Authors: Lourdes Moreno, Paloma Martínez, Belén Ruiz-Mezcua
IWWUA 2007: 1st International Workshop on Web Usability and Accessibility in conjuntion with the 8th International Conference on Web Information Systems Engineering, (January 2007, Nancy, France).
Human Computer Interaction Chapter 2 Interaction and Interaction Design Basi...VijiPriya Jeyamani
Interaction:
Introduction
Models of interaction
Ergonomics
Interaction styles
The context of the interactions
Paradigms:
Introduction
Paradigms for interaction.
2.2 Interaction Design:
Introduction
What is design?
User focus
Scenarios
Navigation design
Screen design and layout
Interaction and prototyping
This lecture covers various methods for prototyping and testing user interfaces, including paper prototyping, wireframing, and usability testing techniques like heuristic evaluation and cognitive walkthrough. Low-fidelity prototyping allows for early user feedback, while high-fidelity prototyping tests detailed tasks and processes. The lecture also discusses iterative design, with prototypes refined based on user testing to develop the final design.
The document outlines Lora Aroyo's lecture on human-computer interaction for the 2014 course. The lecture covers basic design concepts, examples of good and bad designs, and insights into social dynamics and accessibility. It also discusses lab sessions to practice user needs gathering and design testing, as well as assignments applying knowledge to real use cases. The lecture aims to teach students how to design, select, and evaluate user interaction.
Human Computer Interaction Chapter 4 Implementation Support and Evaluation Te...VijiPriya Jeyamani
Implementation Support:
Introduction
Elements of windowing systems
Programming the application
User interface management systems
4.2 Evaluation Techniques
What is evaluation?
Goals of evaluation
Choosing an evaluation method
Lecture 2: Human-Computer Interaction Course (2015) @VU University AmsterdamLora Aroyo
This lecture covered requirements specification and conceptual design techniques for human-computer interaction. It discussed analyzing user profiles by identifying stakeholders, tasks, goals and mental models. It also covered specifying usability requirements and mapping them to design tactics. The lecture presented methods for conceptual design including creating content diagrams, scenarios and use cases to illustrate the organization and structure of the user interface.
This lecture covered web accessibility and the WCAG initiative. It defined accessibility and discussed how a focus on presentation over content can negatively impact accessibility. The WCAG provides guidelines to make web content accessible, such as providing text alternatives for non-text content and ensuring users can navigate content in an intuitive order. Examples of accessibility issues included CAPTCHAs that are difficult for screen readers and drop-down menus that are not operable without a mouse. Testing tools like the web developer toolbar and Lynx browser were also introduced.
Human Computer Interaction Chapter 2 Interaction and Interaction Design Basi...VijiPriya Jeyamani
Interaction:
Introduction
Models of interaction
Ergonomics
Interaction styles
The context of the interactions
Paradigms:
Introduction
Paradigms for interaction.
2.2 Interaction Design:
Introduction
What is design?
User focus
Scenarios
Navigation design
Screen design and layout
Interaction and prototyping
This lecture covers various methods for prototyping and testing user interfaces, including paper prototyping, wireframing, and usability testing techniques like heuristic evaluation and cognitive walkthrough. Low-fidelity prototyping allows for early user feedback, while high-fidelity prototyping tests detailed tasks and processes. The lecture also discusses iterative design, with prototypes refined based on user testing to develop the final design.
The document outlines Lora Aroyo's lecture on human-computer interaction for the 2014 course. The lecture covers basic design concepts, examples of good and bad designs, and insights into social dynamics and accessibility. It also discusses lab sessions to practice user needs gathering and design testing, as well as assignments applying knowledge to real use cases. The lecture aims to teach students how to design, select, and evaluate user interaction.
Human Computer Interaction Chapter 4 Implementation Support and Evaluation Te...VijiPriya Jeyamani
Implementation Support:
Introduction
Elements of windowing systems
Programming the application
User interface management systems
4.2 Evaluation Techniques
What is evaluation?
Goals of evaluation
Choosing an evaluation method
Lecture 2: Human-Computer Interaction Course (2015) @VU University AmsterdamLora Aroyo
This lecture covered requirements specification and conceptual design techniques for human-computer interaction. It discussed analyzing user profiles by identifying stakeholders, tasks, goals and mental models. It also covered specifying usability requirements and mapping them to design tactics. The lecture presented methods for conceptual design including creating content diagrams, scenarios and use cases to illustrate the organization and structure of the user interface.
This lecture covered web accessibility and the WCAG initiative. It defined accessibility and discussed how a focus on presentation over content can negatively impact accessibility. The WCAG provides guidelines to make web content accessible, such as providing text alternatives for non-text content and ensuring users can navigate content in an intuitive order. Examples of accessibility issues included CAPTCHAs that are difficult for screen readers and drop-down menus that are not operable without a mouse. Testing tools like the web developer toolbar and Lynx browser were also introduced.
This document provides an overview of the first lecture for a Human-Computer Interaction course. It introduces the importance of HCI in technology success. The class will discuss 12 papers over the semester related to HCI topics like input/output devices, information visualization, and augmented/virtual reality. Students will be assigned to teams to present two papers each, including a summary and leading a discussion. The professor outlines best practices for summarizing and critiquing papers in the allotted timeframes to prepare students.
Human Computer Interaction Chapter 3 HCI in the Software Process and Design ...VijiPriya Jeyamani
The document discusses various aspects of the software development life cycle and human-computer interaction design rules. It describes the typical phases of software development like requirements specification, architectural design, detailed design, coding, testing, and maintenance. It also discusses design principles, standards, guidelines, heuristics and patterns that can improve usability. Iterative design and prototyping approaches are presented as methods to refine requirements and designs. The importance of documenting design rationale is highlighted.
What Can IA Learn from LIS? Perspectives from LIS Educationcraigmmacdonald
Morville & Rosenfeld's "Information Architecture for the World Wide Web" positioned IA as an approach to web/interface design that is deeply embedded in, and strongly informed by, the LIS discipline. To re-consider of the impact of the LIS discipline on the IA profession, this presentation (and a subsequent paper) reports the preliminary results of an analysis of syllabi of information architecture courses offered by graduate schools of Library and Information Science in the United States and Canada.
Presented for the Teaching IA workshop at the 2014 IA Summit in San Diego, CA.
This document summarizes a presentation about adapting user interface patterns for mobile platforms. It discusses how interface patterns were traditionally designed for single devices and tasks, but now must support multiple tasks, devices, and environments as users are increasingly mobile. The presentation describes gathering usability guidelines for multiple platforms and applying them to modify existing interface patterns from an industrial system to support touch interfaces like Android and iOS. User testing was conducted to evaluate alternative pattern implementations and determine the most preferred version. The goal is to develop context-aware interface patterns that can dynamically change based on factors like device and environment.
A Rubric for Assessing the UX of Online Museum Collections: Preliminary Findi...craigmmacdonald
The increasing popularity of the Web and the proliferation of mobile technologies have had a tremendous impact on museums. The deployment of new technology into physical museum spaces has greatly enhanced the in-person museum experience, but efforts to improve the virtual museum experience have been less successful. This lightning talk describes our preliminary efforts to develop and validate a user experience (UX) assessment rubric for online museum collections. Drawing from existing research and current interface design and usability best practices, this rubric provides a set of criteria for assessing the extent to which an online museum collection provides a positive user experience for online visitors. Future research directions will be presented alongside the results from an initial pilot study.
Presented at the 2014 Museums and the Web conference in Baltimore, MD.
