Early chemists believed that all matter was composed of combinations of four elements - air, earth, fire and water. Later, it was discovered that all matter is composed of atoms, which are mostly empty space. Atoms contain electrons, protons and neutrons. Electrons orbit the nucleus in distinct energy levels. The number of protons determines the element. Chemical bonds form when atoms gain, lose or share electrons to achieve a full outer energy level. There are three main types of bonds - ionic, covalent and metallic. Chemical reactions occur when bonds are formed or broken.
The Wonderful World of Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM)InsideScientific
To watch the webinar, go to:
https://insidescientific.com/webinar/the-wonderful-world-of-scanning-electrochemical-microscopy-secm/
In this webinar, Dr. Janine Mauzeroll discusses the fundamentals, critical experimental parameters and recent applications for scanning electrochemical Microscopy (SECM).
In its simplest form, SECM is a scanning probe technique in which a small-scale electrode is scanned across an immersed substrate while recording the current response. This response is dependent on both the surface topography and the electrochemical activity of the substrate. Consequently, using an array of operational modes, a wide variety of substrates and experimental systems can be characterized. The strength of SECM lies in its ability to quantify material flux from a surface with a high spatial and temporal resolution. It has been used in a variety of applications fields.
Dr. Janine Mauzeroll describes the fundamentals of SECM, including the required instrumentation and the principles of the most frequently used operational modes. Following this basic understanding of SECM principles, she then moves towards a comprehensive summary of the critical parameters for any SECM experiment. Specifically, she discusses in detail redox mediators, probes, and solvent systems that are used in SECM experiments. Finally, she presents recent applications of SECM with an emphasis on her work in the last five years related to material characterization, corrosion and batteries.
The attractive force which holds various constituents (atom, ions, etc.) together and stabilizes them by the overall loss of energy is known as chemical bonding. Therefore, it can be understood that chemical compounds are reliant on the strength of the chemical bonds between its constituents; The stronger the bonding between the constituents, the more stable the resulting compound would be.
The Wonderful World of Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM)InsideScientific
To watch the webinar, go to:
https://insidescientific.com/webinar/the-wonderful-world-of-scanning-electrochemical-microscopy-secm/
In this webinar, Dr. Janine Mauzeroll discusses the fundamentals, critical experimental parameters and recent applications for scanning electrochemical Microscopy (SECM).
In its simplest form, SECM is a scanning probe technique in which a small-scale electrode is scanned across an immersed substrate while recording the current response. This response is dependent on both the surface topography and the electrochemical activity of the substrate. Consequently, using an array of operational modes, a wide variety of substrates and experimental systems can be characterized. The strength of SECM lies in its ability to quantify material flux from a surface with a high spatial and temporal resolution. It has been used in a variety of applications fields.
Dr. Janine Mauzeroll describes the fundamentals of SECM, including the required instrumentation and the principles of the most frequently used operational modes. Following this basic understanding of SECM principles, she then moves towards a comprehensive summary of the critical parameters for any SECM experiment. Specifically, she discusses in detail redox mediators, probes, and solvent systems that are used in SECM experiments. Finally, she presents recent applications of SECM with an emphasis on her work in the last five years related to material characterization, corrosion and batteries.
The attractive force which holds various constituents (atom, ions, etc.) together and stabilizes them by the overall loss of energy is known as chemical bonding. Therefore, it can be understood that chemical compounds are reliant on the strength of the chemical bonds between its constituents; The stronger the bonding between the constituents, the more stable the resulting compound would be.
Mumbai University_Mechanical Enginnering_SEM III_ Material technology_Module 1.2
Lattice Imperfections:
Definition, classification and significance of Imperfections Point defects: vacancy, interstitial and impurity atom defects, Their formation and effects, Dislocation - Edge and screw dislocations Burger’s vector, Motion of dislocations and their significance, Surface defects - Grain boundary, sub-angle grain boundary and stacking faults, their significance, Generation of dislocation, Frank Reed source, conditions of multiplication and significance
Mumbai University_Mechanical Enginnering_SEM III_ Material technology_Module 1.2
Lattice Imperfections:
Definition, classification and significance of Imperfections Point defects: vacancy, interstitial and impurity atom defects, Their formation and effects, Dislocation - Edge and screw dislocations Burger’s vector, Motion of dislocations and their significance, Surface defects - Grain boundary, sub-angle grain boundary and stacking faults, their significance, Generation of dislocation, Frank Reed source, conditions of multiplication and significance
Presentation is for the first chapter of class 11th Chemistry CBSE board. Presentation is having detailed description for some of the basic concepts like mole concept, matter in our surrounding etc.
