The document discusses key concepts in moral philosophy including morality, ethics, and philosophy. It defines morality as principles of proper conduct and ethics as the study of moral concepts like good and evil. There are two types of morality - descriptive referring to cultural norms, and normative referring to universal rational standards. Four basic moral principles are identified - do good, treat others well, ends don't justify means, and follow human nature. Ethics examines domains like meta-ethics concerning meaning, normative ethics concerning action, and applied ethics concerning specific issues. Moral philosophy studies the origin and knowledge of morals through examining systems like deontology based on rules and consequentialism based on outcomes. Its three branches are normative ethics on how we
This is a presentation I gave to the Research Coordinators in the Federal Ministry of Health, Sudan (04.03.2015).
It included the following topics:
• Overview on the Knowledge Management Cycle and how research fits in it
• Brief historical background on research ethics
• What makes research ethical?
• Definition and examples of scientific misconduct
• How to make your research ethical and avoid scientific misconduct?
Moral judgments are evaluations or opinions formed as to whether some action or inaction, intention, motive, character trait, or a person as a whole is (more or less) Good or Bad as measured against some standard of Good. This presentation gives elements of moral judgement
One of the most important research ethical issues that should be taken into consideration is “scientific misconduct” such as fabrication, falsification and plagiarism. Plagiarism can occur at any stage of the research activities such as reporting, communicating, authoring, and peer review. The purpose of this workshop is to engage researchers in their responsibility to conduct an ethical research.
This is a presentation I gave to the Research Coordinators in the Federal Ministry of Health, Sudan (04.03.2015).
It included the following topics:
• Overview on the Knowledge Management Cycle and how research fits in it
• Brief historical background on research ethics
• What makes research ethical?
• Definition and examples of scientific misconduct
• How to make your research ethical and avoid scientific misconduct?
Moral judgments are evaluations or opinions formed as to whether some action or inaction, intention, motive, character trait, or a person as a whole is (more or less) Good or Bad as measured against some standard of Good. This presentation gives elements of moral judgement
One of the most important research ethical issues that should be taken into consideration is “scientific misconduct” such as fabrication, falsification and plagiarism. Plagiarism can occur at any stage of the research activities such as reporting, communicating, authoring, and peer review. The purpose of this workshop is to engage researchers in their responsibility to conduct an ethical research.
Ethical research and publication practices are essential for honest scholarly and scientific research. Most journals today are keenly aware of this: they publish policies on these issues and expect authors to “be aware of, and comply with, best practice in publication ethics”.This article discusses two widespread and related publishing practices that are considered unethical—duplicate publication and simultaneous submission. It draws on definitive international publication ethics guidelines.
In academia, the pressure to publish is high and the competition intense. This can lead authors to follow unethical publication practices, such as salami slicing, duplicate publication, and simultaneous submission. This slide deck explains these malpractices and shares tips on how authors can avoid them.
In this presentation, the speaker has covered following topics:
What is scientific conduct?
What do we mean by ethics in research? – scientific temperament –
What is Ethical behavior in research?
How to practice Ethics in publication?
On Research Metrics -
Author level metrics to journal level metrics
Research Profile Digital Platforms.
Redundant, Duplicate and Repetitive publications are the most important concerns in the scientific research/literature writing. The occurrence of redundancy affects the concepts of science/literature and carries with it sanctions of consequences. To define this issue is much challenging because of the many varieties in which one can slice, reformat, or reproduce material from an already published study. This issue also goes beyond the duplication of a single study because it might possible that the same or similar data can be published in the early, middle, and later stages of an on-going study. This may have a damaging impact on the scientific study/literature base. Similar to slicing a cake, there are so many ways of representing a study or a set of data/information. We can slice a cake into different shapes like squares, triangles, rounds, or layers. Which of these might be the best way to slice a cake? Unfortunately, this may be the wrong question. The point is that the cake that is being referred to, the data/ information set or the study/findings, should not be sliced at all. Instead, the study should be presented as a whole to the readership to ensure the integrity of science/technology because of the impact that may have on patients who will be affected by the information contained in the literature/findings. Redundant, duplicate, or repetitive publications occur when there is representation of two or more studies, data sets, or publications in either electronic or print media. The publications can overlap partially or completely, such that a similar portion, major component(s), or complete representation of a previously/simultaneous ly or future published study is duplicated.
