L3. Section III: Western and Islamic approach to ethics and ethical reasoning. A lecture given to medical students at AlFarabi medical Colleges in Riyadh (05.10.2016)
Idealism, as espoused by Plato and Socrates, holds that ideas are the only true reality and focuses on conscious reasoning. Realism, developed by Aristotle, believes reality exists independently of the mind and focuses on observable objects and facts. Pragmatism, advocated by Dewey and Rousseau, views reality as constantly changing and believes in learning through problem solving and experience. Existentialism, developed by Sartre and Kierkegaard, sees reality as subjective to the individual and focuses on freedom, choice, and finding personal meaning. Across these philosophies, teaching methods include discussion, inquiry, problem solving, and empowering students to direct their own learning and values.
This document discusses different perspectives on ontology and epistemology and how they affect qualitative data analysis and coding. It addresses realist, contextualist, and radical constructivist views. A realist perspective believes findings are waiting to be discovered in the data. Contextualism holds that knowledge is local and provisional based on the research context. Radical constructivism challenges the idea of absolute foundations for knowledge and objectivity. The document evaluates how these perspectives approach coding, reliability, and researcher subjectivity.
The document discusses research methods and definitions. It defines research as a systematic process of inquiry to discover facts or theories. Research methodology involves defining the problem, objectives, literature review, methodology, subjects, design, data collection, analysis and bibliography. Methods of data collection discussed include questionnaires, interviews and observations. Questionnaires can be closed-ended, open-ended, use scales or checklists. Interviews allow more in-depth information but take more time.
Ethics seeks to address questions of morality and determine what is right versus wrong. There are two main approaches: consequentialism, which assesses the morality of an act based on its consequences, and non-consequentialism, which asserts actions are right or wrong in themselves regardless of consequences. Utilitarianism is a form of consequentialism that holds an action is morally right if it produces more overall happiness than any alternative action. Later critics argued utilitarianism failed to account for the quality of pleasure and could justify harmful actions.
Research Questions, Objectives, and HypothesisAshok Pandey
With the objective of
To train the health professionals on health system research proposal development,
To acquaint the participants with health research process, and
To train basic managerial skills required to manage proposed health research.
Research Questions, Objectives, and Hypothesis is important.
This document discusses research paradigms and the logic of research. It defines key concepts like paradigm, ontology, epistemology and methodology. It outlines three main research paradigms - positivism, post-positivism, and critical theory - and how they differ in their basic beliefs and positions on practical research issues. The document also examines different logics of inquiry like induction, deduction, retroduction, and abduction; and how researchers can take a combined approach using elements of multiple strategies.
This document provides an overview of utilitarian moral philosophy as developed by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. It discusses key concepts of utilitarianism like consequentialism, hedonism, and producing the greatest good for the greatest number. It also examines criticisms of utilitarianism and how Mill attempted to address these criticisms through his concept of rule utilitarianism and emphasizing the quality of happiness over just the quantity.
This document provides an overview of case study research. It defines case study research as an approach that facilitates in-depth exploration of a phenomenon within its real-world context using multiple data sources. Case studies can be explanatory, exploratory, or descriptive in nature. Key components of case study research include determining the research questions, unit of analysis, sources of evidence, and criteria for interpreting findings. The document also discusses techniques for analyzing case study evidence such as pattern matching, explanation building, time-series analysis, logic models, and cross-case synthesis.
Idealism, as espoused by Plato and Socrates, holds that ideas are the only true reality and focuses on conscious reasoning. Realism, developed by Aristotle, believes reality exists independently of the mind and focuses on observable objects and facts. Pragmatism, advocated by Dewey and Rousseau, views reality as constantly changing and believes in learning through problem solving and experience. Existentialism, developed by Sartre and Kierkegaard, sees reality as subjective to the individual and focuses on freedom, choice, and finding personal meaning. Across these philosophies, teaching methods include discussion, inquiry, problem solving, and empowering students to direct their own learning and values.
This document discusses different perspectives on ontology and epistemology and how they affect qualitative data analysis and coding. It addresses realist, contextualist, and radical constructivist views. A realist perspective believes findings are waiting to be discovered in the data. Contextualism holds that knowledge is local and provisional based on the research context. Radical constructivism challenges the idea of absolute foundations for knowledge and objectivity. The document evaluates how these perspectives approach coding, reliability, and researcher subjectivity.
The document discusses research methods and definitions. It defines research as a systematic process of inquiry to discover facts or theories. Research methodology involves defining the problem, objectives, literature review, methodology, subjects, design, data collection, analysis and bibliography. Methods of data collection discussed include questionnaires, interviews and observations. Questionnaires can be closed-ended, open-ended, use scales or checklists. Interviews allow more in-depth information but take more time.
Ethics seeks to address questions of morality and determine what is right versus wrong. There are two main approaches: consequentialism, which assesses the morality of an act based on its consequences, and non-consequentialism, which asserts actions are right or wrong in themselves regardless of consequences. Utilitarianism is a form of consequentialism that holds an action is morally right if it produces more overall happiness than any alternative action. Later critics argued utilitarianism failed to account for the quality of pleasure and could justify harmful actions.
Research Questions, Objectives, and HypothesisAshok Pandey
With the objective of
To train the health professionals on health system research proposal development,
To acquaint the participants with health research process, and
To train basic managerial skills required to manage proposed health research.
Research Questions, Objectives, and Hypothesis is important.
This document discusses research paradigms and the logic of research. It defines key concepts like paradigm, ontology, epistemology and methodology. It outlines three main research paradigms - positivism, post-positivism, and critical theory - and how they differ in their basic beliefs and positions on practical research issues. The document also examines different logics of inquiry like induction, deduction, retroduction, and abduction; and how researchers can take a combined approach using elements of multiple strategies.
This document provides an overview of utilitarian moral philosophy as developed by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. It discusses key concepts of utilitarianism like consequentialism, hedonism, and producing the greatest good for the greatest number. It also examines criticisms of utilitarianism and how Mill attempted to address these criticisms through his concept of rule utilitarianism and emphasizing the quality of happiness over just the quantity.
This document provides an overview of case study research. It defines case study research as an approach that facilitates in-depth exploration of a phenomenon within its real-world context using multiple data sources. Case studies can be explanatory, exploratory, or descriptive in nature. Key components of case study research include determining the research questions, unit of analysis, sources of evidence, and criteria for interpreting findings. The document also discusses techniques for analyzing case study evidence such as pattern matching, explanation building, time-series analysis, logic models, and cross-case synthesis.
