Learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experience. There are two main types of learning: classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning involves reflexive responses to stimuli while operant conditioning uses reinforcement and punishment to modify voluntary behaviors and their consequences. Positive reinforcement strengthens behaviors by adding desirable outcomes, while negative reinforcement strengthens behaviors by removing undesirable outcomes. Bandura's social learning theory posits that learning occurs through observation, imitation, and modeling the behaviors of others.

1. By
ARJUN .S.S
SURYA .T .P

2. Any relatively permanent change in behaviour
that occurs as a result of experience

3.  Process of acquiring,assimilating and
internalizing cognitive, motor or behavioral
input for their effective and varied use when
required.
 Relatively permanent change in behavior
 Acquiring of new input in terms of Knowledge
and understanding

4.  The theory introduces a simple cause and
effect relationship between one stimulus and
one response.
 It makes response reflexive or involuntary.

5.  Operant conditioning can be described as a process that
attempts to modify behavior through the use of positive
and negative reinforcement.
 Through operant conditioning, an individual makes an
association between a particular behavior and a
consequence.
 The term “operant conditioning” originated by the
behaviorist B. F. Skinner, who believed that one should
focus on the external, observable causes of behavior

6. Positive and negative rein forcers
 Positive rein forcers are favorable events or
outcomes that are given to the individual after
the desired behavior. This may come in the form
of praise, rewards, etc.
 Negative rein forcers typically are characterized
by the removal of an undesired or unpleasant
outcome after the desired behavior. A response
is strengthened as something considered
negative is removed.

7.  Punishment, in contrast, is when the increase of
something undesirable attempts to cause a
decrease in the behavior that follows.
 Positive punishment is when unfavorable events
or outcomes are given in order to weaken the
response that follows.
Eg: Your cell phone rings in the middle of a class lecture, and you are scolded
by your teacher for not turning your phone off prior to class.
 Negative punishment is characterized by when
an favorable event or outcome is removed after
a undesired behavior occurs.

8. In operant conditioning, a voluntary response is
then followed by a reinforcing stimulus. In
this way, the voluntary response (e.g.
studying for an exam) is more likely to be
done by the individual.
In contrast, classical conditioning is when a
stimulus automatically triggers an
involuntary response.

9. The experiment on rats towards their goal of food. It
was observed that rats developed expectation that
certain cognitive cues related to the choice point
could ultimately lead to food.
In organization setting some training programs were
designed to strengthen the relationship between
cognitive cues such as supervision, job procedures
workers expectations such as monetary and other
rewards.
It was believed that the worker would learn to be more
productive by building a relationship between
following directions and procedures and expectancy
of monetary rewards for these efforts.

10. Bandura’s Social Learning Theory posits that
people learn from one another, via
observation, imitation, and modeling.
The theory has often been called a bridge
between behaviorist and cognitive learning
theories because it encompasses attention,
memory, and motivation.

11.  People learn through observing others’ behavior,
attitudes, and outcomes of those behaviors.
 “Most human behavior is learned
observationally through modeling: from
observing others, one forms an idea of how new
behaviors are performed, and on later occasions
this coded information serves as a guide for
action.”
 Social learning theory explains human behavior
in terms of continuous reciprocal interaction
between cognitive, behavioral, and
environmental influences