This document discusses incremental return on investment (ROI) and discounted cash flow rate of return (DCFRR) analysis for evaluating mutually exclusive investment alternatives. It explains that the alternative with the highest investment should be selected if the incremental ROI or IRR between it and another acceptable alternative is greater than or equal to the minimum acceptable rate of return (MARR). This ensures every additional dollar invested generates a return at or above the MARR. An example compares three investment options and selects the one with the highest investment since it has an incremental ROI greater than the MARR.
Approximate Analysis of Statically Indeteminate Structures.pdfAshrafZaman33
This document discusses approximate analysis methods for statically indeterminate structures like trusses and frames. It introduces the concept of making a structure statically determinate by assuming certain members carry zero force, then analyzing the simplified structure. Two common assumptions are mentioned: (1) slender diagonals cannot carry compression, and (2) diagonals share the panel load equally between tension and compression. Examples show how to apply these methods to trusses. The document also discusses analyzing building frames by assuming points of inflection act as pins, then using superposition to account for multiple load cases.
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 4 of the 15th edition of the textbook "Engineering Economy" by William G. Sullivan, Elin M. Wicks, and C. Patrick Koelling. It discusses the time value of money, including compound and simple interest, present and future value calculations, and cash flow diagrams. It also introduces uniform series calculations to analyze projects with multiple cash flows over time. Spreadsheet functions like NPER and RATE are presented as tools to solve problems with unknown interest rates or time periods. The objective is to explain time value of money calculations and illustrate economic equivalence.
Forces acting on the beam with shear force & bending momentTaral Soliya
The document discusses different types of beams and how to analyze the shear forces and bending moments in beams. It defines beams as structural members subjected to lateral loads and describes various types of beams based on their support conditions, including simply supported beams, cantilever beams, and continuous beams. It also covers types of loads beams may experience, such as concentrated loads, distributed loads, and couples. The document then explains how to determine the shear forces and bending moments in beams by using cut sections and equilibrium equations. It provides examples of analyzing shear forces and bending moments in beams with different load conditions.
Flexural safety cost of optimized reinforced concrete beamsIAEME Publication
This document discusses:
1) An analytical model to estimate the cost of optimized reinforced concrete beam designs based on structural safety and reliability. Flexural formulas are derived for five beam section types under ACI code design provisions.
2) The optimization aims to find the minimum cost beam dimensions that provide an adequate design moment strength for a given external bending moment, within constraints such as steel area limits.
3) Cost factors are developed to generalize and simplify calculations of material costs for concrete, steel, and formwork. Numerical examples illustrate the model's ability to estimate costs corresponding to different safety levels.
The document discusses annual worth (AW) analysis and rate of return (ROR) calculations. It defines AW as converting cash flows to an equivalent uniform annual amount over one life cycle. Calculating ROR involves finding the interest rate that sets the present worth of cash flows equal to zero. ROR can be used to evaluate projects by comparing to the minimum acceptable rate of return.
This document provides an overview of engineering cost estimation. It defines various types of engineering cost estimates such as rough, semi-detailed, and detailed estimates. It discusses common difficulties in making cost estimates such as one-of-a-kind estimates and limitations of time and resources. The document also describes several common mathematical models used for cost estimating, including the per unit model, segmenting model, cost indexes, power-sizing model, and triangulation. It provides examples of how to use these models to estimate costs. Finally, it discusses the impact of learning curves on cost estimates over time.
SFD & BMD Shear Force & Bending Moment DiagramSanjay Kumawat
The document discusses shear force and bending moment in beams. It defines key terms like beam, transverse load, shear force, bending moment, and types of loads, supports and beams. It explains how to calculate and draw shear force and bending moment diagrams for different types of loads on beams including point loads, uniformly distributed loads, uniformly varying loads, and loads producing couples or overhangs. Sign conventions and the effect of reactions, loads and geometry on the shear force and bending moment diagrams are also covered.
Approximate Analysis of Statically Indeteminate Structures.pdfAshrafZaman33
This document discusses approximate analysis methods for statically indeterminate structures like trusses and frames. It introduces the concept of making a structure statically determinate by assuming certain members carry zero force, then analyzing the simplified structure. Two common assumptions are mentioned: (1) slender diagonals cannot carry compression, and (2) diagonals share the panel load equally between tension and compression. Examples show how to apply these methods to trusses. The document also discusses analyzing building frames by assuming points of inflection act as pins, then using superposition to account for multiple load cases.
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 4 of the 15th edition of the textbook "Engineering Economy" by William G. Sullivan, Elin M. Wicks, and C. Patrick Koelling. It discusses the time value of money, including compound and simple interest, present and future value calculations, and cash flow diagrams. It also introduces uniform series calculations to analyze projects with multiple cash flows over time. Spreadsheet functions like NPER and RATE are presented as tools to solve problems with unknown interest rates or time periods. The objective is to explain time value of money calculations and illustrate economic equivalence.
Forces acting on the beam with shear force & bending momentTaral Soliya
The document discusses different types of beams and how to analyze the shear forces and bending moments in beams. It defines beams as structural members subjected to lateral loads and describes various types of beams based on their support conditions, including simply supported beams, cantilever beams, and continuous beams. It also covers types of loads beams may experience, such as concentrated loads, distributed loads, and couples. The document then explains how to determine the shear forces and bending moments in beams by using cut sections and equilibrium equations. It provides examples of analyzing shear forces and bending moments in beams with different load conditions.
Flexural safety cost of optimized reinforced concrete beamsIAEME Publication
This document discusses:
1) An analytical model to estimate the cost of optimized reinforced concrete beam designs based on structural safety and reliability. Flexural formulas are derived for five beam section types under ACI code design provisions.