The document discusses several ethical perspectives including act-centered theories focusing on duties and consequences, agent-centered virtue ethics examining character, and differences between the two. It also examines Kantian deontology emphasizing intention over outcomes, rule and act deontology, and intuitionism basing morality on self-evident principles.
This case study involves an engineer in charge of a flyover construction project who discovers safety issues during an inspection that were not reported by junior engineers. Rectifying the issues would cause delays and costs. The chief engineer advises downplaying the issues to avoid delays, but the engineer must determine the ethical course of action. Key theories that could apply are:
- St. Thomas Aquinas Theory to assess ethical liability based on knowledge, volunteerism, and free will of those involved.
- Deontology to consider whether downplaying issues aligns with principles of universalizability, respecting all individuals, and long-term impacts.
- Teleology to weigh consequences of different options in terms of maximizing safety and
The document provides an introduction to ethics, including definitions of key terms like ethics, morality, metaethics, normative ethics, and descriptive ethics. It discusses three broad categories of moral philosophy: metaethics, normative ethics, and descriptive ethics. It also summarizes different ethical theories like deontology, consequentialism, relativism, and ethical egoism. Finally, it outlines some principles of ethical decision making like considering stakeholders, consequences, guidelines, and reviewing decisions.
This chapter examines business and environmental ethics, including:
1) The meaning of ecology and ecosystems, and how business impacts the environment.
2) Traditional business views of the environment as unlimited and views of pollution costs.
3) The ethics of environmental protection and debates around who should pay pollution costs.
4) Approaches to environmental goals like regulations, incentives, and pricing mechanisms.
5) Deeper questions around obligations to future generations and animal welfare.
Topic: DEONTOLOGICAL ETHICAL THEORY
Contents:
A. Historical Origin
Early beginning of human civilization
• The word of the king is the law
Deontological
Greek word “dein” or “deon” meaning “To be obligated” or simply “duty”
B.Kants’ Major Contribution to Deontological Theory
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)
• Avid defender of deontological theory
• Contributed as many important and brilliant ideas to the philosophical study of ethics
C.The Good Will: The Core of Kant’s Ethics
Morality of an action lies on the inner motive rather than the external effects
Kants’ ethics primarily based on good will
Duty must be done out of pure reverence to the moral law
D.Duty over Inclination
“A person is only acting morally only when he suppresses his feelings and inclinations and does that which he is obliged to do”
Inclination
means doing the things that one’s feels like doing, and thus no obligation exists.
Example:
Helping your neighbor to fix her flat tire.
• Three possible reasons of helping:
1) Expectation of the reward-immoral
2) Pity-immoral
3) Duty-moral
1 is done out of desire to get a reward and 2 is done out of emotion thus, the acts are considered immoral. On the other hand, 3 is done out of obligation and this makes the act moral.
E.Duty is Superior to Happiness
“Our duties cannot consist simply in following rules that promote pleasure and avoidance of pain as the utilitarian’s claim, since that would make right actions depend upon consequences, on how well they satisfied our desires”
Example:
1) Lying
2) Breaking promise
The above examples are immoral actions not because it can create bad consequences but because these are wrong in itself.
F.The Categorical Imperative: The Universalizability Principle
“Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law”
Maxim is a personal and subjective guiding principle
We must universalize our moral judgement
G.The Principle of Humanity (Respect for Persons)
Also known as ’Principle of Ends’
Concerns respect for the dignity of persons
Rational beings are ends in themselves
Do not treat others as means
H.Autonomy of The Will (Kingdom of Ends)
“For without personal autonomy, Morality becomes an impossibility”
Autonomous will
The will becomes autonomous when the genuinely moral actions are chosen:
• Freely
• Rationally
• By The Self (Autonomously)
Kingdom of ends
It is a moral universe of the moral beings in which:
• Respect for Intrinsic Worth
• Respect for Value of All Persons
is exercised by everyone.
Medical education research presentation basicMohamed Wadie
This document provides an overview of medical education research. It begins with intended learning outcomes and then defines key terms like medical education and research. The aims of medical education research are to advance knowledge, skills, and professionalism of medical students by understanding educational ecosystems. Research covers themes like the six core competencies and studies populations like medical students and faculty. Qualitative and quantitative research methods are discussed. The importance of research is maintaining quality education and identifying solutions to problems.
This document discusses key aspects to consider when developing a research question, including ensuring the research is feasible, interesting, novel, ethical, and relevant. It outlines three main types of research questions: descriptive, comparative, and relationship-based. Descriptive questions aim to describe variables, comparative questions examine differences between groups, and relationship questions look at associations between variables. Several examples are provided for each type of research question. The document also discusses turning a research question into a testable hypothesis and references additional resources on forming high-quality research questions.
This document discusses narrative inquiry and narrative research. Some key points:
1. Narrative inquiry views stories and narratives as the primary way humans make meaning and understand the world. Reality and human experience are seen as socially constructed and fluid.
2. Narrative research uses stories - written, oral, personal and collective - as data. The story itself is the focus of analysis rather than being a means to other data. Analysis looks at the whole story and patterns of meaning within.
3. Narrative inquiry encompasses three spheres - the scientific, symbolic, and sacred. The scientific examines the natural world, symbolic interprets human experience through symbols, and sacred addresses existential questions. Inquiry across these realms
This document provides an overview of a lecture on advanced research methods given to master's students. It discusses key concepts in research including the nature of business research, the role of theory, types of theories like the theory of reasoned action and theory of planned behavior, research paradigms, inductive vs deductive reasoning, ethical issues, and variables and their levels of measurement. Alternative non-scientific ways of knowing like authority, tradition and personal experience are also contrasted with scientific inquiry.
This document provides guidance on questionnaire design, including types of questions, question wording, formatting, and presentation as a whole. It discusses personal, attitudinal, behavioral, and sensitive questions. Key recommendations for question wording include using simple language, avoiding ambiguity and vagueness, and not using leading, negative, presuming, or hypothetical questions. Formatting options covered include rating scales, multiple choice, ranking, and open-ended. The document also provides a cover letter sample and emphasizes using clear instructions throughout the questionnaire.