SALAMI SLICING: The slicing of research publication that would form one meaningful paper into several different papers is known as salami publication or salami slicing. Unlike duplicate publication, which involves reporting the exact same data in two or more publications, salami slicing involves breaking up or segmenting a large study into two or more publications. These segments are called slices of a study. As a general rule, as long as the slices of a broken-up study share the same hypotheses, population, and methods, this is not acceptable in general practice. The same slice should never be published more than once at all. According to the United States Office of Research Integrity (USORI), salami slicing can result in a distortion of the literature/findings by leading unsuspecting readers to believe that data presented in each salami slice (journal article) is derived from a different subject sample/source. Somehow this practice not only skews the scientific database but it creates repetition to waste reader's time as well as the time of editors and peer reviewers, who must also handle each paper separately.
Intellectual Honesty and Research Integrity.pptxsheelu57
Intellectual honesty is an applied method of problem solving, characterized by an unbiased, honest attitude, which can be demonstrated in a number of different ways including:
Ensuring support for chosen ideologies does not interfere with the pursuit of truth;
Relevant facts and information are not purposefully omitted even when such things may contradict one's hypothesis;
Facts are presented in an unbiased manner, and not twisted to give misleading impressions or to support one view over another;
References, or earlier work, are acknowledged where possible, and plagiarism is avoided. practices.
For individuals, research integrity is an aspect of moral character and experience. It involves above all a commitment to intellectual honesty and personal responsibility for one's actions and to a range of practices that characterize responsible research conduct.
Ethics in medical sciences research may not always translate into ethical publications.
Ethical violations in conducting medical research always promote unethical scientific publications.
Published research influences other researchers and establishes credibility for individual or journal.
Ethical research and publication practices are essential for honest scholarly and scientific research. Most journals today are keenly aware of this: they publish policies on these issues and expect authors to “be aware of, and comply with, best practice in publication ethics”.This article discusses two widespread and related publishing practices that are considered unethical—duplicate publication and simultaneous submission. It draws on definitive international publication ethics guidelines.
In academia, the pressure to publish is high and the competition intense. This can lead authors to follow unethical publication practices, such as salami slicing, duplicate publication, and simultaneous submission. This slide deck explains these malpractices and shares tips on how authors can avoid them.
In this presentation, the speaker has covered following topics:
What is scientific conduct?
What do we mean by ethics in research? – scientific temperament –
What is Ethical behavior in research?
How to practice Ethics in publication?
On Research Metrics -
Author level metrics to journal level metrics
Research Profile Digital Platforms.
Redundant, Duplicate and Repetitive publications are the most important concerns in the scientific research/literature writing. The occurrence of redundancy affects the concepts of science/literature and carries with it sanctions of consequences. To define this issue is much challenging because of the many varieties in which one can slice, reformat, or reproduce material from an already published study. This issue also goes beyond the duplication of a single study because it might possible that the same or similar data can be published in the early, middle, and later stages of an on-going study. This may have a damaging impact on the scientific study/literature base. Similar to slicing a cake, there are so many ways of representing a study or a set of data/information. We can slice a cake into different shapes like squares, triangles, rounds, or layers. Which of these might be the best way to slice a cake? Unfortunately, this may be the wrong question. The point is that the cake that is being referred to, the data/ information set or the study/findings, should not be sliced at all. Instead, the study should be presented as a whole to the readership to ensure the integrity of science/technology because of the impact that may have on patients who will be affected by the information contained in the literature/findings. Redundant, duplicate, or repetitive publications occur when there is representation of two or more studies, data sets, or publications in either electronic or print media. The publications can overlap partially or completely, such that a similar portion, major component(s), or complete representation of a previously/simultaneous ly or future published study is duplicated.
SALAMI SLICING: The slicing of research publication that would form one meaningful paper into several different papers is known as salami publication or salami slicing. Unlike duplicate publication, which involves reporting the exact same data in two or more publications, salami slicing involves breaking up or segmenting a large study into two or more publications. These segments are called slices of a study. As a general rule, as long as the slices of a broken-up study share the same hypotheses, population, and methods, this is not acceptable in general practice. The same slice should never be published more than once at all. According to the United States Office of Research Integrity (USORI), salami slicing can result in a distortion of the literature/findings by leading unsuspecting readers to believe that data presented in each salami slice (journal article) is derived from a different subject sample/source. Somehow this practice not only skews the scientific database but it creates repetition to waste reader's time as well as the time of editors and peer reviewers, who must also handle each paper separately.
