The late distal tubule and cortical collecting tubule are composed of principal and intercalated cells. Principal cells reabsorb sodium and secrete potassium, while intercalated cells secrete hydrogen and reabsorb bicarbonate and potassium. The permeability of these segments to water is controlled by ADH levels. They play key roles in electrolyte balance and acid-base regulation.
GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE , GSD , Von Gierke DiseaseRAHUL KATARIA
Detailed presentation about glycogen storage disease.
description about all types of GSDs like .
1. GSD I
2.GSD III
3. GSD IV
4. GSD VI
5. GSD IX
6. GSD 0
I am a medical student. I have one friend who is persuing his MBBS degree in Taishan Medical UNiversity. I got these notes from him.
These notes are by Dr. Bikesh, He is a famous lecturer of TMU.
These notes have helped me a lot and i also watch his lecture videos , which are great; highly simple and huge content.
I am uploading with Renal physiology. If you want some other topics i would upload for you.
"Let the Knowledge be spread" Dr. Bikesh
GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE , GSD , Von Gierke DiseaseRAHUL KATARIA
Detailed presentation about glycogen storage disease.
description about all types of GSDs like .
1. GSD I
2.GSD III
3. GSD IV
4. GSD VI
5. GSD IX
6. GSD 0
I am a medical student. I have one friend who is persuing his MBBS degree in Taishan Medical UNiversity. I got these notes from him.
These notes are by Dr. Bikesh, He is a famous lecturer of TMU.
These notes have helped me a lot and i also watch his lecture videos , which are great; highly simple and huge content.
I am uploading with Renal physiology. If you want some other topics i would upload for you.
"Let the Knowledge be spread" Dr. Bikesh
The basics of autoregulation of Gloemrular filtration rate. This ppt deals with basic renal physiology, tubuloglomerular feedback, myogenic reflex, juxtaglomerular apparatus and renin angiotensin aldosterone system in brief. P.S.- The ppt has animations so kindly view in slide/presentation mode
rft is described in detail . function of kidney, objectives of doing the test. the various test available for assessing the renal function with clinical interpretation is available.
HORMONAL CONTROL OF TUBULAR REABSORPTION (The Guyton and Hall physiology)Maryam Fida
REGULATION OF SODIUM AND WATER BALANCE
by hormones
• Aldosterone
• Angiotensin II
• Atrial natriuretic Peptide
• Parathyroid Hormone
• Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or vasopressin
ALDOSTERONE
Release: Aldosterone is secreted by the zona glomerulosa cells of the adrenal cortex in response to
Increased extracellular potassium concentration
Increased angiotensin II levels in conditions associated with sodium and volume depletion or low blood pressure.
Site of Action: Major renal tubular site of aldosterone action is on the principal cells of the cortical collecting tubule.
Effects on the Renal Tubules
Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion by stimulating the sodium-potassium ATPase pump on the basolateral side of the cortical collecting tubule membrane.
Aldosterone also increases the sodium permeability of the luminal side of the membrane.
The basics of autoregulation of Gloemrular filtration rate. This ppt deals with basic renal physiology, tubuloglomerular feedback, myogenic reflex, juxtaglomerular apparatus and renin angiotensin aldosterone system in brief. P.S.- The ppt has animations so kindly view in slide/presentation mode
rft is described in detail . function of kidney, objectives of doing the test. the various test available for assessing the renal function with clinical interpretation is available.
HORMONAL CONTROL OF TUBULAR REABSORPTION (The Guyton and Hall physiology)Maryam Fida
REGULATION OF SODIUM AND WATER BALANCE
by hormones
• Aldosterone
• Angiotensin II
• Atrial natriuretic Peptide
• Parathyroid Hormone
• Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or vasopressin
ALDOSTERONE
Release: Aldosterone is secreted by the zona glomerulosa cells of the adrenal cortex in response to
Increased extracellular potassium concentration
Increased angiotensin II levels in conditions associated with sodium and volume depletion or low blood pressure.
Site of Action: Major renal tubular site of aldosterone action is on the principal cells of the cortical collecting tubule.
Effects on the Renal Tubules
Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion by stimulating the sodium-potassium ATPase pump on the basolateral side of the cortical collecting tubule membrane.