This document outlines the key steps and components of the research process for a study titled "A Study on Pragmatic Approaches and Quality Initiatives for Enhancing Teachers’ Caliber in Post Graduate Institutes offering MBA Programme under Bangalore University". The research methodology section defines different types of research and the scientific research process. It also provides details on key aspects of research design including objectives, hypotheses, sampling, data collection and analysis. The document concludes by mentioning the final steps of report writing and research reporting.
This document discusses research questions, defining them as questions researchers aim to answer. It notes the importance of research questions is that they help refine broad topics into specific, researchable variables. The document also outlines characteristics of good research questions, such as being relevant, interesting, focused, and able to be researched. It provides examples of how broad topics can be narrowed into more defined research questions.
This document discusses goal setting in clinical practice from a physiotherapy perspective. It introduces the SMART principle for setting goals, which stands for Specific, Measurable, Agreed, Relevant, and Time-bound. Each component of the SMART principle is then defined. The document provides examples of applying SMART goals to clinical cases involving improving lung function and mobilizing patients with various conditions. It emphasizes setting both short and long term goals for patients using the SMART framework.
This document discusses research questions, their definition, importance, and characteristics of good research questions. It states that research problems are often posed as questions to focus the investigation. A good research question helps define and narrow the scope of the investigation. It should be researchable, significant, and ethical while considering the researcher's skills and resources. Good research questions are feasible, clear, significant, and ethical.
This document discusses research philosophy and the different assumptions that inform research design. It explains that research philosophy refers to beliefs about knowledge development. The three main assumptions that determine research design are epistemological assumptions about what constitutes valid knowledge, ontological assumptions about the nature of reality, and axiological assumptions about values and ethics. The document then contrasts two extremes - objectivism and subjectivism - and how they influence these assumptions. It provides examples of quantitative and qualitative research approaches. Finally, it outlines five major research philosophies: positivism, critical realism, interpretivism, postmodernism, and pragmatism.
This document discusses ethical considerations in nursing research. It outlines various codes of ethics that were developed in response to human rights violations in medical experiments, including the Nuremberg Code and Helsinki Declaration. The document also discusses principles for protecting research participants, such as beneficence, respect for human dignity, and justice. It describes guidelines from the Indian Council of Medical Research and ethical review procedures that require research proposals involving human participants to be cleared by an institutional ethics committee.
The document discusses several ethical perspectives including act-centered theories focusing on duties and consequences, agent-centered virtue ethics examining character, and differences between the two. It also examines Kantian deontology emphasizing intention over outcomes, rule and act deontology, and intuitionism basing morality on self-evident principles.
This case study involves an engineer in charge of a flyover construction project who discovers safety issues during an inspection that were not reported by junior engineers. Rectifying the issues would cause delays and costs. The chief engineer advises downplaying the issues to avoid delays, but the engineer must determine the ethical course of action. Key theories that could apply are:
- St. Thomas Aquinas Theory to assess ethical liability based on knowledge, volunteerism, and free will of those involved.
- Deontology to consider whether downplaying issues aligns with principles of universalizability, respecting all individuals, and long-term impacts.
- Teleology to weigh consequences of different options in terms of maximizing safety and
The document provides an introduction to ethics, including definitions of key terms like ethics, morality, metaethics, normative ethics, and descriptive ethics. It discusses three broad categories of moral philosophy: metaethics, normative ethics, and descriptive ethics. It also summarizes different ethical theories like deontology, consequentialism, relativism, and ethical egoism. Finally, it outlines some principles of ethical decision making like considering stakeholders, consequences, guidelines, and reviewing decisions.
This chapter examines business and environmental ethics, including:
1) The meaning of ecology and ecosystems, and how business impacts the environment.
2) Traditional business views of the environment as unlimited and views of pollution costs.
3) The ethics of environmental protection and debates around who should pay pollution costs.
4) Approaches to environmental goals like regulations, incentives, and pricing mechanisms.
5) Deeper questions around obligations to future generations and animal welfare.
Topic: DEONTOLOGICAL ETHICAL THEORY
Contents:
A. Historical Origin
Early beginning of human civilization
• The word of the king is the law
Deontological
Greek word “dein” or “deon” meaning “To be obligated” or simply “duty”
B.Kants’ Major Contribution to Deontological Theory
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)
• Avid defender of deontological theory
• Contributed as many important and brilliant ideas to the philosophical study of ethics
C.The Good Will: The Core of Kant’s Ethics
Morality of an action lies on the inner motive rather than the external effects
Kants’ ethics primarily based on good will
Duty must be done out of pure reverence to the moral law
D.Duty over Inclination
“A person is only acting morally only when he suppresses his feelings and inclinations and does that which he is obliged to do”
Inclination
means doing the things that one’s feels like doing, and thus no obligation exists.
Example:
Helping your neighbor to fix her flat tire.
• Three possible reasons of helping:
1) Expectation of the reward-immoral
2) Pity-immoral
3) Duty-moral
1 is done out of desire to get a reward and 2 is done out of emotion thus, the acts are considered immoral. On the other hand, 3 is done out of obligation and this makes the act moral.
E.Duty is Superior to Happiness
“Our duties cannot consist simply in following rules that promote pleasure and avoidance of pain as the utilitarian’s claim, since that would make right actions depend upon consequences, on how well they satisfied our desires”
Example:
1) Lying
2) Breaking promise
The above examples are immoral actions not because it can create bad consequences but because these are wrong in itself.
F.The Categorical Imperative: The Universalizability Principle
“Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law”
Maxim is a personal and subjective guiding principle
We must universalize our moral judgement
G.The Principle of Humanity (Respect for Persons)
Also known as ’Principle of Ends’
Concerns respect for the dignity of persons
Rational beings are ends in themselves
Do not treat others as means
H.Autonomy of The Will (Kingdom of Ends)
“For without personal autonomy, Morality becomes an impossibility”
Autonomous will
The will becomes autonomous when the genuinely moral actions are chosen:
• Freely
• Rationally
• By The Self (Autonomously)
Kingdom of ends
It is a moral universe of the moral beings in which:
• Respect for Intrinsic Worth
• Respect for Value of All Persons
is exercised by everyone.
Medical education research presentation basicMohamed Wadie
This document provides an overview of medical education research. It begins with intended learning outcomes and then defines key terms like medical education and research. The aims of medical education research are to advance knowledge, skills, and professionalism of medical students by understanding educational ecosystems. Research covers themes like the six core competencies and studies populations like medical students and faculty. Qualitative and quantitative research methods are discussed. The importance of research is maintaining quality education and identifying solutions to problems.