E-Portfolios in Higher Education: Case Study & Literature ReviewStefanie Panke
- E-portfolios have been used in higher education since the 1990s and over half of US postsecondary institutions now utilize them. They systematically exhibit student work and can take various forms such as documentation of growth, process portfolios, or showcase portfolios. E-portfolios aim to shift assessment from evaluating learning to evaluating for learning.
- The document reviews literature on e-portfolios from 2004-2014 and presents a case study of e-portfolios implemented in the Carolina MPA program. Benefits included encouraging reflection, improving knowledge management, and supporting career development. Challenges included unclear expectations, assessment inconsistencies, and tensions between personal reflection and institutional goals.
This lecture covers requirements specification and conceptual design techniques for human-computer interaction courses. It focuses on specification techniques for requirements and conceptual UI design. The lecture discusses analyzing user profiles, contexts, and tasks which includes identifying user characteristics, goals, tasks and actions. It provides examples of constructing detailed user profiles including personas, identifying task scenarios and use cases, and analyzing workflows.
'Will "Federated Identity" services help transform communications and trusted relationships between the public sector and UK citizens and businesses?' One of 5 presentations from guest speakers at Digital Leaders North East's annual review, delivered by Dr Alastair Irons, of Sunderland University.
This document summarizes the Swedish applied program Develop Your Business (DYB) for business owners in Ukraine. The program aims to help owners develop strategic plans and scale their businesses through modules on strategy, marketing, finance, leadership and an advisory board. It involves action learning, experience sharing, company visits and a business trip. The six-month program is taught by a team of international experts and provides owners with applied learning and tools to take their companies to a new level.
This document discusses the importance of communication skills and identifies several types of communication skills. It states that effective communication is one of the most important life skills and is ranked as the number one skill employers seek in job candidates. The document outlines four main types of communication skills: interpersonal skills, presentation skills, writing skills, and personal skills. It provides details on key elements of interpersonal skills like listening, reflection, and problem solving. Presentation skills require planning and can be improved through practice. Personal skills are also important for maintaining health, self-esteem, confidence, and managing stress. Effective communication skills are essential for both professional and social interactions.
Sur Doccle, vous pouvez recevoir, payer, traiter et archiver toutes les factures provenant de différents fournisseurs à un seul endroit, en ligne. Via votre PC, tablette ou smartphone, vous pouvez payer vos factures rapidement et en toute sécurité, et vous recevez un rappel lorsqu’une échéance approche. Vous profitez en outre d’un aperçu clair de l’ensemble de vos documents et des opérations correspondantes.
The document summarizes a Twitter chat about hiring a financial adviser. Participants in the chat discussed steps to take before hiring a financial planner, including checking their qualifications and experience. They also covered types of financial advisers to avoid, how advisers are compensated, ensuring an adviser acts as a fiduciary, how often to meet with an adviser, and tips for finding a great adviser.
This document provides an overview of methods for identifying and modeling user needs and goals for interactive systems. It discusses contextual design as a starting approach and outlines observation techniques and contextual interviews for identifying user needs. It also discusses focus groups. For modeling user needs, it covers scenarios and personas. Scenarios describe typical tasks by outlining the goal and initial conditions, while personas are archetypes of users defined by their goals and attributes to represent different user types.
Traning workshop on ‘Designing an conducting user studies”
Module 1 - Methods and Techniques (Kristien Ooms)
@ ICC&GIS
June 15th, 2016
Albena, Bulgaria
User Involvement in Software Evolution Practice: A Case StudyDennis Pagano
This document summarizes the findings from interviews with 5 developers about their practices for involving users during software evolution. It finds that user feedback comes from various scattered sources and is not systematically collected. Developers analyze feedback manually to prioritize tasks, but face challenges from the large quantity and quality of natural language feedback. They require tools to better consolidate, structure, analyze and track large amounts of user feedback to aid decision making during software evolution.
This document provides an overview of the first lecture for a Human-Computer Interaction course. It introduces the importance of HCI in technology success. The class will discuss 12 papers over the semester related to HCI topics like input/output devices, information visualization, and augmented/virtual reality. Students will be assigned to teams to present two papers each, including a summary and leading a discussion. The professor outlines best practices for summarizing and critiquing papers in the allotted timeframes to prepare students.
Human Computer Interaction Chapter 3 HCI in the Software Process and Design ...VijiPriya Jeyamani
The document discusses various aspects of the software development life cycle and human-computer interaction design rules. It describes the typical phases of software development like requirements specification, architectural design, detailed design, coding, testing, and maintenance. It also discusses design principles, standards, guidelines, heuristics and patterns that can improve usability. Iterative design and prototyping approaches are presented as methods to refine requirements and designs. The importance of documenting design rationale is highlighted.
What Can IA Learn from LIS? Perspectives from LIS Educationcraigmmacdonald
Morville & Rosenfeld's "Information Architecture for the World Wide Web" positioned IA as an approach to web/interface design that is deeply embedded in, and strongly informed by, the LIS discipline. To re-consider of the impact of the LIS discipline on the IA profession, this presentation (and a subsequent paper) reports the preliminary results of an analysis of syllabi of information architecture courses offered by graduate schools of Library and Information Science in the United States and Canada.
Presented for the Teaching IA workshop at the 2014 IA Summit in San Diego, CA.
This document summarizes a presentation about adapting user interface patterns for mobile platforms. It discusses how interface patterns were traditionally designed for single devices and tasks, but now must support multiple tasks, devices, and environments as users are increasingly mobile. The presentation describes gathering usability guidelines for multiple platforms and applying them to modify existing interface patterns from an industrial system to support touch interfaces like Android and iOS. User testing was conducted to evaluate alternative pattern implementations and determine the most preferred version. The goal is to develop context-aware interface patterns that can dynamically change based on factors like device and environment.
A Rubric for Assessing the UX of Online Museum Collections: Preliminary Findi...craigmmacdonald
The increasing popularity of the Web and the proliferation of mobile technologies have had a tremendous impact on museums. The deployment of new technology into physical museum spaces has greatly enhanced the in-person museum experience, but efforts to improve the virtual museum experience have been less successful. This lightning talk describes our preliminary efforts to develop and validate a user experience (UX) assessment rubric for online museum collections. Drawing from existing research and current interface design and usability best practices, this rubric provides a set of criteria for assessing the extent to which an online museum collection provides a positive user experience for online visitors. Future research directions will be presented alongside the results from an initial pilot study.
Presented at the 2014 Museums and the Web conference in Baltimore, MD.
E-Portfolios in Higher Education: Case Study & Literature ReviewStefanie Panke
- E-portfolios have been used in higher education since the 1990s and over half of US postsecondary institutions now utilize them. They systematically exhibit student work and can take various forms such as documentation of growth, process portfolios, or showcase portfolios. E-portfolios aim to shift assessment from evaluating learning to evaluating for learning.
- The document reviews literature on e-portfolios from 2004-2014 and presents a case study of e-portfolios implemented in the Carolina MPA program. Benefits included encouraging reflection, improving knowledge management, and supporting career development. Challenges included unclear expectations, assessment inconsistencies, and tensions between personal reflection and institutional goals.
This lecture covers requirements specification and conceptual design techniques for human-computer interaction courses. It focuses on specification techniques for requirements and conceptual UI design. The lecture discusses analyzing user profiles, contexts, and tasks which includes identifying user characteristics, goals, tasks and actions. It provides examples of constructing detailed user profiles including personas, identifying task scenarios and use cases, and analyzing workflows.
