through it. Its resolution & magnification is about 10,000,000x. There are 5 types of transmission electron microscope i.e. BFTEM (Bright field transmision electron microscope), DFTEM (Dark field transmission electron microscope), HRTEM (High resolution transmission electron microscope), EFTEM (Energy filtered transmission electron microscope), ED (Electron diffraction). there are 4 techniques of TEM i.e. negative staining, shadow casting, Freeze fracture replication, freeze etching. It has many applications e.g, for the study of Cancer research, virology, chemical industry, electronic structure etc.
A scanning electron microscope is a type of electron microscope that produces images of a sample by scanning it with a focused beam of electrons. Types of signals produce by SEM include secondary electrons, back scattered electrons, X-rays, light rays. There are many advantages of SEM e.g, Btter resolution, fast imaging easy to operate, work with low voltage etc.
DARK FIELD MICROSCOPY by SIVASANGARI SHANMUGAM
Dark-field microscopy is ideally used to illuminate unstained samples causing them to appear brightly lit against a dark background.
This type of microscope contains a special condenser that scatters light and causes it to reflect off the specimen at an angle
This ppt contain all about Bright field simple microscope.
Here You can find uses, parts and principle and limitation of Bright field simple microscope.
you can also understand the difference between bright field simple microscope and bright field compound microscope.
The present is on Instrumentation of various microscopes such as compound microscope, stereo microscope, polarized microscope, comparison microscope, fluorescent microscope, dark field microscope, electron microscope and it also discusses about the forensic applications of each microscope briefly.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
1. Lecture 3: Unit-I: Bright-field & Dark-field Microscopy
23-November-2022
Durg Vijai Singh
Department of Biotechnology
Central University of South Bihar, Gaya
3. Bright field Microscope
• Bright field Microscope is also known as the Compound Light Microscope.
• It is the simplest of all the optical microscopy illumination techniques.
• Sample illumination is transmitted (i.e., illuminated from below and
observed from above) white light, and contrast in the sample is caused by
attenuation of the transmitted light in dense areas of the sample.
• It is an optical microscope that uses light rays to produce a dark image
against a bright background.
• It is used in Biology, Cellular Biology, and Microbiological Laboratory
studies.
• This microscope is used to view fixed specimens, that have been stained with
basic stains, gives a contrast between the image and the image background.
• It is specially designed with magnifying glasses known as lenses that modify
the specimen to produce an image seen through the eyepiece.
4. Principle
• In Bright field Microscope, the specimen must pass through a uniform beam
of the illuminating light to be the focussed and produce an image.
• The microscope will produce a contrasting image through differential
absorption and differential refraction.
• The specimens used are stained to introduce color for easy contracting
characterization.
• The colored specimens will have a refractive index that will differentiate it
from the surrounding, presenting a combination of absorption and refractive
contrast.
• The microscope function is based on its ability to produce a high-resolution
image from an adequately provided light source, focused on the image,
producing a high-quality image.
• The specimen which is placed on a microscopic slide is viewed under oil
immersion or/and covered with a cover slip.
6. Parts of Microscope
The bright field microscope is made up of various parts.
Eyepiece (Ocular lens) : it has two eyepiece lenses at the top of
the microscope which focuses the image from the objective
lenses. This is where you see the formed image from, with your
eyes.
The objective lenses: are made up of five or more glass lenses,
which make a clear image from the specimen or the object that is
being focused.
Two focusing knobs: The fine adjustment knob and the coarse
adjustment knob, found on the microscopes’ arm, which can move
the stage or the nose piece to focus on the image. Their function is
to ensure the production of a sharp image with clarity.
The stage: is found just below the objectives and this is where the
specimen is placed, allowing movement of the specimen around
for better viewing with the flexible knobs and it is where the light
is focused on.
7. Parts of Microscope
The condenser: It is mounted below the stage which focuses a
beam of light onto the specimen. It can be fixed or movable, to
adjust the quality of light, but this entirely depends on the
microscope.
The arm: This is a sturdy metallic backbone of the microscope,
used to carry and move the microscope from one place to another.
The arm and the base hold all the microscopic parts. It has a light
illuminator or a mirror found at the base or on the microscope’s
nose piece.
The nose piece: has about two to five objective lenses with
different magnifying power. It can move round to any position
depending on the objective lens to focus on the image.
An aperture diaphragm (contrast): It controls the diameter of
the beam of light that passes through the condenser. When the
condenser is almost closed, the light comes through to the center
of the condenser creating high contrast and when the condenser is
widely open, the image is very bright with very low contrast.