This document discusses key aspects to consider when developing a research question, including ensuring the research is feasible, interesting, novel, ethical, and relevant. It outlines three main types of research questions: descriptive, comparative, and relationship-based. Descriptive questions aim to describe variables, comparative questions examine differences between groups, and relationship questions look at associations between variables. Several examples are provided for each type of research question. The document also discusses turning a research question into a testable hypothesis and references additional resources on forming high-quality research questions.
This document discusses narrative inquiry and narrative research. Some key points:
1. Narrative inquiry views stories and narratives as the primary way humans make meaning and understand the world. Reality and human experience are seen as socially constructed and fluid.
2. Narrative research uses stories - written, oral, personal and collective - as data. The story itself is the focus of analysis rather than being a means to other data. Analysis looks at the whole story and patterns of meaning within.
3. Narrative inquiry encompasses three spheres - the scientific, symbolic, and sacred. The scientific examines the natural world, symbolic interprets human experience through symbols, and sacred addresses existential questions. Inquiry across these realms
This document provides an overview of a lecture on advanced research methods given to master's students. It discusses key concepts in research including the nature of business research, the role of theory, types of theories like the theory of reasoned action and theory of planned behavior, research paradigms, inductive vs deductive reasoning, ethical issues, and variables and their levels of measurement. Alternative non-scientific ways of knowing like authority, tradition and personal experience are also contrasted with scientific inquiry.
This document provides guidance on questionnaire design, including types of questions, question wording, formatting, and presentation as a whole. It discusses personal, attitudinal, behavioral, and sensitive questions. Key recommendations for question wording include using simple language, avoiding ambiguity and vagueness, and not using leading, negative, presuming, or hypothetical questions. Formatting options covered include rating scales, multiple choice, ranking, and open-ended. The document also provides a cover letter sample and emphasizes using clear instructions throughout the questionnaire.
This document outlines the key steps and components of the research process for a study titled "A Study on Pragmatic Approaches and Quality Initiatives for Enhancing Teachers’ Caliber in Post Graduate Institutes offering MBA Programme under Bangalore University". The research methodology section defines different types of research and the scientific research process. It also provides details on key aspects of research design including objectives, hypotheses, sampling, data collection and analysis. The document concludes by mentioning the final steps of report writing and research reporting.
This document discusses research questions, defining them as questions researchers aim to answer. It notes the importance of research questions is that they help refine broad topics into specific, researchable variables. The document also outlines characteristics of good research questions, such as being relevant, interesting, focused, and able to be researched. It provides examples of how broad topics can be narrowed into more defined research questions.
This document discusses goal setting in clinical practice from a physiotherapy perspective. It introduces the SMART principle for setting goals, which stands for Specific, Measurable, Agreed, Relevant, and Time-bound. Each component of the SMART principle is then defined. The document provides examples of applying SMART goals to clinical cases involving improving lung function and mobilizing patients with various conditions. It emphasizes setting both short and long term goals for patients using the SMART framework.
This document discusses research questions, their definition, importance, and characteristics of good research questions. It states that research problems are often posed as questions to focus the investigation. A good research question helps define and narrow the scope of the investigation. It should be researchable, significant, and ethical while considering the researcher's skills and resources. Good research questions are feasible, clear, significant, and ethical.
This document discusses research philosophy and the different assumptions that inform research design. It explains that research philosophy refers to beliefs about knowledge development. The three main assumptions that determine research design are epistemological assumptions about what constitutes valid knowledge, ontological assumptions about the nature of reality, and axiological assumptions about values and ethics. The document then contrasts two extremes - objectivism and subjectivism - and how they influence these assumptions. It provides examples of quantitative and qualitative research approaches. Finally, it outlines five major research philosophies: positivism, critical realism, interpretivism, postmodernism, and pragmatism.
This document discusses ethical considerations in nursing research. It outlines various codes of ethics that were developed in response to human rights violations in medical experiments, including the Nuremberg Code and Helsinki Declaration. The document also discusses principles for protecting research participants, such as beneficence, respect for human dignity, and justice. It describes guidelines from the Indian Council of Medical Research and ethical review procedures that require research proposals involving human participants to be cleared by an institutional ethics committee.
This document discusses professionalism in medical practice. It outlines dimensions of professionalism including a clinician's duties towards patients, colleagues, community and profession. It discusses approaches to defining professionalism and lists characteristics of a profession. The document also summarizes the Saudi Code of Ethics for medical practitioners and provides examples of professional and unprofessional behaviors in classroom and clinical settings. It discusses a clinician's various roles and responsibilities.
This document outlines an Islamic bioethics lecture discussing key concepts and approaches. It begins by defining ethics, morality, bioethics and medical ethics. For Islamic approaches, it states that Muslims should follow the orders of Allah and the Prophet Muhammad in the Quran and hadith. It then discusses Islamic legal methods like ijma, qiyas, maslahah and istihsan for deriving rulings, as well as concepts like istishab and sadd al-dharai to prevent evil. The document provides an overview of how Muslims can use religious texts and interpretive methods to analyze and make decisions on ethical issues.
Overview on Islamic Bioethics. This is the second part of the introduction to medical ethics. It was delivered to the medical students at Al-Farabi Medical Colleges in Riyadh
This document outlines the seminars and practical activities for a medical ethics course. It discusses why these activities are included, what some of the specific activities are (such as seminar presentations, book reviews, public awareness campaigns, filmmaking, and simulations of ethics consultations), and how they will be assessed. Students will need to complete a minimum of 5 assessment marks worth of activities. The document provides guidance on choosing activities and reflects on the learning that can come from participating in these practical experiences.
Lecture 9 professionalism in medical practice (06.03.2017)Dr Ghaiath Hussein
This document discusses the concept of professionalism in medical practice. It outlines the approaches and dimensions of professionalism, including clinicians' duties toward patients, colleagues, their profession, and community. It emphasizes qualities like altruism, excellence, duty, and respect. The document also discusses signs of unprofessional behavior and provides examples from clinical and classroom settings.
Seminar 1- Example of ethical case analysis (27.02.2017)Dr Ghaiath Hussein
1) The case involves a 36-year-old pregnant woman with ovarian cancer who was recommended to terminate her pregnancy for chemotherapy but refused due to religious concerns.
2) The ethics committee member will collect medical details, speak to the patient and doctors, and consider the patient's autonomy, medical factors, and Islamic rulings on abortion and refusal of treatment.