2) The optimization aims to find the minimum cost beam dimensions that provide an adequate design moment strength for a given external bending moment, within constraints such as steel area limits.
3) Cost factors are developed to generalize and simplify calculations of material costs for concrete, steel, and formwork. Numerical examples illustrate the model's ability to estimate costs corresponding to different safety levels.
The document discusses annual worth (AW) analysis and rate of return (ROR) calculations. It defines AW as converting cash flows to an equivalent uniform annual amount over one life cycle. Calculating ROR involves finding the interest rate that sets the present worth of cash flows equal to zero. ROR can be used to evaluate projects by comparing to the minimum acceptable rate of return.
This document provides an overview of engineering cost estimation. It defines various types of engineering cost estimates such as rough, semi-detailed, and detailed estimates. It discusses common difficulties in making cost estimates such as one-of-a-kind estimates and limitations of time and resources. The document also describes several common mathematical models used for cost estimating, including the per unit model, segmenting model, cost indexes, power-sizing model, and triangulation. It provides examples of how to use these models to estimate costs. Finally, it discusses the impact of learning curves on cost estimates over time.
SFD & BMD Shear Force & Bending Moment DiagramSanjay Kumawat
The document discusses shear force and bending moment in beams. It defines key terms like beam, transverse load, shear force, bending moment, and types of loads, supports and beams. It explains how to calculate and draw shear force and bending moment diagrams for different types of loads on beams including point loads, uniformly distributed loads, uniformly varying loads, and loads producing couples or overhangs. Sign conventions and the effect of reactions, loads and geometry on the shear force and bending moment diagrams are also covered.
1. The document discusses unsymmetrical bending of beams. When a beam bends about an axis that is not perpendicular to a plane of symmetry, it is undergoing unsymmetrical bending.
2. Key aspects discussed include determining the principal axes, direct stress distribution, and deflection of beams under unsymmetrical bending. Equations are provided to calculate stresses and deflections.
3. An example problem is given involving finding the stresses at two points on a cantilever beam subjected to an unsymmetrical loading. The principal moments of inertia and neutral axis orientation are calculated.
Columns are structural elements that transmit loads in compression from beams and slabs above to other elements below. Columns can experience both axial compression and bending loads. Biaxial bending occurs when a column experiences simultaneous bending about both principal axes, such as in corner columns of buildings. The biaxial bending method permits analysis of rectangular columns under these conditions. The document provides details on analyzing a sample reinforced concrete column for adequacy using the reciprocal load method to check that factored loads do not exceed design capacity. Diagrams are presented showing interaction surfaces and stress distributions for concentrically and eccentrically loaded columns.
Chapter 6-influence lines for statically determinate structuresISET NABEUL
Influence lines provide a systematic way to determine how forces in a structure vary with the position of a moving load. To construct influence lines for statically determinate structures:
1) Place a unit load at various positions along the member and use static analysis to determine the reaction, shear, or moment at the point of interest.
2) The influence line is drawn by plotting the value of the function versus load position.
3) Influence lines for beams consist of straight line segments, and the maximum shear or moment can be found using the area under the influence line curve.
This is a lecture on normal stress in mechanics of deformable bodies. There is a quick overview on what strength of materials is at the beginning of the presentation.
Presentation by:
MEC32/A1 Group 1 4Q 2014
MAGBOJOS, Redentor V.
RIGOR, Lady Krista V.
SALIDO, Lisette S.
Mapúa Institute of Technology
Presentation for Prof. Romeo D. Alastre's class.
chapter 6 Insurance in Construction Industry lecture 7.pptssuserb4074f
The document discusses insurance in the construction industry. It covers introduction to construction risks and liabilities that require insurance. It then discusses insurance policies, noting they are conditional contracts where the insurer promises protection from specified losses for a premium. Key parties are contractors, consultants, and clients. The document also provides a construction insurance checklist contractors should consider, including property insurance on projects and own property, liability insurance, employee insurance, motor vehicle insurance, and business/accident/life insurance. Contractors' all-risk insurance is highlighted as providing comprehensive protection against losses for construction works, plant, and third-party liability claims.
This document discusses how to account for the effects of eccentric loads on the design of rectangular footings. It provides equations to calculate the modified width and length of a footing based on the load eccentricities. It also provides the minimum footing dimensions required for a central column and describes how to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of an eccentric footing using either the Hansen/Vesic or Meyerhof methods.
Structural Analysis, Hibbeler, 8th ed Textbook Bahzad5
This document provides tables and equations for analyzing beam deflections and slopes for various types of beams. It includes equations to determine the deflection (u), slope (v), maximum deflection (umax), and maximum slope (vmax) at different locations along beams subjected to a combination of loads, including concentrated forces (P), uniformly distributed loads (w), and moments (M). It also provides equations for determining deflections and slopes of beams with variable cross sections.
This document provides information on the design of reinforced concrete beams, including:
1. It outlines the three basic design stages: preliminary analysis and sizing, detailed analysis of reinforcement, and serviceability calculations.
2. It describes how to calculate the lever arm, depth of the neutral axis, and required area of tension and compression reinforcement for singly and doubly reinforced beams.
3. It discusses considerations for preliminary sizing of beams, including required cover, breadth, effective depth, shear stress limits, and span-depth ratios. Trial calculations are suggested to determine suitable beam dimensions.
This document provides an overview of rate of return analysis techniques for evaluating engineering projects and investments. It defines internal rate of return as the interest rate that makes the net present value of a project's cash flows equal to zero. It discusses how to calculate IRR using tables, trial and error, or numerical methods. The document also introduces incremental rate of return analysis for comparing competing alternatives, and defines the minimum attractive rate of return used to determine which project to select. Several examples are provided to illustrate IRR, incremental analysis, and solving practice problems.