'Will "Federated Identity" services help transform communications and trusted relationships between the public sector and UK citizens and businesses?' One of 5 presentations from guest speakers at Digital Leaders North East's annual review, delivered by Dr Alastair Irons, of Sunderland University.
This document summarizes the Swedish applied program Develop Your Business (DYB) for business owners in Ukraine. The program aims to help owners develop strategic plans and scale their businesses through modules on strategy, marketing, finance, leadership and an advisory board. It involves action learning, experience sharing, company visits and a business trip. The six-month program is taught by a team of international experts and provides owners with applied learning and tools to take their companies to a new level.
This document discusses the importance of communication skills and identifies several types of communication skills. It states that effective communication is one of the most important life skills and is ranked as the number one skill employers seek in job candidates. The document outlines four main types of communication skills: interpersonal skills, presentation skills, writing skills, and personal skills. It provides details on key elements of interpersonal skills like listening, reflection, and problem solving. Presentation skills require planning and can be improved through practice. Personal skills are also important for maintaining health, self-esteem, confidence, and managing stress. Effective communication skills are essential for both professional and social interactions.
Sur Doccle, vous pouvez recevoir, payer, traiter et archiver toutes les factures provenant de différents fournisseurs à un seul endroit, en ligne. Via votre PC, tablette ou smartphone, vous pouvez payer vos factures rapidement et en toute sécurité, et vous recevez un rappel lorsqu’une échéance approche. Vous profitez en outre d’un aperçu clair de l’ensemble de vos documents et des opérations correspondantes.
The document summarizes a Twitter chat about hiring a financial adviser. Participants in the chat discussed steps to take before hiring a financial planner, including checking their qualifications and experience. They also covered types of financial advisers to avoid, how advisers are compensated, ensuring an adviser acts as a fiduciary, how often to meet with an adviser, and tips for finding a great adviser.
This document provides an overview of methods for identifying and modeling user needs and goals for interactive systems. It discusses contextual design as a starting approach and outlines observation techniques and contextual interviews for identifying user needs. It also discusses focus groups. For modeling user needs, it covers scenarios and personas. Scenarios describe typical tasks by outlining the goal and initial conditions, while personas are archetypes of users defined by their goals and attributes to represent different user types.
Traning workshop on ‘Designing an conducting user studies”
Module 1 - Methods and Techniques (Kristien Ooms)
@ ICC&GIS
June 15th, 2016
Albena, Bulgaria
User Involvement in Software Evolution Practice: A Case StudyDennis Pagano
This document summarizes the findings from interviews with 5 developers about their practices for involving users during software evolution. It finds that user feedback comes from various scattered sources and is not systematically collected. Developers analyze feedback manually to prioritize tasks, but face challenges from the large quantity and quality of natural language feedback. They require tools to better consolidate, structure, analyze and track large amounts of user feedback to aid decision making during software evolution.
This document discusses user-centered analysis (UCA) as part of a user-centered development process. UCA involves gathering data about users, tasks, and environments through techniques like interviews, diaries, surveys and observations in order to understand who the users are and how they work. This analysis informs the design of graphical user interfaces to ensure usability and accessibility. The project this document is part of aims to exchange knowledge and experiences on UCA and was funded by the European Commission.
The document summarizes the staff, doctoral students, resources, and laboratories of the HCI Group at Tallinn University. It lists the researchers, professors, and analysts that make up the staff. It also lists the doctoral students that have been or are currently affiliated with the group. Finally, it describes two laboratories managed by the group - the Interaction Design Laboratory and the User Experience Laboratory, including their purposes and example projects.
The CREW system provides a virtual research environment to support collaborative research events. It allows users to record events, replay and annotate recordings, and conduct faceted searches across recorded content and related resources. The system was developed through a user-centered design process involving three user groups to ensure it meets researchers' needs. Future work will focus on ongoing user requirements gathering, supported evaluation events, and further development based on user feedback.
1. The document discusses multi-fidelity prototyping of user interfaces, which allows designers to create low, medium, and high fidelity prototypes at different stages of the design process.
2. A survey was conducted with 12 participants to evaluate the usability of sketching user interfaces at different fidelity levels. The results showed that fidelity had no influence on sketching time and users were faster than designers.
3. Overall, participants rated the sketching tool positively and preferred medium and high fidelity levels for sketching interfaces. The study provides insights into multi-fidelity prototyping to support the user interface design process.
Accessibility analysis in MOOC platforms. A case study: UNED COMA and UAb iMOOCFrancisco Iniesto
This document summarizes Francisco Iniesto's presentation on evaluating the accessibility of MOOC platforms through a case study of the UNED COMA and UAb iMOOC platforms. It provides context on MOOCs, OERs, ICT and disabilities, and accessibility standards. The presentation describes the research objectives to evaluate accessibility using 5 approaches: automatic tools, disability simulators, testing tools, usability criteria, and content evaluation. It then provides results of evaluating the two MOOC platforms using an automatic accessibility tool, showing positive and negative findings for each platform. The overall results show room for improvement in meeting accessibility guidelines.
The document discusses the importance of usability testing in technology product development. It defines usability and outlines several key aspects of usability including learnability, efficiency, errors and satisfaction. The document also describes different methods of usability testing such as heuristic evaluation, formative evaluation and testing prototypes with representative users and tasks. It notes that usability testing is particularly important during the design and development phases of a project. Finally, it discusses how emerging technologies are presenting new challenges for usability testing.
Designing Globally, Thinking Locally: An Argument for Design Workflow Virtual...Guiseppe Getto
In this presentation for the Symposium on Communicating Complex Information (http://workshop.design4complexity.com/home.php), we present an argument for "design workflow virtualization." This is a fancy term for processes for including globally dispersed and culturally diverse stakeholders within UX design projects.
The document provides an overview of the user interface development process, including analysis, design, prototyping, and usability principles. It discusses tasks such as defining user profiles and scenarios, wireframing, information architecture, visual design, and standards compliance. Web 1.0 is contrasted with newer collaborative and interactive aspects of Web 2.0.
This document discusses a PhD thesis that proposes a new coupled user and task modeling methodology focused on accessibility for elderly and disabled users. It presents the limitations of existing user and task modeling approaches. The proposed methodology includes developing virtual user models (VUMs) that represent specific disabled population groups through statistical analysis. It also introduces a framework for adopting the virtual user models within accessibility simulations and design assessments. The methodology is implemented through several components, including abstract user models, generic virtual user models, primitive tasks, task models, and multimodal interaction models.
Interacting with Smart Environments - Ph.D. Thesis PresentationLuigi De Russis
This thesis explores approaches to improve interaction between users and smart environments. It presents several contributions that address challenges in key interaction areas and provide tools and applications loosely coupled with underlying intelligent systems. The contributions are validated through user testing and publications, and address challenges like eye-based interaction, interaction with ubiquitous devices, visual programming for end-users, and incentivizing energy consumption behaviors. Future work is proposed in areas like on-body interaction and using existing sensing and actuating devices in environments.
A MDD approach for modelling web accessibilityGrupo HULAT
Authores: Lourdes Moreno, Paloma Martínez, Belén Ruiz-Mezcua
IWWOST 2008: 7th International Workshop on Web-Oriented Software Technologies, in conjuntion the 8th International Conference on Web Engineering (ICWE'2008) (July 2008, Yorktown Heights, New York, USA).
A MDD approach for modelling web accessibility,
User Interface Design: Definitions, Processes and PrinciplesMoodLabs
An introduction to User Interface Design, often called UX / UI. Presented by David Little, User Interface Designer, DDH from King's College London Digital Humanities program.