Aldosterone also increases the sodium permeability of the luminal side of the membrane.
The active transport of sodium chloride by the ascending loop of Hen.pdfapexjaipur
The active transport of sodium chloride by the ascending loop of Henle is independent of
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and causes a progressive concentration of the interstitial fluid of the
medulla but a dilutio nof the luminal fluid. ADH increases the permeability of the corical
collecting ducts to water, and so water is reabsorbed by this segment until the luminal fluid is
isoosmotic to cortical interstitial fluid. The luminal fluid then enters and flows through the
medullary collecting ducts and the concentrated medullary interstitium causes water to move out
of these ducts, made highly permeable to water by ADH. The result is the concentration of the
collecting duct fluid and the urine.
Renal sodium regulation:
Sodium excretion is the difference between the amount of sodium filtered and the amount
reabsorbed. The major control of tubular sodium reabsorption is the adrenal cortical hormone
aldosterone, which stimulates sodium reabsorption in the cortical collecting ducts.
Renal water regulation
Water excretion is the difference between the amount of water filtered and the amount
reabsorbed. ADH mediates water absorption which is controlled by baroreceptors and
osmoreceptors of the posterior pituitary. Via the baroreceptor reflexes, a low extracellular
volume stimulates ADH secretion and a high extracellular volume inhibits it. Via the
osmoreceptors, a high body-fluid osmolarity stimulates ADH secretion and a low osmolarity
inhibits it.
Homeostatic control of hydrogen ions by renal mechanisms
The kidneys maintain a stable plasma hydrogen ioin concentration by regulating plasma
bicarbonate concentration. They can either excrete bicarbonate or contribute new bicarbonate to
the blood. Bicarbonate is reabsorbed when hydrogen ions, generated in the tubular cells by a
process catalysed by carbonic anhydrase, are secreted into the lumen and combine with filtered
bicarbonate. The secreted hydrogen ions are not excreted in this situation.
In contrast, when the secreted hydrogen ions comine in the lumen with filtered phosphate or
other non-bicarbonate buffer, they are excreted and the kidneys have contributed new
bicarbonate to the blood. The kidneys also contribute new bicarbonate to the blood when they
produce and excrete ammonia.
Solution
The active transport of sodium chloride by the ascending loop of Henle is independent of
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and causes a progressive concentration of the interstitial fluid of the
medulla but a dilutio nof the luminal fluid. ADH increases the permeability of the corical
collecting ducts to water, and so water is reabsorbed by this segment until the luminal fluid is
isoosmotic to cortical interstitial fluid. The luminal fluid then enters and flows through the
medullary collecting ducts and the concentrated medullary interstitium causes water to move out
of these ducts, made highly permeable to water by ADH. The result is the concentration of the
collecting duct fluid and the urine.
Renal sodium regulation:
S.
I am a medical student. I have one friend who is persuing his MBBS degree in Taishan Medical UNiversity. I got these notes from him.
These notes are by Dr. Bikesh, He is a famous lecturer of TMU.
These notes have helped me a lot and i also watch his lecture videos , which are great; highly simple and huge content.
I am uploading with Renal physiology. If you want some other topics i would upload for you.
"Let the Knowledge be spread" Dr. Bikesh
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
1. Late Distal Tubule and Cortical Collecting Tubule Composed of two distinct cell types, the principal cells and the intercalated cells The principal cells reabsorb sodium and water from the lumen and secrete potassium ions into the lumen The intercalated cells reabsorb bicarbonate and potassium ions and secrete hydrogen ions into the tubular lumen
2. Principal Cells Reabsorb Sodium and Secrete Potassium Sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion by the principal cells depend on the activity of Na-K ATPase pump. The secretion of potassium by these cells from the blood into the tubular lumen The principal cells are the primary site of action of the potassium sparing diuretics sodium channel blockers as well as the aldosterone antagonists decrease urinary excretion of potassium and act as potassium-sparing diuretics
3. Intercalated Cells Avidly Secrete Hydrogen and Reabsorb Bicarbonate and Potassium Ions Hydrogen ion secretion by the intercalated cells is mediated by a hydrogen-ATPase transport mechanism. The intercalated cells can also reabsorb potassium ions
4. Tubular Secretion In distal convoluted tubules, potassium ions or hydrogen ions may be passively secreted in response to active reabsorption of sodium ions
5. The functional characteristics of the late distal tubule and cortical collecting tubule can be summarized The late distal tubule and the cortical collecting tubule segments reabsorb sodium ions, and the rate of reabsorption is controlled by hormones, especially aldosterone. These segments secrete potassium ions a process that is also controlled by aldosterone The intercalated cells play a key role in acid-base regulation of the body fluids. The permeability of the late distal tubule and cortical collecting duct to water is controlled by the concentration of ADH. With high levels of ADH, these tubular segments are permeable to water, but in the absence of ADH, they are virtually impermeable to water.