Intellectual Honesty and Research Integrity.pptxsheelu57
Intellectual honesty is an applied method of problem solving, characterized by an unbiased, honest attitude, which can be demonstrated in a number of different ways including:
Ensuring support for chosen ideologies does not interfere with the pursuit of truth;
Relevant facts and information are not purposefully omitted even when such things may contradict one's hypothesis;
Facts are presented in an unbiased manner, and not twisted to give misleading impressions or to support one view over another;
References, or earlier work, are acknowledged where possible, and plagiarism is avoided. practices.
For individuals, research integrity is an aspect of moral character and experience. It involves above all a commitment to intellectual honesty and personal responsibility for one's actions and to a range of practices that characterize responsible research conduct.
Ethics in medical sciences research may not always translate into ethical publications.
Ethical violations in conducting medical research always promote unethical scientific publications.
Published research influences other researchers and establishes credibility for individual or journal.
Business Ethics Introduction,Ethical Reflection,Nature & Purpose of Ethical Reflection,Characterstics of Moral Standards,Morality,Mediating between Moral Demand & Interest,Relative Autonomy of Business Morality,Studies of Business Ethics,Role of Ethics in Business,Theory of Voluntary Mediation,Participatory Ethics,Duty Ethics
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
5. What is Morality?
• Latin: moralitas "manner, character, proper behavior" is the
differentiation of intentions, decisions, and actions between those that
are distinguished as proper and those that are improper.
• Can be a body of standards or principles derived from a code of
conduct from a particular philosophy, religion, or culture, or it can
derive from a standard that a person believes should be universal.
Morality is synonymous with "goodness" or "rightness.“
• Set of beliefs and practices about how to lead a good life
6.
7. What is Morality? (Continued)
• Conformance to a recognized code, doctrine, or system of
rules of what is right or wrong and to behave accordingly.
• No system of morality is accepted as universal - differing
sharply from place to place, group to group, and time to
time. For some it means conscious and deliberate effort in
guiding one's conduct by reason based on fairness and
religious beliefs.
8. Morality is Defined into 2 Kinds
Descriptively to refer to certain
codes of conduct put forward by a
society or a group (such as a
religion), or accepted by an
individual for her own behavior.
It refers to personal or cultural
values, codes of conduct or social
mores. It does not connote objective
claims of right or wrong, but only
refers to that which is considered
right or wrong.
Normatively to refer to a code of
conduct that, given specified
conditions, would be put forward by
all rational persons.
It refers to whatever (if anything) is
actually right or wrong, which may
be independent of the values or
mores held by any particular peoples
or cultures. Normative ethics is the
branch of philosophy which studies
morality in this sense.
9.
10. Moral Judgment, Argument, & Principle
• Moral judgments: Evaluations or opinions formed as
to whether some action or inaction, intention, motive,
character trait, or a person as a whole is (more or less)
Good or Bad as measured against some standard of
Good.
• Moral Judgment – Judgments based on considerations
of how other people are to be treated, and how others
interests are to weigh against their own.
11. Cont’
• Moral Arguments: Based on moral normativity or moral
order (social norm/ values).
• Moral principle: Relating to, or concerned with the principles
or rules of right conduct or the distinction between right and
wrong; ethical: moral attitudes - expressing or conveying
truths or counsel as to right conduct.
12. Moral / ethical meaning of "Good"
and "Right".
• Good - (adjective): of moral excellence; upright, or
concerned with the judgment of the goodness or badness
of human action and character.
o (noun): Something that is good; Goodness; virtue
(Moral excellence and righteousness; goodness).
• Right - (adjective): Conforming with or conformable to
morality.
o (noun): That which is morally good.
13. Where does morality come from?
• Community/ society
• Parents
• Peers/ friends
• Belief
• Religion
• Social norms
• Communications/ relations
• ..................
14.
15. 4 Basic Moral Principles
• 1. Do good; avoid evil.
• This most basic moral principle, the starting point for
morality, was articulated by Aristotle, an ancient
Greek philosopher, and is held by all the world's
major religions.
• All other moral principles flow from this one.
16. 4 Basic Moral Principles (cont’)
• 2. Do unto others as you would have them do unto you.
• All the world's major religions carry an expression
similar to the Golden Rule familiar to Christians: "Do to
others whatever you would have them do to you."