Lecture # 4 gradients factors and nominal and effective interest ratesBich Lien Pham
This document discusses gradients, which are cash flows that change by a regular pattern. It covers arithmetic gradients, where the cash flow increases or decreases by a constant amount each period, and geometric gradients, where the cash flow changes by a constant percentage each period. It also discusses shifted gradients, where the present value point is not at time 0, and how to calculate present values for these types of cash flows using factors or the NPV function in Excel.
This document provides an introduction to machine foundation design, which involves structural dynamics, structural engineering, and geotechnical engineering. It discusses the differences between static and dynamic analysis, and covers fundamental concepts in vibration theory like natural frequency, damping, and resonance that are important for machine foundation design. Harmonic motion is described as the simplest form of vibration induced by machines. Different types of vibrating machines are discussed, including reciprocating machines, rotary machines, and impact machines. Machine foundations must be designed to withstand the vibratory loads from machine operation while preventing excessive vibration that could damage the machine or foundation.
Construction Management full lecture note-By Melese Mengistu.pdfMeleseMengistu
A project is defined, whether it is in construction or not, by the
following characteristics:
A defined goal or objective, Specific tasks to be performed, A
defined beginning& end, and Resources being consumed.
Construction industry is different from other industries by its size, built
on-site, and generally unique.
Projects begin with a stated goal established by the owner and
accomplished by the project team.
Comparing alternatives in Engineering Economics and ManagementNzar Braim
Comparing alternatives in Engineering Economics and Management
In the real world, the majority of engineering economic analysis problems are
alternative comparisons. In these problems, two or more mutually exclusive
investments compete for limited funds. A variety of methods exists for selecting
the superior alternative from a group of proposals. Each method has its own merits
and applications
This document discusses various types of trusses and methods for analyzing truss structures. It begins by describing common types of trusses used in roofs and bridges. It then covers topics such as classifying trusses as simple, compound, or complex, and determining their stability and determinacy. The document introduces analytical methods like the method of joints and method of sections for calculating member forces in statically determinate trusses. It provides examples of applying these methods to solve for unknown member forces.
The document discusses the tension coefficient method for analyzing frames. The tension coefficient of a member is defined as the tension in the member divided by its length. Equilibrium equations are written at each joint using the tension coefficients and coordinates of the joints. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to set up and solve the equilibrium equations to determine the tension in each member for both plane and space frames under given loading conditions. Forces in all members of a sample space frame are calculated.
The document discusses three methods for analyzing trusses: the method of joints, method of sections, and graphical (Maxwell's diagram) method. The method of joints involves isolating each joint as a free body diagram and using equilibrium equations to solve for unknown member forces. The method of sections uses equilibrium equations applied to portions of the truss cut off by an imaginary section through several members. Maxwell's diagram method constructs force polygons representing the forces at each joint to graphically determine member forces.
This document provides an introduction to engineering economy. It discusses the role of engineers in solving problems economically. Engineering economy involves systematically evaluating the economic merits of engineering solutions. The principles of engineering economy include developing alternatives, focusing on differences, using a consistent viewpoint, a common unit of measure, considering all relevant criteria, making risk and uncertainty explicit, and revisiting decisions. Engineering economic analysis and the engineering design process involve similar steps. Spreadsheets are useful for engineering economy calculations due to their structured nature and ability to change parameters and present graphical outputs.
INTERNSHIP REPORT FOR CONCSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT AND ORGANISING WORKS OF A BUIL...SufiyanAhmedJeddy
The document provides details of Sufiyan Ahmed Jeddy's internship report on the construction management and organization of work for a building in Triplicane, Chennai. The internship was conducted from June 6th to July 8th 2018 under KKR Architects and Vasanth Planners. During the internship, Sufiyan gained experience in designing, construction processes like concrete preparation and formwork, estimation and costing, and project monitoring. He observed activities like concrete mixing, formwork erection for columns and slabs, and column construction. The report documents the site details, plans, construction methods and materials used, as well as some challenges faced during the internship period.
The document provides information on capital investment problems and cash flows, focusing on factors related to how time and interest affect money. It discusses single payment factors to find the future or present value of a single amount. It also covers uniform series factors to relate the present worth, future worth, or annual equivalent of a uniform series of cash flows. Finally, it examines gradient formulas, including arithmetic gradients where cash flows change by a constant amount each period, and geometric gradients where they change by a constant percentage each period. Formulas and examples are provided for each type of cash flow problem.
The document discusses various methods for evaluating the economic profitability of capital investment projects, including present worth, future worth, annual worth, internal rate of return, and external rate of return. It provides examples of how to use these methods to calculate metrics like net present value, internal rate of return, payback period, and compare them to required rates of return to determine if projects are economically justified. The goal is to evaluate if a project's revenues over time can recover its costs and provide an adequate return given the risks.
This document contains a chapter summary for a textbook on engineering economy. It discusses various methods for evaluating mutually exclusive alternatives, including present worth, annual worth, rate of return, and benefit-cost ratio. It also covers determining the minimum attractive rate of return and weighted average cost of capital, accounting for the costs of debt and equity. The chapter addresses evaluating projects with multiple attributes using weighted sums and introduces qualitative factors beyond economic measures.
1. The document discusses unsymmetrical bending of beams. When a beam bends about an axis that is not perpendicular to a plane of symmetry, it is undergoing unsymmetrical bending.
