How to ask better questions and how to assess UX using surveys.
This workshop at UXLX 2014 in Lisbon was a deep dive into two important topics in survey design for user research.
We used the four-step model of how people answer questions to work on better questions, then we focused on two special uses of questionnaires in user research: the post-test assessment of satisfaction, and then how to gather information from users for redesign.
Thanks to all the attendees for making this workshop a lot of fun.
Caroline Jarrett @cjforms
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
A Rubric for Assessing the UX of Online Museum Collections: Preliminary Findi...craigmmacdonald
The increasing popularity of the Web and the proliferation of mobile technologies have had a tremendous impact on museums. The deployment of new technology into physical museum spaces has greatly enhanced the in-person museum experience, but efforts to improve the virtual museum experience have been less successful. This lightning talk describes our preliminary efforts to develop and validate a user experience (UX) assessment rubric for online museum collections. Drawing from existing research and current interface design and usability best practices, this rubric provides a set of criteria for assessing the extent to which an online museum collection provides a positive user experience for online visitors. Future research directions will be presented alongside the results from an initial pilot study.
Presented at the 2014 Museums and the Web conference in Baltimore, MD.
This presentation contains the slides presented during the 8th Scientific Advisory Board Meeting for Integranova, Oliva Nova (Spain), 29-30 September 2011.
Inclusive Usability Techniques in Requirements Analysis of Accessible Web App...Grupo HULAT
Authors: Lourdes Moreno, Paloma Martínez, Belén Ruiz-Mezcua
IWWUA 2007: 1st International Workshop on Web Usability and Accessibility in conjuntion with the 8th International Conference on Web Information Systems Engineering, (January 2007, Nancy, France).
What Can IA Learn from LIS? Perspectives from LIS Educationcraigmmacdonald
Morville & Rosenfeld's "Information Architecture for the World Wide Web" positioned IA as an approach to web/interface design that is deeply embedded in, and strongly informed by, the LIS discipline. To re-consider of the impact of the LIS discipline on the IA profession, this presentation (and a subsequent paper) reports the preliminary results of an analysis of syllabi of information architecture courses offered by graduate schools of Library and Information Science in the United States and Canada.
Presented for the Teaching IA workshop at the 2014 IA Summit in San Diego, CA.
Gesture-based information systems: from DesignOps to DevOpsJean Vanderdonckt
Keynote address for the 29th International Conference on Information Systems Development ISD'2021 (Valencia, Spain, September 8-10, 2021). See https://isd2021.webs.upv.es/program.php#keynotes
This talk promotes the Seven I':
Implementation continuity
Inclusion of end-users
Interaction first
Integration among stakeholders
Iteration short
Incremental progress
Innovation openness
How to ask better questions and how to assess UX using surveys.
This workshop at UXLX 2014 in Lisbon was a deep dive into two important topics in survey design for user research.
We used the four-step model of how people answer questions to work on better questions, then we focused on two special uses of questionnaires in user research: the post-test assessment of satisfaction, and then how to gather information from users for redesign.
Thanks to all the attendees for making this workshop a lot of fun.
Caroline Jarrett @cjforms
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
A Rubric for Assessing the UX of Online Museum Collections: Preliminary Findi...craigmmacdonald
The increasing popularity of the Web and the proliferation of mobile technologies have had a tremendous impact on museums. The deployment of new technology into physical museum spaces has greatly enhanced the in-person museum experience, but efforts to improve the virtual museum experience have been less successful. This lightning talk describes our preliminary efforts to develop and validate a user experience (UX) assessment rubric for online museum collections. Drawing from existing research and current interface design and usability best practices, this rubric provides a set of criteria for assessing the extent to which an online museum collection provides a positive user experience for online visitors. Future research directions will be presented alongside the results from an initial pilot study.
Presented at the 2014 Museums and the Web conference in Baltimore, MD.
This presentation contains the slides presented during the 8th Scientific Advisory Board Meeting for Integranova, Oliva Nova (Spain), 29-30 September 2011.