3) Using tools like the four boxes model and Islamic legal goals, the member will analyze the case from different perspectives before making a recommendation, which may include alternatives, and follow up on its implementation.
This document provides an overview of medical ethics from an Islamic perspective. It discusses key definitions in ethics, bioethics and medical ethics. It also outlines some of the main approaches to medical ethics from Western philosophies as well as comparing them to Islamic ethics. The principles of intention, certainty, injury, hardship and custom are explained as part of the Islamic methodology for analyzing and resolving ethical issues in healthcare. Contact information is also provided for the author to learn more about Islamic bioethics.
This document provides an overview of medical ethics concepts including definitions of ethics, bioethics, and medical ethics. It discusses both western and Islamic approaches to ethics and ethical analysis. Tools and frameworks for resolving ethical issues are presented, including the 4 boxes model and CASES approach. An example case involving patient Dax Cowart refusing treatment is described for group analysis and discussion using these different analytical frameworks.
1) Ethics in Islam are derived from the Quran, teachings of the Prophet Muhammad, and Islamic jurisprudence. They aim to balance individual rights and responsibilities with the well-being of the community.
2) Islam teaches that humans have a duty as caretakers of the environment. The Quran emphasizes that all of creation praises God and nature has intrinsic value that humans must protect.
3) Contemporary Islamic scholars issue religious rulings (fatwas) on new issues by applying Islamic legal methodology like analogy and consensus. Fatwas guide Muslims on environmental topics like conservation, pollution and treatment of animals.
How to resolve ethical issues in practice? Western& Islamic approachesDr Ghaiath Hussein
This document provides an overview of medical ethics from an Islamic perspective. It defines medical ethics and ethical issues. It discusses various schools of ethical thought, including utilitarianism, deontology, and virtue ethics. Tools for ethical analysis are presented, including analyzing medical, legal, and quality of life factors. The document then discusses Islamic approaches to ethics, including sources like the Quran and hadiths. Principles like intention and harm are explained. The document concludes with a case study on terminating a pregnancy due to cancer and the ethical issues involved.
OUTLINE:
Definition of ethics, bioethics and medical ethics.
What is an ethical issue in healthcare?
International approaches to medical ethics
Islamic approaches to medical ethics
Islamic perspective on research and ethics. Islam emphasizes seeking knowledge and performing research that provides utility. The source of ethics and morality in Islam is divine revelation from the Quran and teachings of Prophet Muhammad. Islamic law, known as Shariah, provides a comprehensive moral framework that governs all aspects of human life and conduct. The overarching aims of Islamic ethics are to promote benefits and prevent harms according to five essential principles - religion, life, intellect, lineage and property. Research in an Islamic community must be conducted according to these principles and for specific goals like preserving religion, life and wealth.
The document discusses key concepts in moral philosophy including morality, ethics, and philosophy. It defines morality as principles of proper conduct and ethics as the study of moral concepts like good and evil. There are two types of morality - descriptive referring to cultural norms, and normative referring to universal rational standards. Four basic moral principles are identified - do good, treat others well, ends don't justify means, and follow human nature. Ethics examines domains like meta-ethics concerning meaning, normative ethics concerning action, and applied ethics concerning specific issues. Moral philosophy studies the origin and knowledge of morals through examining systems like deontology based on rules and consequentialism based on outcomes. Its three branches are normative ethics on how we
Based upon Scott B. Rae's Moral Choices. This is designed to be a simplified and accessible aid for Christians interested in exploring contemporary moral issues from a biblical perspective.
Ethical Theories & Religious Approach to Ethics.pptxkhanmcgiill
The document discusses three main approaches to ethics: the Utilitarian approach which focuses on maximizing utility and producing the greatest good for the greatest number; the Deontological or Kantian approach where duties and universal moral rules form the basis of ethics; and the Religious approach exemplified through Islamic ethics where morality is defined by obedience to divine commands and seeking to purify one's character. It provides examples and explanations of each approach with a focus on key concepts in Islamic ethics and professional ethics.
Moral relativism asserts there is no absolute moral law, but rather that morality is relative to individuals and cultures. The document examines the claims of moral relativism and argues it cannot provide a satisfactory standard or authority for determining right and wrong. In contrast, the Christian worldview grounds objective morality in the transcendent God, who revealed His moral law for humanity's well-being. Without God, everything is permissible, as existentialists like Jean-Paul Sartre acknowledged.
EMPHNET-PHE Course: Module02: ethical principles and theories and the core pr...Dr Ghaiath Hussein
This document provides an overview of different ethical theories and principles relevant to public health practice and research. It discusses major philosophical approaches like deontology, utilitarianism, and virtue ethics. It also covers religious approaches like Islamic ethics and key principles in public health ethics around concepts like autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice. Specific issues like informed consent, conflicts of interest, and resource allocation are examined through the lens of these different theories. The document aims to help public health practitioners analyze and approach ethical issues in their work.
Introduction to ethics. The study of ethics and its principles, including deo...jeandedios1991
This document provides an introduction to ethics, covering key concepts and theories. It defines ethics, morality, norms and values. It discusses approaches like virtue ethics and action-based ethics. It outlines major ethical theories like utilitarianism, deontological ethics and moral relativism. It also differentiates between types of ethical reasoning and situations like moral issues, decisions, judgments and dilemmas. Overall, the document serves as a comprehensive overview of the study of ethics.
Does islam need_a_reformation_i_era_dont_hate_debategoffaree
The document discusses differences between liberal and Islamic conceptions of human rights and ethics. It argues that the liberal view of individualism and universal human rights is flawed and not absolute. While there are some commonalities, such as respecting other religions, Islam's view is based on preventing oppression and maintaining social order and status quo. The document also critiques the idea that Islam must conform to rational ethics, saying there is no single standard and ethics are influenced by culture and open to interpretation. Overall it rejects that Islam needs reform and asserts that rights and ethics derive from Islamic teachings and tradition.
Business ethics & professional responsibility00تعرفون الحق و الحق يحرركمIbrahimia Church Ftriends
This document discusses business ethics and decision-making. It notes that unethical behavior in business is not new, citing examples from ancient texts. Business ethics involves making moral decisions that consider stakeholders. Ethical decision-making takes many factors into account and follows steps like gathering facts and weighing consequences. The document contrasts ethical absolutism, which believes in universal moral principles, with relativism, which says what is right varies by context. It discusses problems with relativism like justifying oppression and avoiding moral accountability. Overall, the document provides background on debates around ethical decision-making in business.