8. Magnification
• The objective lenses are the main lenses used for focusing the image, on the
condenser.
• This produces an enlarged clear image that is then magnified again by the eyepiece
to form the primary image that is seen by the eyes.
• During imaging, the objective lenses remain parfocal in that, even when the
objective lens has changed the image still remains focused.
• The image seen at the eyepiece is the enlarged clear image of the specimen, known
as the virtual image.
• The magnification of the image is determined by the magnification of the
objective against the magnification of the eyepiece lens. The objectives have a
magnification power of 40x-1000x depending on the type of bright field
microscope while the eyepiece lens has a standard magnification power of 10x.
• Numerical Aperture - of a microscope objective is the measure of its ability to
gather light and to resolve fine specimen detail while working at a fixed object (or
specimen) distance.
9. Magnification
Total Magnification power = Magnification of the objective lens x Magnification of the eyepiece
• For example: if the magnification of the objective is 40x and that of the eyepiece is
10x, the total magnification of the specimen will be 400x.
• The magnification is standard, i.e not too high nor too low, and therefore
depending on the magnification power of the lenses, it will range between 40X and
100X.
• The objective lens enlarges the image which can be viewed, a characteristic known
as resolution.
• Resolution according to Prescott, is the ability of a lens to separate or distinguish
between small objects closely linked together.
• Whereas the eyepiece magnifies the image at the end of the viewing, its
magnification range is lower than that of the objective lens at 8X-12X (10X
standard) and that of the objective lens at 40X-100X, magnification, and resolution
of the microscope is highly dependant on the objective lens.
10. Figure 1(a) reveals a human basal cell carcinoma stained with eosin and hematoxylin to generate color contrast in
bright field imaging mode. Figure 1(b) shows living HeLa cells in a plastic tissue culture vessel imaged with phase
contrast. A fixed culture of Indian Muntjac cells mounted in an aqueous medium are presented in differential
interference contrast (DIC) image in Figure 1(c). A fresh tissue section of mouse heart muscle bathed in aqueous
saline solution is displayed in the Figure 1(d) panel, where contrast is generated using Hoffman modulation (or ZEISS
VAREL) contrast, an oblique illumination technique. The brilliant bright-on-dark contrast observed with dark field
illumination is shown in Figure 1(e) using an Obelia hydroid specimen. Finally, rabbit skeletal muscle fibers (Figure
1(f)) are among the biological specimens that are birefringent and demonstrate contrast in polarized light.
11. Application
1. Used to understand cell structures in cell Biology, Microbiology, Bacteriology
to visualizing parasitic organisms in Parasitology.
2. Most of the specimens to viewed are stained using special staining to enable
visualization. Examples: Negative staining and Gram staining.
3. Some of its applications include:
• To visualize and study the animal cells
• To visualize and study plant cells.
• To visualize and study the morphologies of bacterial cells
• To identify parasitic protozoans such as Paramecium.
12. Advantages
1. It is simple to use with few adjustments involved while viewing the
image.
2. It can be used to view both stained and unstained.
3. The optics of the microscope do not alter the color of the specimen.
4. The microscope can be adjusted and modified for better viewing such
as installing a camera to form a digital microscope or
5. In the way image illumination is done such as by use of fluorochromes
on the specimen and viewing under a dark environment, forming a dark
field microscope.
13. Disadvantages
1. The aperture diaphragm may cause great contrast which may distort the image,
therefore iris diaphragm is preferred.
2. It cannot be used to view live specimens such as bacterial cells.
3. Only fixed specimens can be viewed under the bright field microscope.
4. Maximum magnification of the bright field microscope is 100x but modification can
readjust the magnification to 1000x, an optimum magnification of bacterial cells.
5. It has low contrast hence most specimens must be stained for them to be visualized.
6. Use of oil immersion may distort the image.
7. The use of cover slip may damage the specimen.
8. Staining may introduce extraneously unwanted details into the specimen or
contaminate the specimen.
9. It is tedious to stain the specimen before visualizing it under the bright field
microscope.
10. The microscope needs a strong light source for magnification and sometimes the
light source may produce a lot of heat which may damage or kill the specimen.
18. Koehler Illumination
Köhler illumination acts
to generate an even
illumination of the
sample and ensures that
an image of the
illumination source is not
visible in the resulting
image, uses transmitted
and reflected light optical
microscopy.
32. References
• Principle and Techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Keith Wilson and
John Walker (Eds). 6th Edition. Cambridge University Press.