17. 4 Basic Moral Principles (cont’)
• 3. The end does not justify the means.
• Classical philosophy and the major world religious
traditions have upheld the principle that having a
good end (goal or purpose) does not justify the use of
evil means (method) to achieve that end.
18. 4 Basic Moral Principles (cont’)
• 4. Follow what nature intends.
• Known in philosophy as natural law, this principle is not
actually a law written down someplace but, rather, an approach
to making decisions that respects the nature of things,
especially human nature.
• Briefly, natural law tells us this: Follow what is natural for
human beings and the rest of creation. Do not violate the
nature of things. For instance, our innate sense of what is fair
and honorable. The universal condemnation of selfishness,
senseless cruelty, and deceit.
19. What is Ethics?
• Ethics (also known as moral philosophy) is the branch of
philosophy which addresses questions of morality.
• The word "ethics" is "commonly used interchangeably with
'morality,' and sometimes it is used more narrowly to mean the
moral principles of a particular tradition, group, or individual.“
• Ethics seeks to resolve questions of human morality by
defining concepts such as good and evil, right and wrong,
virtue and vice, justice and crime.
20. Kinds of Ethics
• Meta-ethics: concerning the theoretical meaning and
reference of moral propositions, and how their truth values
(if any) can be determined
o Meta-ethics asks how we understand, know about, and what we mean when
we talk about what is right and what is wrong.
• Normative ethics: concerning the practical means of
determining a moral course of action
o Normative ethics is the study of ethical action investigating the set of
questions that arise when considering how one ought to act, morally
speaking. It examines standards for the rightness and wrongness of actions.
• Applied ethics: concerning what a person is obligated (or
permitted) to do in a specific situation or a particular
domain of action
o Applied ethics is the branch of ethics concerned with the analysis of
particular moral issues in private and public life.
21. Modern Approach of Applied Ethics
• Utilitarianism: the practical consequences of various policies are
evaluated on the assumption that the right policy will be the
one which results in the greatest happiness (Jeremy Bentham
and John Stuart Mill).
• Deontological ethics: notions based on 'rules' i.e. that there is an
obligation to perform the 'right' action, regardless of actual
consequences (Immanuel Kant: Categorical Imperative –
ethical theory based on duty).
• Virtue ethics: derived from Aristotle's and Confucius's notions,
which asserts that the right action will be that chosen by a
suitably 'virtuous' agent.
22.
23. Ethics (cont’)
• There is a usage that restricts morality to systems such as that
of Immanuel Kant, based on notions such as duty, obligation,
and principles of conduct, reserving ethics for the more
Aristotelian approach to practical reasoning, based on the
notion of a virtue, and generally avoiding the separation of
'moral' considerations from other practical considerations.“
• Ethics is a rational reflection on morality
24.
25.
26. What is Philosophy?
• The study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and
existence, especially when considered as an academic
discipline.
• A particular system of philosophical thought.
• The study of the theoretical basis of a particular branch of
knowledge or experience.
• Synonyms: thinking, reasoning, thought, wisdom, knowledge
• A theory or attitude that acts as a guiding principle for
behavior.
27.
28.
29.
30. What is Moral Philosophy?
• Includes moral ontology, or the origin of morals, as well as moral
epistemology (logical discourse) or knowledge about morals.
Epistemology studies the nature of knowledge, justification, and
the rationality of belief.
• Different systems of expressing morality have been proposed,
including deontological ethical systems which adhere to a set of
established rules, and normative ethical systems which consider the
merits of actions themselves.
• Example of normative ethical philosophy is the Golden Rule,
which states that: "One should treat others as one would like others
to treat oneself."
31.
32. Three Branches of Moral Philosophy
(1) Normative ethics: Theories addressing the questions of how we
ought to act or how we should be. What is the basis on which we
should make decisions about what we ought to do. The central
concern of normative ethics is an elucidation of what is right,
good or virtuous.
(2) Meta-ethics: Theories concerning the nature of moral
judgements. Key questions focus on whether our moral
statements can be true or false or whether moral judgements are
instead basically subjective expressions of feeling, attitude or
agreement. The implications for moral knowledge and moral
psychology (motivation).
(3) Applied ethics: The examination of an attempt to understand
practical moral problems such as abortion, euthanasia, animal
welfare, suicide, poverty, the environment (and our relationship
to it)