9.5 Moral TheoriesAll moral claims are grounded in some moral th.docxransayo
9.5 Moral Theories
All moral claims are grounded in some moral theory. It is the nature of such claims that they are based on a system of beliefs about what is right and wrong, just and unjust.
The table below lists a handful of the moral theories you are most likely to encounter in ethical arguments today. It’s important to note that each one has its own strengths and weaknesses.
Moral theories give you general guidelines, but you still usually have to apply moral reasoning in individual cases to test them out. For example, none of these theories explicitly claim that killing is wrong. The theories are more about how you would ground your claim that killing is wrong.
Moral theories are also not mutually exclusive. The argument that killing is wrong could be grounded in all of these theories.
Whether they know it or not, everyone has a moral theory. It is inescapable. Even if their moral theory is that there are no morals, that still represents a moral theory. But not all moral theories are equal—some hold up to critical thinking better than others.
You may see wisdom in all of these perspectives, or you may strongly identify with a single one. Regardless, it's important for you to recognize the potential weaknesses in any moral theory you favor, and it's helpful for you to understand why others find legitimacy in the moral theories they employ.
Theory
Criticisms
Kantian Ethics
· Immanuel Kant put forth the categorical imperative, which states that you should only act on moral principles that you would be willing to turn into universal laws mandating that everyone act the same way.
· This is a version of the question, “How would you like it if everyone did that?”
Any two people who want to get married should be able to.
· This theory is so absolute that it sometimes goes against moral common sense.
It’s wrong to kiss my spouse because I would not like it if everyone kissed my spouse.
Utilitarianism
· The morally right course of action is the one that will produce the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people.
· The only thing that matters is the consequences of the action, not the intentions behind the action (the ends justify the means).
· Ignores people’s rights, duties, and intentions.
· Could be used to justify an act that most would consider morally wrong because it inflicts harm on one person unjustly, even if it brings great happiness to many others.
It’s okay to steal money from my neighbor and take my family on a vacation, because then my whole family would be happy, and only my neighbor would be harmed.
Ethical Egoism
· Doing whatever is best for your own interests or would make you happy.
· This is not necessarily the same thing as doing whatever you want in the moment, because that might not be in your best interests in the long term.
· Can be used to justify terrible actions.
Ethical Altruism
· Doing whatever is best for others or would bring the greatest amount of happiness to people besides yourself.
· Some.
This document provides an introduction to ethics and ethics in business in the context of Rwandan culture. It defines ethics as the study of human conduct and morality, and examines the sources and objectives of ethics. Ethics is a normative science that evaluates human behavior based on principles of right and wrong. The primary sources of ethics discussed are genetic inheritance, religion, legal systems, philosophical systems, codes of conduct, and cultural experience. The document also explores the relationship between ethics and other fields of knowledge such as psychology, economics, politics and law.
This document discusses business ethics and decision-making. It begins by noting that unethical behavior in business is not new, citing examples from ancient texts. It then defines business ethics as involving moral decision-making by people in business. The document outlines several factors that can influence ethical decision-making, such as issue intensity, personal moral philosophy, and organizational culture. It provides an 8-step process for sound, ethical decision-making. Finally, it discusses the differences between ethical absolutism and relativism, noting problems with the relativist approach.
This document provides an overview of ethics and morality. It defines ethics as the philosophical study of morality, and morality as the standards that individuals or groups have about what is right and wrong. It discusses the difference between descriptive and normative morality. It also examines the relationship between morality, religion, law, and social etiquette. The document poses questions about the nature and function of morality. It explores different views on the sources and purposes of morality. Finally, it discusses some prominent philosophers like Peter Singer and debates around the idea of moral expertise.
Similar to Lecture 3 approaches to ethical analysis (05.10.16) (20)
نظرية التطور عند المسلمين (بروفيسور محمد علي البار
ويقدم فيها سردا تاريخيا لنظريات نشأة الخلق وخلق آدم وكيف ان نظرية التطور هي نظرية علمية وليس دينية لكن تم استغلالها لمحاربة الكنيسة
Ethical considerations in research during armed conflicts.pptxDr Ghaiath Hussein
My talk @AUBMC Salim El-Hoss Bioethics Webinar Series. In this webinar, we have discussed the following points:
1- How armed conflicts affect the planning and conduct of research?
2- What is ethically unique about research during armed conflicts?
3- How did my doctoral project approach these ethical issues both at the normative and the empirical levels?
4- What are the lessons learned from the conflicts in the middle east (Sudan, Syria, Yemen, etc.) and how do they differ from the situation in Ukraine?
Acknowledgement: This talk is based on my doctoral thesis (http://etheses.bham.ac.uk/8580/), which was fully funded by Wellcome Trust, UK.
Medically Assisted Dying in (MAiD) Ireland - Mapping the Ethical Terrain (May...Dr Ghaiath Hussein
This document outlines a presentation on mapping the ethical terrain of medically assisted dying (MAiD) in Ireland. It does not take a stance but provides a framework to guide conceptual discussion. It focuses on the decision, decision makers, and outcomes using Canada as an example country that has legalized MAiD. Key ethical questions are raised about patients' autonomy and consent, physicians' conflicting duties, and impacts on public perception and resource allocation. Data from Canada on MAiD providers and annual reported deaths is presented. The conclusion emphasizes the need for evidence from all stakeholders and learning from other jurisdictions' experiences before a decision is made.
Research or Not Research? This Is Not the Question for Public Health Emergencies
November 17, 2021 @ 4:00 pm - 5:00 pm EST
Speaker:
Ghaiath Hussein, Assistant Professor, Medical Ethics and Law, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
About this Seminar:
Public health emergencies, whether natural or man-made, local or global, in peacetime or during armed conflicts are always associated with the need to collect data (and sometimes biological samples) about and from those affected by these emergencies. One of the central questions in the relevant literature is whether the activities that involve the collection of data and/or biological samples are considered ‘research’, with the subsequent endeavour to define what ‘research’ is and whether they should be submitted for ethical approval or not. In this seminar, I will argue that this is not the central question when it comes to research/public health/humanitarian ethics. Using the findings of a systematic review on the research conducted in Darfur and findings from a qualitative project that aimed at defining what constitutes ‘research’ in public health emergencies I will, alternatively, present what I refer to as the ‘ethical characterization’ of these research-like activities and how they can be ethically guided.