2. Key aspects discussed include determining the principal axes, direct stress distribution, and deflection of beams under unsymmetrical bending. Equations are provided to calculate stresses and deflections.
3. An example problem is given involving finding the stresses at two points on a cantilever beam subjected to an unsymmetrical loading. The principal moments of inertia and neutral axis orientation are calculated.
Columns are structural elements that transmit loads in compression from beams and slabs above to other elements below. Columns can experience both axial compression and bending loads. Biaxial bending occurs when a column experiences simultaneous bending about both principal axes, such as in corner columns of buildings. The biaxial bending method permits analysis of rectangular columns under these conditions. The document provides details on analyzing a sample reinforced concrete column for adequacy using the reciprocal load method to check that factored loads do not exceed design capacity. Diagrams are presented showing interaction surfaces and stress distributions for concentrically and eccentrically loaded columns.
Chapter 6-influence lines for statically determinate structuresISET NABEUL
Influence lines provide a systematic way to determine how forces in a structure vary with the position of a moving load. To construct influence lines for statically determinate structures:
1) Place a unit load at various positions along the member and use static analysis to determine the reaction, shear, or moment at the point of interest.
2) The influence line is drawn by plotting the value of the function versus load position.
3) Influence lines for beams consist of straight line segments, and the maximum shear or moment can be found using the area under the influence line curve.
This is a lecture on normal stress in mechanics of deformable bodies. There is a quick overview on what strength of materials is at the beginning of the presentation.
Presentation by:
MEC32/A1 Group 1 4Q 2014
MAGBOJOS, Redentor V.
RIGOR, Lady Krista V.
SALIDO, Lisette S.
Mapúa Institute of Technology
Presentation for Prof. Romeo D. Alastre's class.
chapter 6 Insurance in Construction Industry lecture 7.pptssuserb4074f
The document discusses insurance in the construction industry. It covers introduction to construction risks and liabilities that require insurance. It then discusses insurance policies, noting they are conditional contracts where the insurer promises protection from specified losses for a premium. Key parties are contractors, consultants, and clients. The document also provides a construction insurance checklist contractors should consider, including property insurance on projects and own property, liability insurance, employee insurance, motor vehicle insurance, and business/accident/life insurance. Contractors' all-risk insurance is highlighted as providing comprehensive protection against losses for construction works, plant, and third-party liability claims.
This document discusses how to account for the effects of eccentric loads on the design of rectangular footings. It provides equations to calculate the modified width and length of a footing based on the load eccentricities. It also provides the minimum footing dimensions required for a central column and describes how to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of an eccentric footing using either the Hansen/Vesic or Meyerhof methods.
Structural Analysis, Hibbeler, 8th ed Textbook Bahzad5
This document provides tables and equations for analyzing beam deflections and slopes for various types of beams. It includes equations to determine the deflection (u), slope (v), maximum deflection (umax), and maximum slope (vmax) at different locations along beams subjected to a combination of loads, including concentrated forces (P), uniformly distributed loads (w), and moments (M). It also provides equations for determining deflections and slopes of beams with variable cross sections.
This document provides information on the design of reinforced concrete beams, including:
1. It outlines the three basic design stages: preliminary analysis and sizing, detailed analysis of reinforcement, and serviceability calculations.
2. It describes how to calculate the lever arm, depth of the neutral axis, and required area of tension and compression reinforcement for singly and doubly reinforced beams.
3. It discusses considerations for preliminary sizing of beams, including required cover, breadth, effective depth, shear stress limits, and span-depth ratios. Trial calculations are suggested to determine suitable beam dimensions.
This document provides an overview of rate of return analysis techniques for evaluating engineering projects and investments. It defines internal rate of return as the interest rate that makes the net present value of a project's cash flows equal to zero. It discusses how to calculate IRR using tables, trial and error, or numerical methods. The document also introduces incremental rate of return analysis for comparing competing alternatives, and defines the minimum attractive rate of return used to determine which project to select. Several examples are provided to illustrate IRR, incremental analysis, and solving practice problems.
Lecture # 4 gradients factors and nominal and effective interest ratesBich Lien Pham
This document discusses gradients, which are cash flows that change by a regular pattern. It covers arithmetic gradients, where the cash flow increases or decreases by a constant amount each period, and geometric gradients, where the cash flow changes by a constant percentage each period. It also discusses shifted gradients, where the present value point is not at time 0, and how to calculate present values for these types of cash flows using factors or the NPV function in Excel.
This document provides an introduction to machine foundation design, which involves structural dynamics, structural engineering, and geotechnical engineering. It discusses the differences between static and dynamic analysis, and covers fundamental concepts in vibration theory like natural frequency, damping, and resonance that are important for machine foundation design. Harmonic motion is described as the simplest form of vibration induced by machines. Different types of vibrating machines are discussed, including reciprocating machines, rotary machines, and impact machines. Machine foundations must be designed to withstand the vibratory loads from machine operation while preventing excessive vibration that could damage the machine or foundation.
Construction Management full lecture note-By Melese Mengistu.pdfMeleseMengistu
A project is defined, whether it is in construction or not, by the
following characteristics:
A defined goal or objective, Specific tasks to be performed, A
defined beginning& end, and Resources being consumed.
Construction industry is different from other industries by its size, built
on-site, and generally unique.
Projects begin with a stated goal established by the owner and
accomplished by the project team.