This document discusses different approaches to usability testing, including heuristic analysis, usability testing with user panels, focus groups, and eye tracking. Heuristic analysis involves experts reviewing a site based on recognized usability issues. Usability testing measures user performance on tasks without guidance. Focus groups involve moderated discussions with small groups of users. Eye tracking provides objective data on user eye movements that can complement traditional usability methods. The approaches vary in resources required, costs, and type of output generated.
Website Usability & Eye-tracking by Marco Pretorious (Certified Usability Ana...DrupalCape
Things to consider when designing a website to make your site visitor's life easier!!
Note: There were some videos which were show to illustrate a point, however the presentation provides sufficient information and suggestion so you will not miss them.
Levi McCusker is a User Experience Researcher based in Sydney, Australia. He helps product teams by conducting user research and acting as the voice of the user. Some of his past projects include:
1. Evaluating the usability of a portable control system for an unmanned aerial vehicle for the Australian Defence Force. He conducted interviews, usability testing, and provided recommendations that led to interface improvements.
2. Developing user requirements for a multiple screen environment for UAV operators to minimize workload. He used interviews, task analysis, and eye tracking during usability testing.
3. Evaluating a software prototype for digitally coordinating aerial bombardment. He interviewed experts, observed existing processes, and
The document discusses various user-centered approaches to interaction design. It describes the difficulty in bridging the gap between software developers and end-users. Traditional methods of communication have been one-directional. User-centered design aims to make development driven by users' needs and goals rather than just technology. The document then covers several approaches: ethnography involves long-term observation of users; participatory design actively involves users in development; contextual design uses targeted observations and interviews; and work modeling represents knowledge collected about users' work. Each approach has different benefits and drawbacks depending on factors like user involvement levels and project timelines.
Similar to Inclusive Usability Techniques in Requirements Analysis of Accessible Web Applications (20)
Lourdes Moreno, Rodrigo Alarcon, Isabel Segura-Bedmar, and Paloma Martínez. 2019. Lexical simplification approach to support the accessibility guidelines. In Proceedings of the XX International Conference on Human Computer Interaction (Interacción '19). ACM, New York, NY, USA, Article
https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=3335595.3335651
Lourdes Moreno, Xabier Valencia, J. Eduardo Pérez, and Myriam Arrue. 2018. Exploring the Web navigation strategies of people with low vision. In Proceedings of the XIX International Conference on Human Computer Interaction (Interacción 2018). ACM, New York, NY, USA, Article 13, 8 pages
Exploring language technologies to provide support to WCAG 2.0 and E2R guidel...Grupo HULAT
This document discusses using natural language processing (NLP) to help make text more accessible according to WCAG 2.0 and E2R guidelines. It presents NLP approaches like language detection, abbreviation detection, and topic detection that could help with text simplification. A proof of concept prototype simplifies drug package leaflets by replacing complex medical terms with simpler synonyms. The document concludes that NLP can provide semi-automatic support for making text more readable and understandable as required by accessibility guidelines.
Babelfy: Entity Linking meets Word Sense Disambiguation.Grupo HULAT
Babelfy is a unified, multilingual, graph-based approach to Entity Linking and Word Sense Disambiguation. This presentation is an explanation of the algorithm used by Babelfy.
Integration of Accessibility Requirements in the Design of Multimedia User Ag...Grupo HULAT
Integration of Accessibility Requirements in the Design of Multimedia User Agents Interfaces
PhD presentation
María Gonzalez, UC3M
Labda Group (http://labda.inf.uc3m.es )
New Approaches to Interactive Multimedia Content Retrieval from different Sou...Grupo HULAT
This document proposes and evaluates a formal model and prototype systems for interactive multimedia content retrieval from multiple sources. It:
1. Proposes a formal model defining key components of multimodal information retrieval systems, including collections, queries, retrieval engines, result fusion, and user interactions.
2. Develops prototypes applying this model to a sports domain scenario and a health domain scenario, and evaluates their performance against baselines.
3. Designs techniques to adapt the information retrieval functionality based on user experience, and validates these adaptation approaches.
Presentation "Spanish Resources in Trendminer Project"Grupo HULAT
Slides used in Course "Combining Language and Semantic Web Techonologies" held in UNED, January 21-22, 2015.
The talk is about the challenges in understanding health related natural language and the work done in TrendMiner European Project.
Mujeres, ciencia y tecnología. Encuesta sobre la percepción de las dificultad...Grupo HULAT
Authors: Lourdes Moreno, Yolanda González, Isabel Segura, Paloma Martínez
XV Congreso Interacción Persona Ordenador
10-12 de septiembre de 2014, Puerto de La Cruz, Tenerife
BioSEPLN 2010 Workshop on Language Technology applied to biomedical and heal...Grupo HULAT
BioSEPLN 2010 Workshop on Language Technology applied to biomedical and health documents, Valencia, España (September 6, 2010)
BioSEPLN 2010 Workshop on Language Technology applied to biomedical and health documents
Building a Graph of Names and Contextual Patterns for Named Entity Classifica...Grupo HULAT
Authors: César de Pablo Sánchez, Paloma Martínez
ECIR 2009: Proceedings of the 31th European Conference on IR Research on Advances in Information Retrieval, Tolouse, France (April 6-9 2009)
Accessibility to mobile interfaces for older peopleGrupo HULAT
Authors: Jose Manuel Díaz-Bossini, Lourdes Moreno
DSAI 2013: 5th International Conference on Software Development and Technologies for Enhancing Accessibility and Fightin Info-exclusion (November 2013, Vigo, Spain).
Accessibility to mobile interfaces for older people
Toward an integration of Web accessibility into testing processesGrupo HULAT
This document discusses integrating web accessibility testing into software testing processes. It proposes aligning the International Software Testing Qualifications Board's fundamental test process with the accessibility development lifecycle. This would define how each test process activity addresses an accessibility development cycle stage to improve product quality. The document concludes that accessibility and testing must be integrated from the start of development, and outlines key areas for further research on test processes for web accessibility.
Revisión de los requisitos de accesibilidad en la interacción del usuario anc...Grupo HULAT
Este documento revisa los requisitos de accesibilidad en la interacción de usuarios ancianos con aplicaciones web. Se discute el envejecimiento demográfico y las barreras de accesibilidad que enfrentan las personas mayores. También analiza trabajos previos sobre pautas de accesibilidad, evaluación de sitios web, y diseño de interfaces para usuarios ancianos. Finalmente, propone replantear las prioridades de las pautas WCAG y aplicar técnicas de IA y PLN para apoyar a los desarrolladores web.
Formación y tecnologías en accesibilidad para la UniversidadGrupo HULAT
Este documento resume los puntos principales sobre la formación y tecnologías en accesibilidad para la Universidad. Explica que es necesario incorporar currículos sobre diseño para todos y accesibilidad, formar a los docentes, y ofrecer servicios de tecnología accesible. También describe algunas experiencias positivas de incluir estos temas en diferentes programas universitarios, aunque todavía queda trabajo por hacer para aumentar el conocimiento sobre accesibilidad.
Requisitos de accesibilidad web en los reproductores multimediaGrupo HULAT
Este documento discute los requisitos de accesibilidad para reproductores multimedia en la web. Presenta estándares y normas relevantes, y propone un método ágil para evaluar la accesibilidad de reproductores. También ofrece guías básicas de accesibilidad y los controles necesarios para reproductores accesibles. El objetivo es ayudar a profesionales web a crear contenido multimedia accesible.
