What is a Learning Disability? A learning disability is a neurological disorder. In simple terms, a learning disability results from a difference in the way a person's brain is "wired." Children with learning disabilities are as smart or smarter than their peers. But they may have difficulty reading, writing, spelling, reasoning, recalling and/or organizing information if left to figure things out by themselves or if taught in conventional ways.

2. • The Process of Learning
There are two main concept in
the term learning disabilities.
 First concept describe the
learning process
 Second explain the
phenomenon about children
who have average or even
above average ability to
learn but who experience
difficultiesin learning.

3. What is Learning?
• Is the process by which experience and
practice result in a stable change in the
learner’s behavior.
• Result from efficient teaching that develops
the learner’s genetic capacity to learn to the
maximum in an environment that is
conductive to an effective-learning process.

4. INVENTING
6. Adoptation: creating new uses by
adapting learning skills
USING
4. Generalization: uses in novel settings
3. Maintenance: high rate and accuracy
over time
KNOWING
2. Proficiency and Automaticity:
high rate and accuracy
1. Acquisition and 0 to 85% accuracy
reversion: 60 to 85% accuracy

5.  Acquisition and Revision
• Acquisition of knowledge and skills
takes place when the intruction
goals and objectives, skills and
competencies, strategies and
materials match the learning
abilities of the student.
• Revision. Correct practive, drill,
revies and similar strategies are
used with immediate feedback and
reinforcement.

6. • Are determined by the
strength of prior learning.
When mastery of a skill
or concept is attained,
the learner moves on the
substages of proficiency
and automaticity.

7. Maintenance
• The learning of new skills is built on the
skills that are maintained. If the learned
skills are not used they will weaken even if
they were learned earlier with proficiency.
• Appropriate feedback and reinforcemnt
are given to strengthen the maintenance
of the skills.

8. • One skill is learned proficiently, it should be
availabe for using in any appropriate
situation.
Goals of Generalization:
a) For the learner to recogniza a new or
different stimulus as a prompt to apply the
learned skills
b) To use the acquired skills in various
situations, bahaviors, settings and time.

9. • Adaptation
 In this last stage of
leraning,the student
recognize the need
to apply learning
skills in situation
outside the school.

10. Another significant concept to
understand in teaching children with
learning disabilities is the level of learner’s
intellectual functioning or mental ability.
Concept 1. Standarized test of mental ability
measure intellectual functioning
•Standarized test of mental ability have been
proven to be the best single predictor of
school achievement.

11. • To discribe how one particular
score varies from the mean or
average score, the population is
divided into units called standard
deviation (SD). A standard
deviation is a mathemathical
concept that refers to average
score of all the score in norm
sample.

13. • Even though the major intelligence test are
among the most carefully develop and
standardized of all psychological test, they
are still far from perfect.
• Factors affect an individual IQ score
 Motivation
 The time and location of administration
 The inconsistency or bias of the test
administration in scoring reponses that are
not precisely covered by test manual

14. • The term learning disabilities was introduced
in 1963 by Dr. Samuel Kirk, well-known
American special education expert.
• In the Philippines, special education for
children with learning disabilities is only in tis
early years of implementation.
• Children with learning disabilities have
relatively average or even above average
intelligence who experience severe learning
or academic problems in schools.

15. • Learning disabilities is a generic
term that refers to a heterogenous
group or disorders manifested by
significant difficulties in the
acquisition and use of listening,
speking, reading, acting, reasoning
or mathematical abilities.
• The group of disorder is
heterogenous, that is, there is not
only one but several disorder that
occur at the same time.

16. Common Types of Learning Disabilities
Dyslexia Difficulty with reading Problems reading, writing,
spelling
Dysclaculia Difficulty with math Problems doing math
problems, understanding
time, using money
Dysgraphia Difficulty with writing Problems with handwriting,
spelling, organizing ideas
Dyspraxia (Sensory
Integration Disorder)
Dissiculty with fine motor
skills
Problems with hand-eye
coordination, balance manual
dextenity
Dysphasia/ Aphasia Difficulty with language Problems understanding
spoken language, poor
reading
Auditory Processing Disorder Difficulty hearing differences
between sounds
Problems with reading,
comprehension,language
Visual Processing Disorder Difficulty interpreting visual
information
Problems with reading, math,
maps, charts, symbols,
pictures
AD/HD Attention problem Problem with accessing
information

17. • The child does not learn knowledge and skills
in accordance with his or her potential to
learn as measured by a standardized mental
ability test. While his or her mental ability is
appropriate to his or her chronological age,
the child’s performance in school shows that
achievement is two or more years below the
grade level.

18. • Learning disabilities is intrinsic to the
individual. This means that the learning
disabilities are organic, biological,
genetic or environmental. Organic or
biological factors are traced to the central
nervous system particularly the brain. In
most cases, causes of learning disabilities
remains a mystery.

19. 1. Severe discrepancy between the child’s
potential and actual achievemnt
2. Exclusion or absence of mental
retardation, sensory impairement and
other disabilities
3. Need for special education