Comparing alternatives in Engineering Economics and ManagementNzar Braim
Comparing alternatives in Engineering Economics and Management
In the real world, the majority of engineering economic analysis problems are
alternative comparisons. In these problems, two or more mutually exclusive
investments compete for limited funds. A variety of methods exists for selecting
the superior alternative from a group of proposals. Each method has its own merits
and applications
This document discusses various types of trusses and methods for analyzing truss structures. It begins by describing common types of trusses used in roofs and bridges. It then covers topics such as classifying trusses as simple, compound, or complex, and determining their stability and determinacy. The document introduces analytical methods like the method of joints and method of sections for calculating member forces in statically determinate trusses. It provides examples of applying these methods to solve for unknown member forces.
The document discusses the tension coefficient method for analyzing frames. The tension coefficient of a member is defined as the tension in the member divided by its length. Equilibrium equations are written at each joint using the tension coefficients and coordinates of the joints. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to set up and solve the equilibrium equations to determine the tension in each member for both plane and space frames under given loading conditions. Forces in all members of a sample space frame are calculated.
The document discusses three methods for analyzing trusses: the method of joints, method of sections, and graphical (Maxwell's diagram) method. The method of joints involves isolating each joint as a free body diagram and using equilibrium equations to solve for unknown member forces. The method of sections uses equilibrium equations applied to portions of the truss cut off by an imaginary section through several members. Maxwell's diagram method constructs force polygons representing the forces at each joint to graphically determine member forces.
This document provides an introduction to engineering economy. It discusses the role of engineers in solving problems economically. Engineering economy involves systematically evaluating the economic merits of engineering solutions. The principles of engineering economy include developing alternatives, focusing on differences, using a consistent viewpoint, a common unit of measure, considering all relevant criteria, making risk and uncertainty explicit, and revisiting decisions. Engineering economic analysis and the engineering design process involve similar steps. Spreadsheets are useful for engineering economy calculations due to their structured nature and ability to change parameters and present graphical outputs.
INTERNSHIP REPORT FOR CONCSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT AND ORGANISING WORKS OF A BUIL...SufiyanAhmedJeddy
The document provides details of Sufiyan Ahmed Jeddy's internship report on the construction management and organization of work for a building in Triplicane, Chennai. The internship was conducted from June 6th to July 8th 2018 under KKR Architects and Vasanth Planners. During the internship, Sufiyan gained experience in designing, construction processes like concrete preparation and formwork, estimation and costing, and project monitoring. He observed activities like concrete mixing, formwork erection for columns and slabs, and column construction. The report documents the site details, plans, construction methods and materials used, as well as some challenges faced during the internship period.
The document provides information on capital investment problems and cash flows, focusing on factors related to how time and interest affect money. It discusses single payment factors to find the future or present value of a single amount. It also covers uniform series factors to relate the present worth, future worth, or annual equivalent of a uniform series of cash flows. Finally, it examines gradient formulas, including arithmetic gradients where cash flows change by a constant amount each period, and geometric gradients where they change by a constant percentage each period. Formulas and examples are provided for each type of cash flow problem.
The document discusses various methods for evaluating the economic profitability of capital investment projects, including present worth, future worth, annual worth, internal rate of return, and external rate of return. It provides examples of how to use these methods to calculate metrics like net present value, internal rate of return, payback period, and compare them to required rates of return to determine if projects are economically justified. The goal is to evaluate if a project's revenues over time can recover its costs and provide an adequate return given the risks.
This document contains a chapter summary for a textbook on engineering economy. It discusses various methods for evaluating mutually exclusive alternatives, including present worth, annual worth, rate of return, and benefit-cost ratio. It also covers determining the minimum attractive rate of return and weighted average cost of capital, accounting for the costs of debt and equity. The chapter addresses evaluating projects with multiple attributes using weighted sums and introduces qualitative factors beyond economic measures.
2008 Percent Maintenance Cost per year as a percent of Replacement Asset ValuePatrick Shell
Example data analysis using Tableau Desktop. This analysis demonstrates the economy of scale gained by large utility's coal powered fleet in Maintenance Cost as a percentage of replacement asset value. This analysis also demonstrates the general groups of performance as indicated by the color of the bubbles. An important note is that small utilities perform very well (rivaling larger utilities). Data Source: SNL Energy FERC Forms
Second FAQ on Maintenance of Cost Accounting Records and Cost Report nanty shah
The document discusses frequently asked questions regarding the maintenance of cost accounting records and cost audit under the Companies Act, 2013.
It provides clarification on the types of educational and health services covered under the Companies (Cost Records and Audit) Rules 2014. It also discusses the applicability of cost audit and maintenance of cost records for various types of companies engaged in construction, manufacturing, trading and provision of services.
The document answers questions on calculating thresholds based on revenue, treatment of SEZ units, level of cost statement certification required, disclosure of related party transactions and more. It aims to help interpret and comply with the cost audit and record keeping requirements for different industries and situations.
maintenance cost,approximate estimation,unit bay methodNithin Thomas Alex
Operating costs for equipment include repair and maintenance costs, fuel costs, lubricating oil costs, tire costs, operator wages, and costs associated with wear and tear. Repair and maintenance costs vary each year and increase with the age of the equipment, but performing timely maintenance can increase the life of the equipment and decrease repair costs. Both minor repairs are done on-site while major repairs are done at an authorized workshop. Approximate estimates of costs are prepared early in projects to determine preliminary budgets and understand if projects can be undertaken within budget constraints, and allow for consideration of economic alternatives.
A forklift is a costly piece of equipment to purchase and to maintain. Over time the trend is to put less attention [money] to planned or preventive maintenance. Question raised is that the wise course to take as the forklift ages and repair needs grow. Tripping over dollars chasing dimes.
nfrais an effective Customer Relationship Management software produced by eresource Infotech Pvt. Ltd., the pioneers of Web-based ERP solution in India. With the support of highly talented professional team, infra CRM is armed with full backing of professional training and consultancy, and firmly believe that all our customers should derive the maximum benefit from their investment.