Integrating HCI in a Web accessibility engineering approachGrupo HULAT
Authors: Lourdes Moreno, Paloma Martínez, Belén Ruiz-Mezcua
HCII 2009: 13th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction. 5th International Conference on Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction (HCII 2009), (July 2009, San Diego, CA, USA).
Integrating HCI in a Web accessibility engineering approach
Adaptation Rules for Accessible Media Player Interface Grupo HULAT
Authors: María González, Lourdes Moreno, Paloma Martínez
Interacción 2014: XV International Conference on Human Computer Interaction (September 2014, Puerto de la Cruz, Tenerife, Spain). Proceedings of the XV International Conference on Human Computer Interaction (INTERACCIÓN 2014), ACM, New York, ISBN: 978-1-4503-2, Número: 5
Adaptation Rules for Accessible Media Player Interface
An approach to User Interface Design of an accessible user agent Grupo HULAT
Authors: María González, Lourdes Moreno, Paloma Martínez
DSAI 2112, 4th International Conference on Software Development for Enhancing Accessibility and Fighting Info-exclusion (July 2012, Douro Region, Portugal). Elsevier, Volumen: 14, Páginas: 254-262.
An approach to User Interface Design of an accessible user agent
Honeypots Unveiled: Proactive Defense Tactics for Cyber Security, Phoenix Sum...APNIC
Adli Wahid, Senior Internet Security Specialist at APNIC, delivered a presentation titled 'Honeypots Unveiled: Proactive Defense Tactics for Cyber Security' at the Phoenix Summit held in Dhaka, Bangladesh from 23 to 24 May 2024.
Securing BGP: Operational Strategies and Best Practices for Network Defenders...APNIC
Md. Zobair Khan,
Network Analyst and Technical Trainer at APNIC, presented 'Securing BGP: Operational Strategies and Best Practices for Network Defenders' at the Phoenix Summit held in Dhaka, Bangladesh from 23 to 24 May 2024.
Decentralized Justice in Gaming and EsportsFederico Ast
Discover how Kleros is transforming the landscape of dispute resolution in the gaming and eSports industry through the power of decentralized justice.
This presentation, delivered by Federico Ast, CEO of Kleros, explores the innovative application of blockchain technology, crowdsourcing, and incentivized mechanisms to create fair and efficient arbitration processes.
Key Highlights:
- Introduction to Decentralized Justice: Learn about the foundational principles of Kleros and how it combines blockchain with crowdsourcing to develop a novel justice system.
- Challenges in Traditional Arbitration: Understand the limitations of conventional arbitration methods, such as high costs and long resolution times, particularly for small claims in the gaming sector.
- How Kleros Works: A step-by-step guide on the functioning of Kleros, from the initiation of a smart contract to the final decision by a jury of peers.
- Case Studies in eSports: Explore real-world scenarios where Kleros has been applied to resolve disputes in eSports, including issues like cheating, governance, player behavior, and contractual disagreements.
- Practical Implementation: Detailed walkthroughs of how disputes are handled in eSports tournaments, emphasizing speed, cost-efficiency, and fairness.
- Enhanced Transparency: The role of blockchain in providing an immutable and transparent record of proceedings, ensuring trust in the resolution process.
- Future Prospects: The potential expansion of decentralized justice mechanisms across various sectors within the gaming industry.
For more information, visit kleros.io or follow Federico Ast and Kleros on social media:
• Twitter: @federicoast
• Twitter: @kleros_io
Inclusive Usability Techniques in Requirements Analysis of Accessible Web Applications
1. 1st International Workshop on
Web Usability and Accessibility (IWWUA 2007)
December 3-7, 2007
Nancy, France
Inclusive Usability Techniques in
Requirements Analysis of
Accessible Web Applications
Lourdes Moreno, Paloma Martínez, and Belén Ruiz
Labda Group, Computer science department
Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
2. Lourdes Moreno (UC3M) IWWUA 2007, Nancy Francia
Introduction
• Continued growth in the use of Internet (access
to the WWW)
• Diversity (technological and functional)
=> Special attention to accessibility
(for user with or without disabilities )
• To avoid the exclusion of groups of users
accessing Web
• To provide full accessibility to the Web contents
3. Lourdes Moreno (UC3M) IWWUA 2007, Nancy Francia
Related work
• Standard: Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI): Web Content Accessibility
Guideline WCAG 1.0
• Consideration of accessibility in proposals of integrating usability in the
development process, but incomplete
• Works which adapting the WCAG 1.0 guidelines: Evaluation
Accessibility, monitorization, metrics of accessibility, etc.
• Methodological approach with accessibility( in RNF)
• User Centered Design (UCD)
but accessibility criteria are not covered in the whole life cycle, nor fully
integrated and there is enough to support for the designer
This work is the focus of a thesis research, Accessibility for Web Applications
(AWA). Its objective is to offer a methodological support to integrate
accessibility from an Web engineering perspective in the whole life cycle of
a web application
4. Lourdes Moreno (UC3M) IWWUA 2007, Nancy Francia
Following the approach:
Accessibility requirements capture
• Accessibility is a requirement and must follow a
WCAG standard
but, Is it enough to capture accessibility requirements?
Important aspects of the web user interaction could go
unnoticed
=> It’s necessary to integrate usability and accessibility in
software processes following a UCD using usability
techniques.
but, what kind of user is it aimed at?
⇒ Framework of Inclusive Design =>
"all" users in mind, users with disabilities too
5. Lourdes Moreno (UC3M) IWWUA 2007, Nancy Francia
Case study. Spanish Centre of
Captioning and Audio Description (CESyA)
Development CESyA website:
• Requirement: the web has to be accessible according to the
WCAG 1.0 accessibility standard
• Some experiments have been carried to enable the
evaluation of the consequences that would imply applying or
not inclusion in the analysis phase
• In this work, two web development processes have been
carried out under the same domain, but with different ways
to act in the capture of requirements.
– “Inclusive Case” , in the framework of Inclusive Design
– “Non Inclusive Case”, Not inclusive approach
6. Lourdes Moreno (UC3M) IWWUA 2007, Nancy Francia
Analysts and web designers with similar
characteristics
The same technological profile with a basic
core (WCAG1.0+XHTML+CSS with procedures for
the dynamic contents)
Users participation en analysis phase:
Users without disabilities participation in “Non
Inclusive case”
Users with and without disabilities participation in
“Inclusive Case”
Experiment Characteristics
7. Lourdes Moreno (UC3M) IWWUA 2007, Nancy Francia
ISO 13407: Human-centred design process
1
2
3
Capture of requirements
Different ways to act: with or without inclusion
Evaluation of hipotesis
he inclusive case needs
fewer changes in the
redesign of the interface
Evaluation of prototypes
Consequences that would
imply applying or not
inclusion in the analysis
phase
Approach: WCAG + UCD
using usability techniques
Inclusion as
an added
value?
ISO 13407: Human-centred design process
1
2
3
Capture of requirements
Different ways to act: with or without inclusion
Evaluation of hipotesis
he inclusive case needs
fewer changes in the
redesign of the interface
Evaluation of prototypes
Consequences that would
imply applying or not
inclusion in the analysis
phase
Approach: WCAG + UCD
using usability techniques
Inclusion as
an added
value?
ISO 13407: Human-centred design process
1
2
3
Capture of requirements
Different ways to act: with or without inclusion
Evaluation of hipotesis
he inclusive case needs
fewer changes in the
redesign of the interface
Evaluation of prototypes
Consequences that would
imply applying or not
inclusion in the analysis
phase
1
2
3
Capture of requirements
Different ways to act: with or without inclusion
Evaluation Hypothesis
The “Inclusive case”
requires fewer changes
in the redesign than “Non
Inclusive Case”
Evaluation of prototypes
Consequences that would
imply applying or not
inclusion in the analysis
phase
Inclusion as
an added
value?