• Physical Biochemistry (Application to Biochemistry and Molecular Biology).David
Freeholder (Ed.) WH Freeman and Company, San Francisco.
• Willey, J. M., Sherwood, L., & Woolverton, C. Prescott’s Microbiology. New York: McGraw-
Hill (Page# 19-22).
• https://www.med.unc.edu/microscopy/files/2018/06/lm-ch-8-bright-field.pdf
• https://www.microscopemaster.com/brightfield-microscopy.html
• https://www.thomassci.com/scientific-supplies/Brightfield-Microscope
• https://www2.hawaii.edu/~johnb/micro/m140/syllabus/week/handouts/m140.2.4.html
• Microbenotes.com/microbiology
34. Dark field Microscope
• Microscopes are designated as either light microscopes or electron
microscopes.
• Light microscopes use visible light or ultraviolet rays to illuminate specimens.
• Brightfield, dark field, phase-contrast, and fluorescent MICROSCOPE.
• This is similar to the ordinary light microscope; however, the condenser system
is modified so that the specimen is not illuminated directly.
• The condenser directs the light obliquely so that the light is deflected or
scattered from the specimen, which then appears bright against a dark
background.
• Living specimens may be observed more readily with dark field than with
brightfield microscopy.
36. Principle
1. In dark field microscope, the light source is blocked off, causing light to
scatter as it hits the specimen.
2. This is ideal for making objects with refractive values similar to the
background appear bright against a dark background.
3. When light hits an object, rays are scattered in all azimuths or directions.
4. The design of the dark field microscope is such that it removes the dispersed
light, or zeroth order, so that only the scattered beams hit the sample.
5. The introduction of a condenser and/or stop below the stage ensures that these
light rays will hit the specimen at different angles, rather than as a direct light
source above/below the object.
6. The result is a “cone of light” where rays are diffracted, reflected and/or
refracted off the object, ultimately, allowing the individual to view a
specimen in dark field.
40. How it Works?
1. The dark-ground microscopy makes use of the dark-ground, a special
type of compound light microscope.
2. The dark-field condenser with a central circular stop, which illuminates
the object with a cone of light, is the most essential part of the dark-
ground microscope.
3. This microscope uses reflected light instead of transmitted light used
in the ordinary light microscope.
4. It prevents light from falling directly on the objective lens.
5. Light rays falling on the object are reflected or scattered onto the
objective lens with the result that the microorganisms appear brightly
stained against a dark background.
41. Uses
• Demonstration of very thin bacteria not visible under ordinary illumination since
the reflection of the light makes them appear larger.
• Frequently used for demonstration of Treponema pallidum in clinical specimens.
• Demonstration of the motility of flagellated bacteria and protozoa.
• Dark field is used to study marine organisms such as algae, plankton, diatoms,
insects, fibers, hairs, yeast and protozoa as well as some minerals and crystals,
thin polymers and some ceramics.
• Used to study mounted cells and tissues.
• Useful in examining external details, such as outlines, edges, grain boundaries
and surface defects than internal structure.
42. Advantages
• It is a very simple yet effective technique.
• It is well suited for uses involving live and unstained biological samples,
such as a smear from a tissue culture or individual, water-borne, single-
celled organisms.
• Considering the simplicity of the setup, the quality of images obtained
from this technique is impressive.
• Dark-field microscopy techniques are almost entirely free of artifacts, due
to the nature of the process.
• A researcher can achieve a dark field by making modifications to his/her
microscope.
43. References
• Principle and Techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Keith Wilson and John Walker (Eds).
6th Edition. Cambridge University Press.
• Physical Biochemistry (Application to Biochemistry and Molecular Biology).David Freifelder (Ed.) WH
Freeman and Company, San Francisco.
• Parija S.C. (2012). Textbook of Microbiology & Immunology.(2 ed.). India: Elsevier India.
• Cappuccino, J. and Welsh, C. (2014). Microbiology: A Laboratory Manual, Global Edition. 1st ed. Pearson
Education.
• Sastry A.S. & Bhat S.K. (2016). Essentials of Medical Microbiology. New Delhi : Jaypee Brothers Medical
Publishers.
• Trivedi P.C., Pandey S, and Bhadauria S. (2010). Textbook of Microbiology. Pointer Publishers; First edition
• Patskovsky; et al. (2014). “Wide-field hyperspectral 3D imaging of functionalized gold nanoparticles
targeting cancer cells by reflected light microscopy”. Biophotonics. 8 (5): 1–7
• https://www.microscopemaster.com/dark-field-microscope.html
• Microbenotes.com/microbiology