This document discusses using function points to estimate the cost and time required for a software project. It provides an example of estimating a program for a phone order company. The example counts the function points for the program's inputs, outputs, files and queries, then converts this to lines of code and staff hours using standard metrics. Finally, it calculates the estimated cost for the project based on typical programmer salaries. The document advocates that function point analysis provides a more accurate estimation approach than just comparing to past similar projects.
The document discusses the importance of calculating landed cost for businesses sourcing products globally. Landed cost is the total cost of acquiring goods and includes not just the product cost but also associated shipping, customs, risk, and overhead costs. Calculating the true landed cost is important for accurate inventory valuation and making informed sourcing and profitability decisions. However, many businesses do not fully utilize landed cost analysis due to lack of necessary data, tools, time or understanding of how to apply the methodology. The document then describes how the accounting software ACCTivate! provides robust landed cost calculation capabilities to help small and mid-sized businesses overcome these challenges.
The document discusses the importance of project cost management. It notes that projects historically have poor track records for meeting cost goals, with average cost overruns found in various CHAOS studies from 1995 to 2003. Proper project cost management, including processes like resource planning, cost estimating, cost budgeting and cost control, can help reduce cost overruns. The basic principles of cost management, such as distinguishing different types of costs and using techniques like activity-based costing and reserves, are also covered.
The document discusses building maintenance from a civil engineer's perspective. It provides an overview of aspects engineers should consider at different stages, from design to planning maintenance. Key points include:
- Maintenance planning should start at the design stage to prevent defects and reduce long-term costs. Factors like material selection and accessibility for maintenance are important.
- Developing a maintenance plan and budget helps maintain asset value systematically rather than through ad-hoc repairs. Regular inspections and record-keeping are important.
- Building defects can arise from design failures, construction issues, or material problems. Understanding defect causes allows for better maintenance management.
This document discusses investment alternatives and methods for evaluating them, including present worth (PW) and annual worth (AW). It covers the following key points:
- There are four types of investment alternatives: mutually exclusive set, independent set, single project, and "do nothing" option.
- PW and AW can both be used to evaluate alternatives, with PW preferred for revenue projects and AW for cost projects.
- When alternatives have different lives, the lowest common multiple approach is used to evaluate them over the same period for comparison.
- Examples are provided to illustrate how to calculate PW and AW for alternatives and choose the most favorable option based on these measures.
This document discusses methods for estimating capital and product costs. It describes several methods for estimating capital costs, including: (1) a detailed-item estimate, (2) a unit cost estimate based on existing data, and (3) estimating other capital costs as percentages of the delivered equipment cost. It also covers the power factor method of scaling costs based on capacity, as well as estimating capital using the turnover ratio. The document provides an overview of cost components and recommends methods suited to different levels of estimate accuracy needed.
This document discusses methods for estimating capital and product costs. It describes capital costs as including fixed costs like manufacturing equipment, non-manufacturing indirect costs, and working capital. Product costs include variable manufacturing costs, fixed costs, overhead, general expenses, and distribution/marketing. The document outlines several methods for estimating capital costs, including using percentage of equipment costs, capacity factors to account for scale, and inflation indexes to adjust for time. Accuracy of estimates ranges from +/- 5% for detailed to +/- 40% for order-of-magnitude.
This document is a lecture on cost estimation that covers several topics:
1) It discusses capital costs including fixed capital and working capital.
2) It explains the breakdown of total product costs including manufacturing costs, general expenses, and their typical percentages.
3) It provides examples of cost estimation problems from referenced textbooks, showing calculations for direct costs, indirect costs, depreciation, taxes, net profit, and cash flow.
The document discusses three potential investments being evaluated using several profitability measures: return on invested capital (ROI), payback period (PBP), net present value (NPV), and discounted cash flow rate of return (DCFRR). For each investment, the fixed capital, working capital, salvage value, service life, and annual gross income minus expenses are provided. Calculations are shown for depreciation, taxes, net profits, cash flows, and the various profitability measures. Based on the results, Investment 1 is acceptable while Investments 2 and 3 are unacceptable based on their PBP and ROI.
The document discusses various measures used to evaluate the profitability of projects, including return on investment (ROI), payback period (PBP), net present worth or value (NPV), and discounted cash flow rate of return (DCFRR). It provides definitions and examples of calculating each measure. ROI is defined as average annual profit divided by total capital investment. PBP is the time for cumulative cash flows to recover the fixed capital investment. NPV considers the time value of money by taking the present value of all after-tax cash flows. DCFRR is the interest rate that results in an NPV of 0.
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Decision & Risk Analysis for Industrial BiotechnologyMerrick & Company
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As a part of my series on different companies and industries using TRIZ (a systematic innovation methodology), here is a compilation of case studies from across the globe, applying the methodology...Enjoy
The document discusses the structure of the U.S. homebuilding industry and competitive position of large homebuilders. It notes that industry structure is a key driver of homebuilder profitability. The overall industry structure has become more attractive in recent years. Large, multi-regional builders enjoy significant competitive advantages over smaller builders due to economies of scale. However, market assessments of homebuilding stocks appear to be out of line with other industries with similar structural characteristics.