Inclusive Usability Techniques in Requirements Analysis of Accessible Web App...Grupo HULAT
Authors: Lourdes Moreno, Paloma Martínez, Belén Ruiz-Mezcua
IWWUA 2007: 1st International Workshop on Web Usability and Accessibility in conjuntion with the 8th International Conference on Web Information Systems Engineering, (January 2007, Nancy, France).
What Can IA Learn from LIS? Perspectives from LIS Educationcraigmmacdonald
Morville & Rosenfeld's "Information Architecture for the World Wide Web" positioned IA as an approach to web/interface design that is deeply embedded in, and strongly informed by, the LIS discipline. To re-consider of the impact of the LIS discipline on the IA profession, this presentation (and a subsequent paper) reports the preliminary results of an analysis of syllabi of information architecture courses offered by graduate schools of Library and Information Science in the United States and Canada.
Presented for the Teaching IA workshop at the 2014 IA Summit in San Diego, CA.
Gesture-based information systems: from DesignOps to DevOpsJean Vanderdonckt
Keynote address for the 29th International Conference on Information Systems Development ISD'2021 (Valencia, Spain, September 8-10, 2021). See https://isd2021.webs.upv.es/program.php#keynotes
This talk promotes the Seven I':
Implementation continuity
Inclusion of end-users
Interaction first
Integration among stakeholders
Iteration short
Incremental progress
Innovation openness
Slides from March 20, 2009 presentation to Damascus High School advanced web class for Jeffrey Brown.
Presentation introduces human factors, principles of human/computer interaction, and interaction design best practices.
Short presentation I made to introduce bitmama's Information Interaction Design team. It goes through what is UX design, how it is carried out and why it is useful (mainly in terms of ROI).
Is User Centered Design a buzzword, a technique, or a methodology? Why does "UCD" get so much attention? How has it changed how teams approach web application usability efforts? Is UCD right for you?
1. User Centered Design: Evolving from Dot-Com to Web 2.0
2. Why UCD? (Development, Business, Design benefits)
3. Development process: UCD vs. Agile vs. Waterfall
4. Case Studies: User Centered Design success stories
5. Is UCD right for you?: Planning a UCD process for your product
6. Q & A
PredictionIO – A Machine Learning Server in Scala – SF Scalapredictionio
A Machine Learning Server in Scala.
Building and Deploying ML Applications on production in a fraction of the time.
Slides from SF Scala meetup January 2015 at StumbleUpon.
Usability testing: rapid results when you need them. Have a question about whether a new feature or design idea works for users? It’s easy to find out early, so your design process is as responsive as your code. We'll look at ways to run quick usability test, how to find users in the wild, and when to add it to your project plan. Yes, it can be fast, good, and cheap.
Presentation at the dotgov design conference - March 27, 2015
HCI LAB MANUAL
1
To understand the trouble of interacting with machines - Redesign interfaces of home
appliances.
2 Design a system based on user-centered approach.
3 Understand the principles of good screen design.
4 Redesign existing Graphical User Interface with screen complexity
5 Design Web User Interface based on Gestalt Theory
6 Implementation of Different Kinds of Menus
7 Implementation of Different Kinds of Windows
8 Design a system with proper guidelines for icons
Usability session @ SEI Universidade do MinhoRuben Goncalves
Usability: n. The degree to which an object, device, software application, etc. is easy to use with no specific training.
In this session we'll start by understanding what is usability and what are the risks (and costs) of creating non-usable apps. Then we'll focus into understand a bit of the science behind usability and how we can use it efficiently.
This session was created for the SEI 2016 of Minho University.
Track 09 - New publishing and scientific communication ways:
Electronic edition, digital educational resources
Authors: Ana Catarina Silva and Maria Manuel Borges
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tAdQkqUYROo&list=PLboNOuyyzZ86iI_x9SRTfV1KlSRX9DcEc&index=5
Requirements Engineering for the HumanitiesShawn Day
This workshop explores how requirements engineering can be employed by digital and non-digital humanities scholars (and others) to conceptualise and communicate a research project.
requirementsEngineeringAs the field of digital humanities has evolved, one of the biggest challenges has been getting the marrying technical expertise with humanities scholarly practice to successfully deliver sustainable and sound digital projects. At its core this is a communications exercise. However, to communicate effectively demands an ability to effectively translate, define and find clarity in your own mind.