Experimentation
8. Lourdes Moreno (UC3M) IWWUA 2007, Nancy Francia
ISO 13407: Human-centered design process
1
2
3
Capture of requirements
Different ways to act: with or without inclusion
1.- Capture of requirements
User Modeling
9. Lourdes Moreno (UC3M) IWWUA 2007, Nancy Francia
USABILITY TECHNIQUES:
Investigation, observations, interviews
=> features, common attributes
User profiles
Person focus
Scenarios with characters
Card Sorting
Prototype and brainstorming
AUDIENCE MODELING
Almost every
audience has been
modeled
1.- Capture of requirements:
User Modeling
10. Lourdes Moreno (UC3M) IWWUA 2007, Nancy Francia
Usability techniques:
User profiles
The aim is to satisfy the own necessities of each group of
users
• Based on common attributes among the users (information
necessities, preferences of the users, technological formation, age,
etc. ) and in the “Inclusive Case” following:
– To having in mind the barriers of accessibility of all the users
– Access characteristics (special browsers, assistive technology,
…)
• Problem: The extension and heterogeneous coverage, which
could make the total categorization of the audience not be
possible or too expensive.
=> It is convenient to make use of the focus of Person
11. Lourdes Moreno (UC3M) IWWUA 2007, Nancy Francia
The artefact of "User Profiles" in CESyA case study
12. Lourdes Moreno (UC3M) IWWUA 2007, Nancy Francia
Usability techniques:
Person focus
• People will represent behavior patterns, objectives and
necessities of groups of people
– Fictional user, but the patterns have characteristics based on the
investigation over the real audience
– The patters will never represent the totality of the groups of the real
users, but do represent them in their majority.
– In the “Inclusive Case” following inclusive design enables the
designer to have in mind potential users, knowing in all moments the
type of design that will be needed.
• The categorization of the audience is more feasible
• To make more realistic the descriptions of the use of the
Web, use scenarios and person focus
=> Scenarios with characters technique
13. Lourdes Moreno (UC3M) IWWUA 2007, Nancy Francia
Usability techniques:
Scenarios with characters
• Scenarios technique describes situations of Web usage
conceptualizing the Human-Machine Interaction with
fictitious users (on the basis of person focus technique.
• In the “Inclusive Case”, the scenarios show people with a
variety of disabilities which use different technologies
and strategies of adaptation to be able to access the
Web
• Almost every audience has been modeled, by studying
various User profiles in only one scenario
14. Lourdes Moreno (UC3M) IWWUA 2007, Nancy Francia
The artefact of Scenarios in “Inclusive Case”
15. Lourdes Moreno (UC3M) IWWUA 2007, Nancy Francia
The artefact of Scenarios in “Inclusive Case”
16. Lourdes Moreno (UC3M) IWWUA 2007, Nancy Francia
The artefact of Scenarios in “Inclusive Case”
CHARACTERISTICS:
Demography : Young, 19 years old
Work responsibility/tasks: Student
Use frequency: weekly (frequency)
Hardware, Assistive technologies : a screen magnifier and sometimes combination of
screen reader and Braille line
Environment: home
Software: Linux Debian, Opera
Experience: Low, little handling with of the environment and of the page
Disability: deafness blindness
Reason of use: Pedagogic.
CHARACTERISTICS:
Demography : Young, 19 years old
Work responsibility/tasks: Student
Use frequency: weekly (frequency)
Hardware, Assistive technologies : a screen magnifier and sometimes combination of
screen reader and Braille line
Environment: home
Software: Linux Debian, Opera
Experience: Low, little handling with of the environment and of the page
Disability: deafness blindness
Reason of use: Pedagogic.
17. Lourdes Moreno (UC3M) IWWUA 2007, Nancy Francia
The artefact of Scenarios in “Inclusive Case”
18. Lourdes Moreno (UC3M) IWWUA 2007, Nancy Francia
The artefact of Scenarios in “Inclusive Case”
19. Lourdes Moreno (UC3M) IWWUA 2007, Nancy Francia
Usability techniques:
Card Sorting
• The card sorting technique is based on the observation of
how real users perform the task of clustering a
predetermined number of labeled cards with different
thematic categories of the web site.
• Helps the information architect make decisions that concern
the organization of the information in relation to user´ s
needs.
• Provides valuable information to capture requirements.
• Only real users participate.
• Starting from the users´ behavior, the objective is to
understand the mental model of the user.
• It provides qualitative and quantitative information applying a
clustering analysis and the multidimensional scaling
analysis (MDS).
20. Lourdes Moreno (UC3M) IWWUA 2007, Nancy Francia
Card Sorting Experiment
Inclusive Case Non inclusive Case
In the "Inclusive Case“:
• Diversity amongst some groups has been found
• Elements with problems without belonging to any visual group
=> To design of post phases knowing that the elements of the architecture
could have problems which would require attention and reinforcing its design
21. Lourdes Moreno (UC3M) IWWUA 2007, Nancy Francia
Usability techniques:
Prototype
In Analysis phase, for the
requirements capture, the
prototype technique has
been used (low cost)
It has been used to give
support in the taking of
decisions in reunions and
brainstorming with the
client, user important
design aspects can be
improved with a low cost.Digital web model of
CESyA prototype
22. Lourdes Moreno (UC3M) IWWUA 2007, Nancy Francia
2.- Evaluation of prototypes
Accessibility evaluation
ISO 13407: Human-centred design process
1
2
3
Evaluation of prototypes
Consequences that would
imply applying or not
inclusion in the analysis
phase
23. Lourdes Moreno (UC3M) IWWUA 2007, Nancy Francia
2.- Evaluation of prototypes:
Accessibility evaluation
Significant observations:
• There are many factors that have been detected in the
“Inclusive Case” in relation to the “Non Inclusive Case”:
(1) Different types of HW and SW access can produce
accessibility barriers, especially in the indirect access
to the web by users who need assistive technologies
(2) Different levels of browsing in the in different groups
of users, etc.
(3) Concerning the information architecture, different
mental models where information is clustered.
24. Lourdes Moreno (UC3M) IWWUA 2007, Nancy Francia
2.- Evaluation of prototypes:
Accessibility evaluation
1) Accessibility evaluation: automatic and manual validation
carried out by experts.
=> The two prototypes implemented according WCAG 1.0
2) Users test were made in both cases, including people
with or without disabilities and diverse conditions of
usage to evaluate usability aspects and accessibility in
both prototypes.
25. Lourdes Moreno (UC3M) IWWUA 2007, Nancy Francia
ISO 13407: Human-centred design process
1
2
3
Evaluation of hipotesis
he inclusive case needs
fewer changes in the
redesign of the interface
ISO 13407: Human-centred design process
1
2
3
Hypothesis Evaluation
The “Inclusive case”
requires fewer changes
in the redesign than “Non
Inclusive Case”
3.- Evaluation of hypothesis
Evaluating changes in the redesign
26. Lourdes Moreno (UC3M) IWWUA 2007, Nancy Francia
3.- Evaluation of hypothesis
Changes in “Non Inclusive Case”
The more important changes detected disabled users' reviews are in
the "Non Inclusive Case" and have not been required to include in
the “Inclusive Case" because knowledge extracted from phase
analysis and applied in the development of the web site are:
• Description link: Non-adequate attribute title. The links have to be
more descriptive. (screen reader users)
• Icon and decorative image: Non-adequate attribute alt. The
decorative images are labeled in XHTML with the alt = " text equivalent "
attribute, instead of the decorative image with the alt =”“ and icon is
included in CSS with a correct marking in the XHTML, (screen reader
users)
• Invisible shortcut: Inexistent, the users have suggested them as an
improvement. (screen reader users)
• Visibility edges interface: Presence of navigation menus in the
corners but the users do not see them. (screen magnifier users)
27. Lourdes Moreno (UC3M) IWWUA 2007, Nancy Francia
3.- Evaluation of hypothesis
Changes in “Non Inclusive Case”
• Lines which frame the information (screen magnifier users)
• Types of text Font: The font type used is Verdana. The users
would prefer bolder fonts as Arial. (screen magnifier users)
• Language accessibility: Some problems have been found in the
comprehension of the texts, about using a simple and clear
language but based on how to visually structure it to make easier
the comprehension: without dense paragraphs, large blank spaces
between them, using lists, etc.