Medically assisted dying in (MAiD) Ireland - mapping the ethical terrainDr Ghaiath Hussein
This document provides an outline for a presentation on medically assisted dying (MAiD) in Ireland. It aims to establish an ethical framework for conceptual discussion of MAiD by considering: the decision, the decision makers, and the outcome. It does not endorse any viewpoint. The presentation raises several ethical questions around patient autonomy and consent, concepts of life and death, the role of healthcare providers, and impacts on community and public trust. Examples are provided from Canada, where MAiD is legal, to illustrate challenges in practice. The document stresses the need for evidence from all stakeholders and learning from other jurisdictions' experiences before legalizing MAiD in Ireland.
Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis - Pathogenesis , Clinical Features & Manage...Jim Jacob Roy
In this presentation , SBP ( spontaneous bacterial peritonitis ) , which is a common complication in patients with cirrhosis and ascites is described in detail.
The reference for this presentation is Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Textbook ( 11th edition ).
PGx Analysis in VarSeq: A User’s PerspectiveGolden Helix
Since our release of the PGx capabilities in VarSeq, we’ve had a few months to gather some insights from various use cases. Some users approach PGx workflows by means of array genotyping or what seems to be a growing trend of adding the star allele calling to the existing NGS pipeline for whole genome data. Luckily, both approaches are supported with the VarSeq software platform. The genotyping method being used will also dictate what the scope of the tertiary analysis will be. For example, are your PGx reports a standalone pipeline or would your lab’s goal be to handle a dual-purpose workflow and report on PGx + Diagnostic findings.
The purpose of this webcast is to:
Discuss and demonstrate the approaches with array and NGS genotyping methods for star allele calling to prep for downstream analysis.
Following genotyping, explore alternative tertiary workflow concepts in VarSeq to handle PGx reporting.
Moreover, we will include insights users will need to consider when validating their PGx workflow for all possible star alleles and options you have for automating your PGx analysis for large number of samples. Please join us for a session dedicated to the application of star allele genotyping and subsequent PGx workflows in our VarSeq software.
Storyboard on Skin- Innovative Learning (M-pharm) 2nd sem. (Cosmetics)MuskanShingari
Skin is the largest organ of the human body, serving crucial functions that include protection, sensation, regulation, and synthesis. Structurally, it consists of three main layers: the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis (subcutaneous layer).
1. **Epidermis**: The outermost layer primarily composed of epithelial cells called keratinocytes. It provides a protective barrier against environmental factors, pathogens, and UV radiation.
2. **Dermis**: Located beneath the epidermis, the dermis contains connective tissue, blood vessels, hair follicles, and sweat glands. It plays a vital role in supporting and nourishing the epidermis, regulating body temperature, and housing sensory receptors for touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.
3. **Hypodermis**: Also known as the subcutaneous layer, it consists of fat and connective tissue that anchors the skin to underlying structures like muscles and bones. It provides insulation, cushioning, and energy storage.
Skin performs essential functions such as regulating body temperature through sweat production and blood flow control, synthesizing vitamin D when exposed to sunlight, and serving as a sensory interface with the external environment.
Maintaining skin health is crucial for overall well-being, involving proper hygiene, hydration, protection from sun exposure, and avoiding harmful substances. Skin conditions and diseases range from minor irritations to chronic disorders, emphasizing the importance of regular care and medical attention when needed.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/RvdYsTzgQq8
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/ECILGWtgZko
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
This presentation gives information on the pharmacology of Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes and Leukotrienes i.e. Eicosanoids. Eicosanoids are signaling molecules derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids like arachidonic acid. They are involved in complex control over inflammation, immunity, and the central nervous system. Eicosanoids are synthesized through the enzymatic oxidation of fatty acids by cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes. They have short half-lives and act locally through autocrine and paracrine signaling.
Applications of NMR in Protein Structure Prediction.pptxAnagha R Anil
This presentation explores the pivotal role of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in predicting protein structures. It delves into the methodologies, advancements, and applications of NMR in determining the three-dimensional configurations of proteins, which is crucial for understanding their function and interactions.
Nutritional deficiency Disorder are problems in india.
It is very important to learn about Indian child's nutritional parameters as well the Disease related to alteration in their Nutrition.
Discover the benefits of homeopathic medicine for irregular periods with our guide on 5 common remedies. Learn how these natural treatments can help regulate menstrual cycles and improve overall menstrual health.
Visit Us: https://drdeepikashomeopathy.com/service/irregular-periods-treatment/
The biomechanics of running involves the study of the mechanical principles underlying running movements. It includes the analysis of the running gait cycle, which consists of the stance phase (foot contact to push-off) and the swing phase (foot lift-off to next contact). Key aspects include kinematics (joint angles and movements, stride length and frequency) and kinetics (forces involved in running, including ground reaction and muscle forces). Understanding these factors helps in improving running performance, optimizing technique, and preventing injuries.
Allopurinol, a uric acid synthesis inhibitor acts by inhibiting Xanthine oxidase competitively as well as non- competitively, Whereas Oxypurinol is a non-competitive inhibitor of xanthine oxidase.
Receptor Discordance in Breast Carcinoma During the Course of Life
Definition:
Receptor discordance refers to changes in the status of hormone receptors (estrogen receptor ERα, progesterone receptor PgR, and HER2) in breast cancer tumors over time or between primary and metastatic sites.
Causes:
Tumor Evolution:
Genetic and epigenetic changes during tumor progression can lead to alterations in receptor status.
Treatment Effects:
Therapies, especially endocrine and targeted therapies, can selectively pressure tumor cells, causing shifts in receptor expression.
Heterogeneity:
Inherent heterogeneity within the tumor can result in subpopulations of cells with different receptor statuses.
Impact on Treatment:
Therapeutic Resistance:
Loss of ERα or PgR can lead to resistance to endocrine therapies.
HER2 discordance affects the efficacy of HER2-targeted treatments.
Treatment Adjustment:
Regular reassessment of receptor status may be necessary to adjust treatment strategies appropriately.
Clinical Implications:
Prognosis:
Receptor discordance is often associated with a poorer prognosis.
Biopsies:
Obtaining biopsies from metastatic sites is crucial for accurate receptor status assessment and effective treatment planning.
Monitoring:
Continuous monitoring of receptor status throughout the disease course can guide personalized therapy adjustments.
Understanding and managing receptor discordance is essential for optimizing treatment outcomes and improving the prognosis for breast cancer patients.