6. Medullary Collecting Duct The medullary collecting ducts reabsorb less than 10 per cent of the filtered water and sodium The epithelial cells of the collecting ducts are nearly cuboidal in shape with smooth surfaces and relatively few mitochondria
7. The permeability of the medullary collecting duct to water is controlled by the level of ADH The medullary collecting duct is capable of secreting hydrogen ions. Thus, the medullary collecting duct also plays a key role in regulating acid-base balance.
8. Peritubular Capillary and Renal Interstitial Fluid Physical Forces Hydrostatic and colloid osmotic forces govern the rate of reabsorption across the peritubular capillaries. The normal rate of peritubular capillary reabsorption is about 124 ml/min. Reabsorption = Kf x Net reabsorptive rate
9.
10. Regulation of Peritubular Capillary Physical Forces Increases in arterial pressure tend to raise peritubular capillary hydrostatic pressure and decrease reabsorption rate. This effect is buffered to some extent by autoregulatory mechanisms that maintain relatively constant renal blood flow as well as relatively constant hydrostatic pressures in the renal blood vessels. Increase in resistance of either the afferent or the efferent arterioles reduces peritubular capillary hydrostatic pressure and tends to increase reabsorption rate. Increasing the plasma protein concentration of systemic blood tends to raise peritubular capillary colloid osmotic pressure, thereby increasing reabsorption
11. Hormonal Control of Tubular Reabsorption Aldosterone Increases Sodium Reabsorption and Increases Potassium Secretion The primary site of aldosterone action is on the principal cells of the cortical collecting tubule The mechanism by which aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption while at the same time increasing potassium secretion is by stimulating the sodium-potassium ATPase pump
12. Angiotensin II Increases Sodium and Water Reabsorption Angiotensin II the body's most powerful sodium-retaining hormone Angiotensin II formation increases in circumstances associated with low blood pressure and/or low extracellular fluid volume Angiotensin II stimulates aldosterone secretion, which in turn increases sodium reabsorption. Angiotensin II constricts the efferent arterioles by efferent arteriolar constriction reduces peritubular capillary hydrostatic pressure, which increases net tubular reabsorption
13. Angiotensin II directly stimulates sodium reabsorption in the proximal tubules, the loops of Henle, the distal tubules, and the collecting tubules. One of the direct effects of angiotensin II is to stimulate the sodium-potassium ATPase pump on the tubular epithelial cell basolateral membrane. A second effect is to stimulate sodium-hydrogen exchange in the luminal membrane, especially in the proximal tubule. Thus, angiotensin II stimulates sodium transport across both the luminal and the basolateral surfaces of the epithelial cell membrane in the tubules.
14. ADH Increases Water Reabsorption ADH increases the water permeability of the distal tubule, collecting tubule, and collecting duct epithelia. In the absence of ADH, the permeability of the distal tubules and collecting ducts to water is low, causing the kidneys to excrete large amounts of dilute urine.
15. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) Decreases Sodium and Water Reabsorption Specific cells of the cardiac atria, when distended because of plasma volume expansion, secrete a peptide called atrial natriuretic peptide Increased levels of this peptide in turn inhibit the reabsorption of sodium and water by the renal tubules, especially in the collecting ducts This decreased sodium and water reabsorption increases urinary excretion
16. Parathyroid Hormone Increases Calcium Reabsorption Parathyroid hormone is calcium-regulating hormones Its principal action in the kidneys is to increase tubular reabsorption of calcium, especially in the distal tubules