Presentation by Beth Gordon (Pace University) and Kristina Hoeppner (Catalyst IT) at AAEEBL 2015 http://www.aaeebl.org/?page=2015annualconference on 30 July 2015.
Recording: http://youtu.be/0dCpENOL0co
Live slides: http://slides.com/anitsirk/crowdsourcing-your-way-to-a-better-eportfolio
Discusses sociotechnical issues that arose in the design of a national digital learning system intended for use by more than a million students and their teachers
Blackboard is committed not only to delivering accessible products, but also to providing accessibility consulting. Understanding that a digital accessibility program encompasses so much more than their products, Blackboard works with schools to develop comprehensive eLearning accessibility plans.
In this webinar, you'll learn more about Blackboard's accessibility initiatives and core beliefs. Presented by JoAnna Hunt (Accessibility Manager), Scott Ready (Director of Customer Relations), and Nicolaas Matthijs (Ally Product Manager), this session will cover:
Blackboard's accessibility mission statement & core beliefs
How Blackboard makes their products accessible
How Blackboard works with schools to plan for accessibility
How Blackboard developed their rubric for accessibility
Common challenges of making eLearning programs accessible
Using Blackboard Ally to get insight into how accessible your courses are
The future of accessibility at Blackboard
2018-07-10 ICALT 2018 in Mumbai Gap between MOOC Designers and Learners on In...Christian M. Stracke
2018-07-10 Paper presentation at ICALT 2018 in Mumbai on Gap between MOOC Designers and Learners on Interaction and GMQS findings by Christian M. Stracke and Esther Tan from OUNL
Similar to Lecture 3: Human-Computer Interaction Course (2015) @VU University Amsterdam (20)
The Rijksmuseum Collection as Linked DataLora Aroyo
Presentation at ISWC2018: http://iswc2018.semanticweb.org/sessions/the-rijksmuseum-collection-as-linked-data/ of our paper published originally in the Semantic Web Journal: http://www.semantic-web-journal.net/content/rijksmuseum-collection-linked-data-2
Many museums are currently providing online access to their collections. The state of the art research in the last decade shows that it is beneficial for institutions to provide their datasets as Linked Data in order to achieve easy cross-referencing, interlinking and integration. In this paper, we present the Rijksmuseum linked dataset (accessible at http://datahub.io/dataset/rijksmuseum), along with collection and vocabulary statistics, as well as lessons learned from the process of converting the collection to Linked Data. The version of March 2016 contains over 350,000 objects, including detailed descriptions and high-quality images released under a public domain license.
FAIRview: Responsible Video Summarization @NYCML'18Lora Aroyo
Presentation at the NYC Media Lab (NYCML2018). There is a growing demand for news videos online, with more consumers preferring to watch the news than read or listen to it. On the publisher side, there is a growing effort to use video summarization technology in order to create easy-to-consume previews (trailers) for different types of broadcast programs. How can we measure the quality of video summaries and their potential to misinform? This workshop will inform participants about automatic video summarization algorithms and how to produce more “representative” video summaries. The research presented is from the FAIRview project and is supported by the Digital News Innovation Fund (DNI Fund), which is part of the Google News Initiative.
DH Benelux 2017 Panel: A Pragmatic Approach to Understanding and Utilising Ev...Lora Aroyo
Lora Aroyo, Chiel van den Akker, Marnix van Berchum, Lodewijk
Petram, Gerard Kuys, Tommaso Caselli, Jacco van Ossenbruggen, Victor de Boer, Sabrina Sauer, Berber Hagedoorn
Crowdsourcing ambiguity aware ground truth - collective intelligence 2017Lora Aroyo
The process of gathering ground truth data through human annotation is a major bottleneck in the use of information extraction methods. Crowdsourcing-based approaches are gaining popularity in the attempt to solve the issues related to the volume of data and lack of annotators. Typically these practices use inter-annotator agreement as a measure of quality. However, this assumption often creates issues in practice. Previous experiments we performed found that inter-annotator disagreement is usually never captured, either because the number of annotators is too small to capture the full diversity of opinion, or because the crowd data is aggregated with metrics that enforce consensus, such as majority vote. These practices create artificial data that is neither general nor reflects the ambiguity inherent in the data.