• Structural marking: Disabled users have asked for a better
structural marking, better definition of the header elements
• Multimedia elements: Users have asked for control options for the
user, of information, format types, time, weight, etc. Some users
could not access this resource
• Direct access in resizing/font-scaling and high-contrast mode.
Although compatible access is provided to user following WCAG,
users suggested direct access too, not all of them knew use
browser options.
28. Lourdes Moreno (UC3M) IWWUA 2007, Nancy Francia
3.- Evaluation of hypothesis
Changes in “Non Inclusive Case”
The hypothesis is true:
The “Inclusive Case” need fewer changes in
the redesign than “Non Inclusive Case”
Consequently, in the “Inclusive Case” has
produced a reduction of costs in the
development, avoiding new requirements
to have in mind in the development
process
29. Lourdes Moreno (UC3M) IWWUA 2007, Nancy Francia
Some conclusions
User Centered Design (UCD) using usability techniques
WCAG: The benefits providing by the guidelines are
fundamental for designers.
– To detect accessibility barriers
– Evaluation of accessibility of a user interface prototype in
an advanced phase of Design-Evaluation
but, following WCAG guidelines in Analysis phase offers enough
support to the designer?
=> For professionals without previous experience in the
development of accessible web applications, the guides make
knowledge obtained in the “Inclusive Case” an added value.
• The UCD framework with usability techniques help to come
closer to the user, but the benefits of the inclusion in the
analysis phase are distinguishable.
30. Lourdes Moreno (UC3M) IWWUA 2007, Nancy Francia
Final conclusion:
To integrate usability and
accessibility in software
processes following a User
Centered Design (UCD) using
usability techniques with
inclusion
31. 1st International Workshop on
Web Usability and Accessibility (IWWUA 2007)
December 3-7, 2007
Nancy, France
Thank you for your attention
Lourdes Moreno
lmoreno@inf.uc3m.es
Editor's Notes
Good morning
I'm Lourdes Moreno.
I apologize because I'm not confident in English.
Maybe, I can't understand you, when you ask me. Please, Be Patient with me. Thank you.
I will present the work: “Inclusive Usability Techniques in Requirements Analysis of Accessible web Applications”.
It has made in conjunction with Paloma Martinez y Belen Ruiz, from University Carlos III of Madrid, Spain
There is a continued growth in the use of the Web.
But every people don’t access to the web in the same way: there are different access devices, user agent, use context, user group profiles, …
It is necessary to take into account this diversity to provide accessibility to web contents.
The access barriers to web affect not only to people with disabilities. Users usually have other kind of problems derived from the context of use and technological incompatibilities.
It is essential an advance avoiding the exclusion of user groups.
Providing full accessibility to the Web contents.
To solve such accessibility issues,
the World Wide Web Consortium W 3 C, to promote a Web Accessibility Initiative W A I.
Its standard more important of WAI in web content is, “The web Content Accessibility Guideline”, WCAG 1.0., standard to be considered in many countries.
The Web Content Accessibility Guidelines documents, explain how to make Web content accessible.
As related works also are :
Various proposals of integrating usability in the development process and, some of them name the accessibility but, they don’ t take it completely into account.
There are works with adapting the accessibility guides applied: in the accessibility evaluation methodology, monitorization and metric studies among others.
There are methodologies approach, considering the accessibility as requirement non-functional.
There is an important proposal by using User Centered Design UCD, to integrate accessibility into analysis phase; this approach has been used in this work.
In these works:
the accessibility criteria are not covered in the whole life cycle of the web applications,
nor fully integrated and,
there is enough to support for the web designer.
This work is the focus of a thesis research, awa, Accessibility for Web Applications A W A. Its objective is to offer a methodological support to integrate accessibility, from an Web engineering perspective, in the whole life cycle of a web application.
From a technical point of view, a web designer is demanded to design an accessible web application.
And he follow the accessibility standard such Web Content Accessibility Guideline WCAG .
But, Is it enough to capture accessibility requirements?
There are other aspects more focused on the usability and/or the web user interaction could go unnoticed.
For this reason, there is the necessity to integrate usability and accessibility in software processes following a User Centered Design UCD using usability techniques which guarantee the participation of the user in the whole life cycle of the development of a web application.
But, it having in mind, apart from the usual user, all the users with disabilities too.
This is the peculiarity that User Inclusive Design Framework has.
A web site has been developed for the organism, Spanish Centre of Captioning and Audio Description CESyA.
It works towards the accessibility in audiovisual media using captioning and audio description services.
One of the requirements is that the web has to be accessible according to the Web Content Accessibility Guideline standard.
Some experiments have been carried out on this web site, to enable the evaluation of the consequences that to apply or not inclusion in the analysis phase.
In this work, two web development processes have been carried out under the same domain, with different ways to act in the capture of requirements. Two cases: the “inclusive Case” which the web prototype has been developed in the framework of Inclusive Design and,
the “Non Inclusive Case” in not inclusive approach.
The characteristics in both cases are:
The Analysts had similar characteristics (no experience in design and development of accessible web applications, but with some training in accessibility items based on the WAI, Web Content Accessibility Guideline documentation).
The same technological profile with a basic core.
But there is a difference in users participation in the experiment:
with only users without disabilities in the “Non Inclusive Case”, and in “Inclusive Case” there was a participation with users and without disabilities.
The proposal basic considered in this work is:
to follow, the “Web Content Accessibility Guideline” to cover the more technical aspects,
and to take a user-centered Design approach using techniques usability to be closest to the user.
The initial hypothesis is: In the iterative process, the inclusive case needs fewer changes in the redesign.
The figure show the standard process: “Human-centered processes for interactive system” that provides a framework that incorporating a User Centered-Design UCD along the development life cycle.
The first step is a capture of requirements in the Analysis phase in each case: with or without inclusion.
Based on the knowledge of data capture, the prototypes are designed and developed, and in second step they will be evaluated.
In this point, it evaluated the consequences that apply or not inclusion, it detected new requirements to introduce an iterative process.
And finally it evaluates the initial hypothesis in the third step.
To pass to analysis phase for the capture of requirements with different ways to act
The usability techniques used in this work and that to recommend to integrate accessibility in the Analysis phase: User profiles, Person focus, Scenarios, Card Sorting, Prototype and brainstorming.
In all of them there is involvement of the user so fictitious or real.
Moreover, these modeling user techniques as user profiles, Person focus and Scenarios to facilitate to model a heterogeneous audience.
With the information previously extracted from investigation, interviews, etc. starts the process of user modeling and,
The common attributes are defined, These attributes based on users and according to their access characteristics such as: age, profession, frequent use of internet, information needs and software used, such as different browsers, players, etc.