ContentsI.List of tables1II.List of figures1Intr.docxmaxinesmith73660
Contents
I.List of tables1
II.List of figures1
Introduction2
Project Background2
Problem Statement2
The Client’s Need Statement2
The Goal Statement3
The Design objective3
Design constraints3
Scoop of work3
State of the art research (SOTA)4
Quality function deployment (QFD)5
Customer Requirements5
Benchmarking5
Engineering Requirements6
QFD6
Project management6
Final Design7
Conclusion and Future Work10
References11
Appendices12
List of tables
· Table of individual assignments see Appendix A
· Table of team assignments see Appendix B
· Decision matrix tables see Appendices G and H
· Table of objectives see Appendix CList of figures
· Selected location figure see Appendix I
· Tensionless Pier Wind Turbine Foundation figure see Appendix I
· QFD chart figure (will be handed out for audience)see Appendix D
· Gantt Chartsee Appendix FIntroduction
Wind Energy harvesting systems have been around for centuries. These systems have been used to grind wheat, pump water and up unit the early 20th century, to produce electricity. In the 1970’s, the increase in the cost of crude oil sparked a wind energy race and which led to the rapid expansion of wind harvesting technology. Since then, wind turbines have evolved from small 100 KW units to large, highly efficient 8 MW power-generating machines. Even after such expansion, there is ample room for technological growth and application of wind energy harvesting systems in the United States.
Project Background
Currently in Arizona, the majority of the energy produced is generated from the Hoover and Glen Canyon dams in the northern sector of the state, and from the Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station in Tonopah producing a combined percentage of 33.8 of Arizona’s energy [1]. Because of Arizona’s Renewable Environmental Standard, by law, Arizona is required to produce 15 percent of its electricity consumed from renewable energy sources by 2025 [2]. Since hydroelectric power is already heavily used throughout Arizona, other forms of energy must be explored such as wind energy.
Although wind energy can be an excellent complement to hydroelectric plants for producing renewable energy, Arizona only generates 0.48 percent of its energy from wind production [3]. Even with this low amount of energy produced, Arizona has a good outlook for wind production in its northern sector. As depicted in figure 1 [4], there is a band of good wind resources beginning from the city of Peach Springs, extending southeast to the city Springerville.
In order to expand Arizona’s wind energy production, our Client, David Willy, has asked our team to conduct research in Wind turbine development in Arizona. Mr. Willy is a professor at Northern Arizona University teaching various engineering courses ranging from C.
This document provides an overview of techniques for formalized sensitivity analysis and expected value decisions. It discusses determining sensitivity to parameter variation, using three estimates to analyze sensitivity, calculating expected values of cash flows and alternatives, and using decision trees to model staged evaluations under uncertainty. The techniques aim to account for variability in parameters, quantify uncertainty through probabilities, and identify best decisions considering risk.
This document provides an overview of techniques for formalized sensitivity analysis and expected value decisions. It discusses determining sensitivity to parameter variation, using three estimates to analyze sensitivity, calculating expected values of cash flows and alternatives, and using decision trees to model staged evaluations under uncertainty. The techniques aim to account for variability in parameters, quantify uncertainty through probabilities, and identify best decisions considering risk.
Similar to Lecture # 14 investment alternatives ii (13)
1) The document discusses economic value added (EVA) and how it is calculated as net profit after tax minus the cost of invested capital.
2) EVA indicates the excess contribution to net profit after removing the minimum required return. It is useful for evaluating investment projects.
3) The document provides an example calculation of EVA and cash flow analysis for a project over 4 years to demonstrate how the analyses are economically equivalent. Both show the project is not justified at the 12% after-tax hurdle rate.
This document discusses concepts related to corporate income taxes and cash flow analysis. It defines key terms like gross income, taxable income, depreciation, taxes owed, and net profit after tax. It also discusses how to calculate cash flow before taxes and after taxes for each year of a project. The document provides an example cash flow analysis for a project using straight-line, double declining balance, and MACRS depreciation methods to demonstrate how different depreciation approaches can affect taxes paid over the life of a project. It emphasizes that accelerated depreciation methods and shorter recovery periods can lower the present value of total taxes paid.
The document discusses cost estimation and depletion. It begins by outlining a case study where student teams will evaluate an after-tax business expansion problem from a textbook. The document then defines relevant terms for projects using both debt and equity financing. It explains two methods for calculating depletion: cost depletion based on usage and percentage depletion which applies a constant percentage of gross income. It provides examples of applying both cost and percentage depletion calculations. The document concludes by noting current tax law allows taking the larger of cost or percentage depletion deductions each year.
This document discusses depreciation and provides details on various depreciation methods. It defines depreciation as how businesses can recover the lost value of capital assets over time by deducting the asset's value from taxes. The document outlines straight-line, declining balance, and MACRS depreciation methods. It explains key terms like book value, salvage value, and recovery period and provides examples of how to calculate depreciation using different methods.
Lecture # 4 gradients factors and nominal and effective interest ratesBich Lien Pham
This document discusses gradient factors and shifted gradients. Gradients are cash flows that increase or decrease by a regular pattern. Gradient factors are used to calculate equivalent present worth, annual worth, and future worth for gradient cash flow series. The document covers arithmetic gradients, which increase or decrease by a constant amount each period, and geometric gradients, which increase or decrease by a constant percentage each period. It also discusses how to handle gradients when the present worth point is not at time zero, known as shifted gradients. Formulas and spreadsheet functions like NPV are presented for calculating present worth for various gradient types and shifted scenarios.
Lecture # 3 compounding factors effects of inflationBich Lien Pham
This document summarizes key concepts for determining unknown interest rates, inflation rates, and numbers of periods in engineering economy problems. It discusses using the IRR, RATE, and NPER functions in Excel to calculate unknown values. It also covers handling varying interest rates over time through period-by-period analysis or approximation using an average rate. The effects of inflation are explained, including how future costs are estimated using an inflation rate. Common inflation measures like the Consumer Price Index are also introduced.