To address these issues, we proposed the method for crowdsourcing ground truth by harnessing inter-annotator disagreement. We present an alternative approach for crowdsourcing ground truth data that, instead of enforcing an agreement between annotators, captures the ambiguity inherent in semantic annotation through the use of disagreement-aware metrics for aggregating crowdsourcing responses. Based on this principle, we have implemented the CrowdTruth framework for machine-human computation, that first introduced the disagreement-aware metrics and built a pipeline to process crowdsourcing data with these metrics.
In this paper, we apply the CrowdTruth methodology to collect data over a set of diverse tasks: medical relation extraction, Twitter event identification, news event extraction and sound interpretation. We prove that capturing disagreement is essential for acquiring a high-quality ground truth. We achieve this by comparing the quality of the data aggregated with CrowdTruth metrics with a majority vote, a method which enforces consensus among annotators. By applying our analysis over a set of diverse tasks we show that, even though ambiguity manifests differently depending on the task, our theory of inter-annotator disagreement as a property of ambiguity is generalizable.
My ESWC 2017 keynote: Disrupting the Semantic Comfort ZoneLora Aroyo
Ambiguity in interpreting signs is not a new idea, yet the vast majority of research in machine interpretation of signals such as speech, language, images, video, audio, etc., tend to ignore ambiguity. This is evidenced by the fact that metrics for quality of machine understanding rely on a ground truth, in which each instance (a sentence, a photo, a sound clip, etc) is assigned a discrete label, or set of labels, and the machine’s prediction for that instance is compared to the label to determine if it is correct. This determination yields the familiar precision, recall, accuracy, and f-measure metrics, but clearly presupposes that this determination can be made. CrowdTruth is a form of collective intelligence based on a vector representation that accommodates diverse interpretation perspectives and encourages human annotators to disagree with each other, in order to expose latent elements such as ambiguity and worker quality. In other words, CrowdTruth assumes that when annotators disagree on how to label an example, it is because the example is ambiguous, the worker isn’t doing the right thing, or the task itself is not clear. In previous work on CrowdTruth, the focus was on how the disagreement signals from low quality workers and from unclear tasks can be isolated. Recently, we observed that disagreement can also signal ambiguity. The basic hypothesis is that, if workers disagree on the correct label for an example, then it will be more difficult for a machine to classify that example. The elaborate data analysis to determine if the source of the disagreement is ambiguity supports our intuition that low clarity signals ambiguity, while high clarity sentences quite obviously express one or more of the target relations. In this talk I will share the experiences and lessons learned on the path to understanding diversity in human interpretation and the ways to capture it as ground truth to enable machines to deal with such diversity.
Data Science with Human in the Loop @Faculty of Science #Leiden UniversityLora Aroyo
Software systems are becoming ever more intelligent and more useful, but the way we interact with these machines too often reveals that they don’t actually understand people. Knowledge Representation and Semantic Web focus on the scientific challenges involved in providing human knowledge in machine-readable form. However, we observe that various types of human knowledge cannot yet be captured by machines, especially when dealing with wide ranges of real-world tasks and contexts. The key scientific challenge is to provide an approach to capturing human knowledge in a way that is scalable and adequate to real-world needs. Human Computation has begun to scientifically study how human intelligence at scale can be used to methodologically improve machine-based knowledge and data management. My research is focusing on understanding human computation for improving how machine-based systems can acquire, capture and harness human knowledge and thus become even more intelligent. In this talk I will show how the CrowdTruth framework (http://crowdtruth.org) facilitates data collection, processing and analytics of human computation knowledge.