(me paso a la siguiente diapositiva)
In the study, these attributes and values have been established, and some User profiles considering these common attributes.
In the Inclusive Case, more attributes are considered both in user’s characteristics, for instance, whether user has a disability or not, for instance: special browsers as text browsers, adapted assistive technology amongst others.
(vuelvo)
In this point, the extension and heterogeneous coverage, which could make the total categorization of the audience not be possible or too expensive.
And so, it is convenient to make use of the focus of Person.
In the study, these attributes and values have been established, and some User profiles considering these common attributes.
We have an approximation to all the users we want to reach to.
In user modeling in the Non Inclusive Case, users with disabilities have been excluded, as to considered that the development of a web site which complies with the Web Content Accessibility Guideline would already cover their access needs.
On the other hand, in the Inclusive Case, more attributes from the second column of Table are considered both in user’s characteristics, for instance, whether user has a disability or not, and in access characteristics, for instance, special browsers as well as only text browsers, adapted assistive hardware technology amongst others.
In Person Focus Technique; the people will represent behavior patterns, objectives and necessities of groups of people,
which they can be fictional, but they have characteristics based real information, extracted from the users.
The patterns will never represent, the totality of the groups of the real users, but do represent them in their majority.
In the “Inclusive Case” the designer to have in mind the all users, knowing in all moments the type of design that will be needed.
The categorization of the audience is more feasible, in this line, to improve it, we can use of Scenarios technique.
To make more realistic the descriptions of the use of the Web, use scenarios and person focus.
The Scenarios technique describes situations of Web usage, conceptualizing the Human-Machine Interaction with fictitious users.
In the “Inclusive Case”, the scenarios show people with a variety of disabilities which use different technologies and strategies of adaptation to be able to access the Web.
The Inclusive case does not mean an exaggerated additional cost and web designer becomes familiar with the user and designs taking into account his/her characteristics.
With the approach of Scenarios, the size of sample is minimized, by studying various User profiles in only one scenario
The figure shows an example of a scenario made in the "Inclusive Case“, it is not anything accessible, don’t see anything, so now we will see with zoom next.
It taking into account these new variables causes an increment of the number of users and contexts of use which need to be studied.
But the study could be feasible with a reasoning of parallelism between users who are not disabled in unfavorable use contexts with disabled users.
For example: The way to avoid accessibility barriers that affect a person with hearing impairment is also valid for a user without disabilities in silent environment
The block upper consists of the identification and description of the scenario expressed in natural language.
She is a user with partial vision that uses screen magnifiers to access the Web.
Then there is a part where specifies the characteristics of access and use context of the character, these features come from the common attributes modeling user.
As an added value, we have to keep in mind factors such as the use of magnifiers, screen readers, etc, we must investigate matters that will affect the future design of the user interface such as: how users with screen readers will access information, how to access it with a magnifier, how is someone supposed to design and write texts to make them more comprehensible, etc.
This block describes the users who have studied in this scenario.
With these scenarios more coverage is gained. This is because not only is the User profile that belongs to the person studied, main scenario with character, but many more characters are studied such as the secondary characters which are satisfied with the application of the primary character.
And following a reasoning of parallelism between users who are not disabled in unfavorable use contexts with disabled users, many more characters are studied too.
And finally, it provides information about how to avoid barriers to accessibility. It obtained from the WCAG and the investigation of the interaction with users.
These aspects of the accessibility in the Inclusive case have proactively been considered for the future design phases.
Another technique used is Card Sorting
The card sorting technique is based on the observation of how real users perform the task of clustering a predetermined number of labelled cards with different thematic categories of the web site.
Provides valuable information to capture requirements. The objective is to understand the mental model of the user, to organize information in relation to user 's needs.
The figure show multidimensional scaling analysis MDS Graph obtained in the Non Inclusive Case and Inclusive Case by using Card sorting technique.
In the Inclusive Case it has been found a diversity amongst some groups, it has been found elements with problems (blog card, documentation card, etc.) without belonging to any visual group.
Therefore, interviews allow us obtaining valuable information about (a) detecting possible barriers modifying the architecture of information and (b) the design of post phases knowing that the elements of the architecture could have problems which would require attention and reinforcing its design.
Finally, the low cost prototype have been created in the requirements phase: digital prototypes with a retouch photography program
In these prototypes, the design specifications for the future web have been detailed, content units, selection of style, use of colors taking into account the consistency, the contrast, etc.
They have given a great support in decisions making and visual brainstorming meetings have taken place in base to these prototypes with the client, heuristic evaluation, user testing, modifying with a low cost important points and a better usability and accessibility.
To pass to analysis phase for the evaluations of prototypes
Significant observations:
There are many factors that have been detected in the “Inclusive Case” in relation to the “Non Inclusive Case”:
(1) Different types of HW and SW access can produce accessibility barriers, especially in the indirect access to the web by users who need assistive technologies
(2) Different levels of browsing in the in different groups of users, etc.
(3) Concerning the information architecture, different mental models where information is clustered.
The two prototypes implemented according WCAG 1.0.
Regarding usability, on a earlier stage of the prototype, there were two heuristic evaluations. According to obtained results, barriers and improvements were found and, in both cases, they were corrected.
About these prototypes, a more extensive accessibility evaluation was taken following the WAI methodology and the usability, such as:
1) Expert and Manual revision following Validation Methodology WAI.
2) A test was made with users in both cases, including people with or without disabilities and diverse conditions of usage to evaluate usage aspects and access in both prototypes. This test has been based on the questionnaires and forms that users have filled in:
Forms where the accessibility characteristics and context of use are reflected, as well as software and hardware characteristics in tests development.
Questionnaires to evaluate usability according to heuristic evaluation, and accessibility of the different areas of the Web.
To pass to analysis phase for the hypothesis Evaluation
The most important enhancements in accessibility, as was suggested by users according to the test carried out, and are shown next.
And it will appreciate the consequences that applying or not inclusion in the analysis phase.
The more important changes detected disabled users' reviews are in the "Non Inclusive Case" and have not been required to include in the “Inclusive Case" because knowledge extracted from phase analysis and applied in the development of the web site are:
The screen reader users of the “Non inclusive Case” suggested:
Links more descriptive. (screen reader users)
Icon and decorative image with a correct marking: The decorative image with the alt =”“ and icon is included in CSS
Use Invisible shortcut
The screen magnifier users suggested:
The navigation menus were not located in the corners, but the users do not see them.
They like Lines which frame the information
The font type used was Verdana. The users would prefer bolder fonts as Arial.
Other suggestions were
- Language accessibility
- Better definition of the header elements
- More usability and accessibility in the multimedia elements , give to control for the user. Some users could not access this resource.
- Direct access in resizing/font-scaling and high-contrast mode. Although compatible access is provided to user following WCAG, users suggested direct access too, not all of them knew use browser options.
The hypothesis is true:
The “Inclusive Case” need fewer changes in the redesign than “Non Inclusive Case”
Consequently, in the “Inclusive Case” has produced a reduction of costs in the development, avoiding new requirements to have in mind in the development process
To follow to User Centered Design (UCD) using usability techniques
WCAG: The benefits providing by the guidelines are fundamental for designers
but, for professionals without previous experience in the development of accessible web applications, the WCAG make knowledge obtained in the “Inclusive Case” an added value.
The UCD framework with usability techniques help to come closer to the user, but the benefits of the inclusion in the analysis phase are distinguishable.
Maybe, I can't understand you, when you ask me. Please, Be Patient with me. Thank you.