1. The document discusses the time value of money concept in engineering economy. It defines key terms like interest rate, present value, future value, simple interest, and compound interest.
2. Various interest factors like single payment compound amount, uniform series present worth, capital recovery, and sinking fund are introduced. Formulas and cash flow diagrams are provided for calculating these factors.
3. Microsoft Excel functions that can be used to compute time value of money calculations are also presented.
The document outlines the key topics that will be covered in a lecture on chemical process economics, including the foundations of engineering economy, analysis of costs and profitability, optimization techniques, decision-making under risk and uncertainty, and the importance of ethics in decision-making. The lecture will teach students the fundamentals, methods, and full process of evaluating engineering projects and determining the best choice among alternatives.
This document provides an executive summary and learning objectives for a chapter on decision making under risk and uncertainty. It introduces key concepts like risk, uncertainty, random variables, probability distributions, expected value, standard deviation, and Monte Carlo simulation. These concepts are illustrated through examples of decision making problems that involve random variables and estimating outcomes through sampling from probability distributions.
This document is a slide set on after-tax economic analysis that was developed by Dr. Don Smith of Texas A&M University. It covers key topics related to after-tax cash flows and analysis, including terminology, taxes and depreciation, after-tax cash flows, replacement analysis, and international tax considerations. The slide set contains 28 slides with learning objectives, definitions, equations, examples, and a chapter summary on after-tax analysis techniques for evaluating industrial projects.
The document discusses various methods for depreciating assets and depleting natural resources over time. It defines key terms, outlines learning outcomes, and provides examples of calculating depreciation using straight line, declining balance, double declining balance, and MACRS methods. It also covers cost depletion and percentage depletion methods for natural resources.
Direct and indirect costs must be estimated for engineering projects. Common direct cost estimation techniques include the unit method, cost indexes, and cost-estimating relationships. Indirect costs can comprise 25-50% of total costs and are traditionally allocated using predetermined rates. Activity-based costing is a more accurate allocation method that uses cost drivers. Ethical practices like avoiding deception are important for quality cost estimation.
The document discusses the effects of inflation on engineering economy calculations. It defines inflation and presents two methods for accounting for inflation: 1) converting cash flows to constant value dollars using the real interest rate, and 2) using future dollars and the inflation-adjusted interest rate. The key effects of inflation are a reduction in purchasing power over time as money buys fewer goods/services. The document also discusses how inflation impacts present worth, future worth, and capital recovery calculations.
1. Breakeven analysis determines the level of a variable (e.g. quantity, units) that results in no profit or loss. It is used to evaluate a single project or choose between two alternatives.
2. Payback period is the estimated time required for cash inflows from a project to recover its initial investment. It can be calculated with or without considering the time value of money (discounted vs no-return payback).
3. Both breakeven analysis and payback period are useful initial screening tools but should not be used as the sole criteria for accepting or rejecting projects, as they do not consider cash flows or returns after the payback period. More comprehensive analyses like net present value are
This document discusses capital budgeting for independent projects with budget limitations. It covers calculating the present worth (PW) of mutually exclusive bundles of projects to maximize return within a budget. For large numbers of projects, a linear programming model is presented to maximize PW. Different measures for ranking projects are discussed, including PW, internal rate of return, and present worth index, which may select different projects as each maximizes a different parameter.
This document discusses replacement studies and key concepts:
1. A replacement study determines whether to replace an existing asset (defender) or keep it by comparing the annual worth (AW) of the defender to potential replacement assets (challengers).
2. The economic service life is the number of years an asset can be kept until its AW is lowest.
3. A replacement study is performed by calculating the AW of the defender and challengers over their lifetimes or a specified study period to determine the lowest cost option.
4. The replacement value is the market value of the defender that makes its AW equal to a challenger, helping decide whether to replace or retain the defender.
The document discusses benefit-cost analysis for public sector projects. It covers calculating benefit-cost ratios for single and multiple alternatives, using cost-effectiveness analysis for service sector projects, and some key differences between public and private projects like size, life, funding sources, and selection criteria. Ethical considerations are also prevalent in public policy and planning where engineers are involved.
Chapter 8 ror analysis for multiple alternativesBich Lien Pham
This document discusses rate of return analysis for multiple project alternatives. It introduces the concept of incremental rate of return analysis, which determines the rate of return on the additional investment required for a more expensive alternative. The key steps are: (1) calculate incremental cash flows between two alternatives, (2) determine the incremental rate of return (Δi*) on those cash flows, and (3) eliminate the more expensive alternative if Δi* is less than the minimum acceptable rate of return. This process is repeated to evaluate all alternatives two at a time until only one remains. Incremental analysis ensures the alternative selected maximizes overall return on the total capital available.
Chapter 7 ror analysis for a single alternativeBich Lien Pham
1) The document discusses methods for calculating rate of return (ROR) for projects and investments.
2) There are several ways to calculate ROR, including using present worth, future worth, or annual worth equations. Multiple ROR values may exist if there is more than one change in cash flow signs.
3) Calculating external ROR (EROR) removes the assumption that positive cash flows are reinvested at the project's ROR. It uses modified ROR (MIRR) or return on invested capital (ROIC) methods while assuming external borrowing and investment rates.
Annual worth (AW) analysis allows engineers to evaluate project alternatives that have different lives by converting all cash flows to equivalent uniform annual amounts at a discount rate. The key advantages of AW analysis are that it only requires calculating values for one life cycle and all cash flows for subsequent cycles will be the same. Engineers can use AW analysis to evaluate both finite-lived and perpetual project alternatives. Life-cycle cost analysis takes a broader perspective by considering all costs incurred over a project's full lifespan from concept to disposal.
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