Some project links:
- http://controcurator.org/
- http://crowdtruth.org/
- http://diveproject.beeldengeluid.nl/
- http://vu-amsterdam-web-media-group.github.io/linkflows/
Crowdsourcing & Nichesourcing: Enriching Cultural Heritagewith Experts & Cr...Lora Aroyo
Presentation at the "Past, Present and Future of Digital Humanities & Social Sciences in the Netherlands" event, http://www.ehumanities.nl/past-present-and-future-of-digital-humanities-social-sciences-in-the-netherlands-programme-and-abstracts-2/
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
4. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2015: Lecture 3
Four psychological Principles
1. Users See What They Expect to See
2. Users Have Difficulty Focusing on More than
One Activity at a Time
3. It Is Easier to Perceive a Structured Layout
4. It Is Easier to Recognize Something than to
Recall It
Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 4
5. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2015: Lecture 3
Principle 1
User’s confusions with the UI:
consistency
exploiting
prior knowledgesee what they want to see
Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 5
people don’t read
6. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2015: Lecture 3
Principle 2
Users Have Difficulty Focusing on More Than
One Activity at a Time
– The Cocktail Party Effect
• Principle of Perceptual Organization
– Group alike things together
• Principle of Importance
– Prominent display for important items
Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 6
7. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2015: Lecture 3
Principle 3
It Is Easier to Perceive a Structured Layout
• Law of proximity
• Law of similarity
• Law of closure
• Law of continuity
• Law of symmetry
Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 7
8. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2015: Lecture 3
Principle 4
It Is Easier to Recognize Something Than to
Recall It
• Principle of recognition
• Knowledge in the head & Knowledge in the
world
Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 8
9. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2015: Lecture 3
Principles from Experience: Affordance
It Should Be Obvious How a Control Is Used
Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 9
10. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2015: Lecture 3
Affordances
• The perceived and actual fundamental properties of the
object that determine how it could possibly be used
(Gibson 1977)
• Some affordances are obvious, some learned
• Have suggestions or clues about to how to use these
properties
• Can be dependent on the
– Experience
– Knowledge
– Culture of the actor
• Can make an action easy or difficult
Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 10
15. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2015: Lecture 3
Based on slide by Saul Greenberg
In graphical, screen-based UI:
– designer has control over
perceived affordances
• display screen
• pointing device
• selection buttons
• keyboard
– afford touching
– pointing
– looking
– clicking on every
pixel of the display
Affordances in Screen-based UI
Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 15
16. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2015: Lecture 3
Constraints
• Restricting interaction to reduce errors
Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 16
17. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2015: Lecture 3
Mappings
• Relationships between controls and their results
• For devices, appliances
– natural mappings use constraints and correspondences in the
physical world
• Controls on a stove
• Controls on a car
– Radio volume
» Knob goes left to right to control volume
» Should also go in and out for front to rear speakers
• For computer UI design
– mapping between controls and their actions on the computer
• Controls on a digital watch
• Controls on a word processor program
Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 17
18. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2015: Lecture 3
Slide adapted from Saul Greenberg
Mapping Controls to Physical Outcomes
back
right
front
left
back
left
front
right
24 possibilities, requires:
-visible labels
-memory
arbitrary full mapping
back front front back
2 possibilities per side
=4 total possibilities
paired
19. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2015: Lecture 3
Based on slide by Saul Greenberg
Transfer Effects
People transfer their expectations from familiar
objects to similar new ones
– positive transfer: previous experience applies to new
situation
– negative transfer: previous experience conflicts with
new situation
20. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2015: Lecture 3
Visibility
• Making it obvious which actions are available
Consistency
• Similar functions are performed in the same way
• Identical terminology for identical operations
Feedback
• Send information about what is happening back
to the user
Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 20
21. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2015: Lecture 3
Feedback
The Principle of Feedback:
– It Should Be Obvious When a Control Has Been Used
Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 21
36. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2015: Lecture 3
The Principle of Visibility:
It Should Be Obvious What a Control Is Used For
Visibility (perceived affordance)
Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 36
37. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2015: Lecture 3
Consistency
Uniformity in appearance, placement, and behavior
Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 37
40. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2015: Lecture 3
Cultural Associations
• Groups of people learn idioms
– red = danger, green = go
• But these differ in different places
– Light switches
• America: down is off
• Britain: down is on
– Faucets
• America: counter-clockwise is on
• Britain: counter-clockwise is off
Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 40
44. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2015: Lecture 3
What’s Wrong?
Mapping – we’d
expect to go
off, low, high
Feedback – when
lamp is on, hard to tell
from switch position
whether it’s
in low or high mode
Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 44
46. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2015: Lecture 3
What’s Wrong?
