The document discusses the phylum Acanthocephla, which contains thorny-headed worms that are parasites in the alimentary tract of vertebrates. They have a retractable proboscis armed with hooks that aids in attachment. They have an indirect life cycle involving an arthropod intermediate host. One genus discussed is Macracanthorhynchus, which has pig as its definitive host and dung beetles as intermediate hosts. It can cause inflammation and granulomas at the site of attachment in pigs. Diagnosis is based on finding eggs in feces and treatment includes levamisole and ivermectin. Two other genera, Polymorphus and Filicollis,

1. Phylum Acanthocephla
This is a separate phylum closely related to the
nematoda, which contains a few genera of veterinary
importance.
Thet are generally referred to as “thorny headed worms”
due to the presence anteriorly of a hook covered
proboscis and most are parasites of alimentary tract of
vertebrates.
The hollow proboscis is armed with recurved hooks,
which aid in attachment, is retractable and lies in a sac.
There is no alimentary canal, absorption takes place
through the thick cuticle, which is often folded and
invaginated to increase the absorptive surface.
The sexes are separate, males being much smaller than
females.
The eggs are spindle shaped, thick shelled and contain a
larva which has an anterior circlet of hooks and spines on
its surface and is called an acanthor.

2.  The life cycle is indirect involving either an aquatic or
terresterial arthropod intermediate host.
 On ingestion by the intermediate host, the egg hatches and the
acanthor migrates to the haemocoel of the arthropod where it
develops to become a cystacanth after 1 to 3 months.
 The definitive host is infected by by ingestion of arthropod
intermediate host, and the cystcanth, which is really a young
adult, attaches and grows to maturity in the alimentary canal.
 The prepatent period varies from 5-12 weeks.

3. Macracanthorhynchus
Host
Pig
Intermediate host
Dung beetles
Species
M. hirduniaceus
Distribution
World wide
Identification
Gross
Adults resemble A.suum, but taper posteriorly.
The males are upto 10 cm and the females upto 65 cm in
length.
When placed in water the spiny proboscis is protruded, thus
aiding differentiation from Ascaris.

4. Microscopic
The egg is oval, 110 micron meter by 65 micron meter, with a thick
brown shell and contain the acanthor larva when laid.
Life Cycle
 Adults attached to the small intestinal mucosa, lay eggs which
are passed in the faeces.
 After ingestion by dung beetle larvae, the acanthor develop to
the infective cystacanth stage in about three months.
 Infection of pigs occurs after ingestion of beetle grubs and
adults.
 The prepatent period is 2-3 months.
Pathogenic significance
 M. hirduniaceus produces inflammation and may provoke
granuloma formation at the site of attachment in the small
intestinal wall.
 Heavy infections may cause weight loss and rarely penetration
of the intestinal wall results in a fatal peritonitis.

5. Diagnosis
This is based on finding the typical eggs in the faeces.
Treatment and control
Pigs should be prevented from access to the intermediate
hosts.
In modern management systems this may be easily
achieved but where pig are kept in small sites the faeces
should be regularly removed to reduce the prevalence of
the dung beetle intermediate hosts. Although there is little
information on treatment, levamisole and ivermectin are
reported to be achieved.
Acanthocephalans of aquatic birds
There are two genera which may cause enteritis in aquatic
fowl, namely Polymorphus and Filicollis. This intermediate
host in both cases are crustaceans and in all other
respects they are typical of the group.