Lecture 3 approaches to ethical analysis (05.10.16)
1. How right and wrong are distinguished?
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2. Ethical justification
In ethics, the support/reasons ultimately come from
moral values, principles and theories:
• “I think we should do X because A and B are really
important values”
• “Y wouldn’t be appropriate because it violates
principles A and B”
• “X would be the right thing to do because of our
obligation to do A”
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Jonathan Breslin, 2006
3. Main Western Philosophies Other philosophies Abrahamic Philosophies Oriental
philosophies
Utilitarianism African, Asian, etc. Islamic Buddhist
Deontology Human Rights Jewish Confucius
Feminist ethics Catholic Indian
Casuistry
Virtue ethics Protestant Persian
Principlism Jehovah Witnesses
4. Why do we need to know about western
philosophies?
•A Doctor is an international currency (you may be
practicing anywhere)
•Bridging the knowledge & cultural gaps
•Western literature & experience are steps ahead of
ours
•Ethical concepts & tools are quite universal
•No self-development with knowing others
•To call for Allah on guidance تعالى هللا إلى الدعوة
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5. Why do we need to know about western
philosophies?
•A Doctor is an international currency (you may be
practicing anywhere)
•Bridging the knowledge & cultural gaps
•Western literature & experience are steps ahead of
ours
•Ethical concepts & tools are quite universal
•No self-development without knowing others
•To reflect Islamic concepts to non-Muslims in an
appropriate manner
6. General characteristics of western
philosophies
•Secularism: people are free to practice
their religion but no particular religious
guidance to right & wrong
•Individualism: It’s all about I, me and
myself!
•The individual and nuclear family structure are
the societal building block.
•The individual's interest is what should come
first (vs. more collective extended family
ethics in our region)
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7. the value of an
action is determined by its utility; all
actions should be directed toward
achieving the greatest happiness for
the greatest number of people.
Examples: quarantine, isolation,
vaccination, etc.
Where does utilitarianism (dis)agrees
with Islam?
8. actions are judged based
upon inherent right-making characteristics or
principles rather than on their consequences.
Emphasis on duty, rules and regulations, principles
and moral obligations which govern ones right
action
Examples: Doctor’s duties to care for their patients
Where does Duty-Based Ethics (dis)agrees with
Islam?
9. It emphasizes the
virtues, or moral character (who is your
virtuous model?)
• Examples: Doctors as role models.
• Should not a patient comply with a “don’t smoke” advice from a smoking doctor?!
10. (cont.)
(Ethics of Care) commitment to correcting male biases (e.g.
women’s subordination is morally wrong) and that the moral experience of women is as worthy of
respect as that of men.
Where does feminisme (dis)agrees with Islam?
The greatest confidence in our moral judgments resides not at the level of
theory, where we endlessly disagree, but rather at the level of the case, where our intuitions often
converge without the benefit of theory.
Where does Casuistry (dis)agrees with Islam?
11. Autonomy: respect humans' ability
to choose,
Beneficence: Do Good for others,
Nonmaleficence (Do No Harm), &
Justice (Be fair to your patients)
Where do these principles meet with Islam?
13. Ethics in Islam… not a separate entity!
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14. How should Muslims decide their acts?
And I (Allâh) created not the jinn and mankind except
that they should worship Me (Alone). َّن ِجْال ُتْقَلَخ اَم َو
ُِوندُبْعَيِل الِإ َسْنِاإل َو(الذاريات56)
Worship in Islam includes:
To follow the orders of Allah and His Prophet Mohamed (PBUH)
“And whosoever does not judge by what Allâh has revealed,
such are the Kâfirûn (i.e. disbelievers - of a lesser degree as they
do not act on Allâh’s Laws” (5: 44); “And whosoever does not
judge by that which Allâh has revealed, such are the Zâlimûn
(polytheists and wrong-doers - of a lesser degree)” (5: 45); “And
whosoever does not judge by what Allâh has revealed (then)
such (people) are the Fâsiqûn [the rebellious i.e. disobedient (of
a lesser degree)” (5: 47)
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15. 1)The Koran and 2) the
Sunna,
•Ijmaa means a unanimous agreement among Muslim
Scolars on any Shariah ruling
•Qiyas refers to likening a new case in question
without textual evidence to an original ruling which is
supported by explicit legal text which shares the
same cause.
•Maslahah means deciding a ruling based on the
principle of general public interest in issues which do
not have clear and specific ruling from text of either
Al-Quran or Al-Sunnah.http://ghaiathme.wixsite.com/mep-course
16. 1)The Koran and 2) the Sunna,
•Istihsan refers to setting aside an established ruling backed by
dalil (evidence) on a matter in favor of an alternative ruling
which is stronger and more convincing than the first ruling,
based on the support by dalil.
•Istishab refers to the presumption of continuity of the original
ruling as long as there is no other dalil to establish the
contrary.10
•Sadd Zari`ah signifies an approach used to prevent any means
to evil in order to avoid from forbidden acts. It is regarded as
an early preventive measure to keep away a Muslim from
committing actions prohibited by Allah SWT.
•`urf is defined as established norms and common to the
majority of people in a community either in the form of
sayings or doings as long as it does not contradict the Shariah
ruling.
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19. The are to preserve
person’s:
1. Religion;
2. Soul;
3. Mind;
4. Wealth; &
5. Progeny.
All Islamic legislations came to achieve these
goals.
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20. •It is the methodology of
•defining, analysing and resolving the ethical
issues that arise in healthcare practice, or
research;
•based on the Islamic moral and legislative
sources (Koran, Sunna & Ijtihad); and
•aims at achieving the goals of Islamic
morality (i.e. preservation of human’s
religion, soul, mind, wealth & progeny )
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22. 1. The principle of Intention (Qasd): Each action is judged by
the intention behind it
2. The principle of Certainty (Yaqeen): Certainty can not be
removed by doubt
3. The principle of Injury/Harm
(Dharar):
Injury should be relieved; An
individual should not harm others or
be harmed by others
- An injury is not relieved by inflicting
or causing a harm of the same degreehttp://ghaiathme.wixsite.com/mep-course
23. 4. The principle of Hardship (Mashaqqat): Difficulty
calls forth ease, Necessity (Dharuraat) legalizes
the prohibited
5. The principle of - Custom or precedent (Urf):
Custom is recognized as a source of law on which
legal rulings are based unless contradicted
specifically by text from the main legislative
sources, i.e. Koran and Sunna.
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