CONSISTENCY: Different procedure for setting different
intervals of time.
FEEDBACK: When timer is at a time under 15 minutes, hard
to tell if it’s actually on or not (silent failure).
Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 46
51. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2015: Lecture 3
Standards
• ISO 9241: Ergonomic requirements for office work with
visual display terminals (VDTs)
– defines usability as effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction with
which users accomplish tasks
• ISO 14915: Software ergonomics for multimedia user
interfaces
– guidelines for design of multimedia interfaces
• ISO 13407: Human-centered design processes for
interactive systems
– management guidance through the development life-cycle
• ISO/CD 20282: Ease of operation of everyday products
– four-part standard to ensure products can be used as consumers
expect them to
Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 51
52. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2015: Lecture 3
Guidelines (1/2)
• For optimizing the user experience
– abstract guidelines (principles) applicable
during early life cycle activities
– detailed guidelines (style guides) applicable
during later life cycle activities
• http://www.usability.gov/pdfs/guidelines.html
Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 52
53. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2015: Lecture 3
Guidelines (2/2)
• Accessibility
• Page Layout
– Navigation, Scrolling and Paging, Headings, Titles,
and Labels
• Content Organization
– Text Appearance
– Lists
– Links
– Screen–Based Controls (Widgets)
– Graphics, Images, and Multimedia
• Search
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59. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2015: Lecture 3
“Towards a science of simplicity”
• In his TED Talk “Towards a science of
simplicity”, Harvard professor George
Whitesides breaks ‘simple’ down into three
characteristics:
• They are predictable
• They are accessible
• They serve as building blocks
http://www.ted.com/talks/george_whitesides_toward_a_science_of_simplicity
66. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2015: Lecture 3
Tolerance
Prevent user from making mistakes
– Prevention
– Recoverability
• Forward error recovery - system accepts the error
and helps the user to accomplish their goal
• Backward error recovery – undo the effects of the
previous interaction
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68. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2015: Lecture 3
Location on the screen
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Mind the typical Ads location
Use typical locations
69. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2015: Lecture 3
W3C Accessibility Guidelines
W3C Web Content Accessibility Guidelines
http://www.w3.org/TR/WAI-WEBCONTENT/
1. Provide alternatives to auditory and visual content
2. Don’t rely on color alone
3. Use markup and style sheets properly
4. Clarify natural language usage
• abbreviation and foreign text
5. Create tables that transform gracefully
6. New technology pages transform gracefully
• accessible when newer technologies are not supported
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70. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2015: Lecture 3
W3C Accessibility Guidelines
7. Ensure user control of time-sensitive content
– pausing/stoping of animation, scrolling, etc.
8. Ensure direct accessibility of embedded UI
9. Design for device independence
– various input devices
10. Use interim solutions (for older browsers to function)
11. Use W3C technologies and guidelines
12. Provide context and orientation information
13. Provide clear navigation mechanisms
14. Ensure that documents are clear and simple
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71. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2015: Lecture 3
Style Guides
• A typical guide includes:
– description of required interaction styles & user
interface controls
– guidance on when and how to use the various styles
or controls
– illustrations of styles and controls
– screen templates
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73. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2015: Lecture 3
Example Style Guides
• Apple Interface Guidelines
– http://developer.apple.com/DOCUMENTATION/UserExperience/
Conceptual/AppleHIGuidelines/
• Microsoft Windows XP UI Guidelines
– http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/Resources/windowsxp/default.mspx
• IBM’s Common User Access
– http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_User_Access
• Motif Style Guide
– http://www.opengroup.org/motif/motif.data.sheet.htm
• Sun Microsystems’ Java Look and Feel
– http://java.sun.com/products/jlf/ed2/book/HIGTitle.html
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75. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2015: Lecture 3
Design Rationale
• Design rationale is information that explains why a
system is the way it is
• Benefits of design rationale
– communication throughout life cycle
– reuse of design knowledge across products
– enforces design discipline
– presents arguments for design trade-offs
– organizes potentially large design space
– capturing contextual information
• Process-oriented
– preserves order of deliberation and decision making
• Structure-oriented
– emphasizes post hoc structuring of considered design
alternatives
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