Lee Rainie, director of internet and technology research at Pew Research Center, presented these findings at the International Monetary Fund/World Bank’s Youth Dialogue and its program, “A World Without Work?” The findings tie to several pieces of research at the Center, including reports on the state of American jobs, automation in everyday life, and the future of jobs training programs.
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ActionScript is a object oriented scripting language. Like ECMAScript the Actionscript is similar to the java script. Actionscript provides the interactive functionalitry to the the web site. Actionscript is mostly used in the flash software developer can set and control the actions of the Flash objects. Actionscript provide the additional features to the animation with flash and to create advance interactive animations and applications for the users. Actionscript is used for the kids tutorials and games so that kids can understand the lessons more easily. This is used by many advertisement companies to create the advertisements banners with flash and small animations http://www.myassignmenthelp.net/programming-assignment-help.php
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Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2. Early Chemistry
Early Chemists only
believed in 1 element:
Dirt
Later Chemists
believed in 4
elements:
Air
Earth
Fire
Water
Various combinations
of these produced
various compounds
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t
3. Basic Chemistry
All Matter in universe is composed of Atoms.
Elements are composed of only 1 type of
atom.
Atoms are mostly empty space.
Atoms have Electrons which are very small
and are negatively charged and have a
negligible mass (mass = 0).
Electrons move in orbits around the center
of the atom - in relatively distinct areas
called Energy Levels.(aka. Orbits or shells)
The farther from the center an
electron is the more energy it has.
Electrons (& therefor atoms, can gain
and lose energy) and do this by moving
between energy levels.
Atoms have a Nucleus which contain Protons
& Neutrons.
Protons are Positively Charged and have
a mass=1
The number of protons in an atom’s
nucleus determines what element it is
Neutrons have no charge and are
therefor called Neutral and have a mass
= 1.
4. Summary of Subatomic Particles:
Particle Name Location Charge Mass
Electron Orbitals -1 ~0
Proton Nucleus +1 1
Neutron Nucleus No Charge 1
5. Periodic Table
Notation:
Chemical elements are represented on the
periodic table using the following format.
The letter is an abbreviation of Element
Name
Atomic Number is the number is the
number of protons the atom has. It is
the number of protons an element has
which determines what element it is.
Mass Number is the total mass of an
atom in AMU. It is the same as the
number of protons & neutrons of the
element. One can calculate the number
of neutrons an atom has by subtracting
the atomic number (# protons) from the
mass number. Mass number CAN change
without changing the identity of the
element.
6. Isotopes:
Atoms having the same atomic numbers and different mass
numbers are called Isotopes
Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers
of neutrons (mass).
They react chemically the same as the “normal” form of the
element
They are frequently radioactive
Isotopes of
Hydrogen
7. Interactions of matter:
Atoms interact through the process of chemical bonding.
Process is determined by the number of electrons found in the
outermost energy level of an atom.
Involves the transfer & sharing of electrons between atoms.
8. ELECTRON / ENERGY LEVEL RULES:
Atoms in a neutral state have an
equal number of protons and
electrons.
Atoms “fill up” their energy
levels from the lowest to the
highest. Electrons rarely “skip”
levels.
The 1st Energy level can only
hold 2 electrons
The 2nd (& all higher) energy
levels can only hold 8 electrons
Atoms seek to have a “full”
outermost energy level. All
chemical reactions happen to
accomplish this
9. Chemical
Bonds
When a Chemical Reaction occurs atoms gain, lose or share
electrons
Atoms always want to have their outer energy level “full” of
electrons
When an atom has a different number of protons &
electrons it is called an Ion.
If an ion has more protons than electrons - it is Positively
Charged
If an atom has more electrons than protons it is Negatively
Charged.
Atoms of opposite charge are attracted to each other.
There are three types of chemical bonds. Ionic bonds,
Covalent Bonds, & Metallic Bonds.
10. Ionic Bonds:
Ionic bonds form when 1 atom “gives” one or more electrons
to another atom to complete their outer energy levels.
This results in 1 positively charged ion & 1 negatively
charged ion
Since opposite charges attract, they come together and
bond.
11. Covalent
Bonds:
Covalent bonds form when 2 atoms
“share” one or more electrons
between them.
There are 2 types of covalent bonds:
Non-Polar Covalent bonds form when
two atoms share electrons equally
Polar Covalent bonds form when two
atoms share electrons unequally.
Atoms can form more than 1 electron
between them forming double and
triple bonds
A Molecule is a group of 2 or more
atoms held together by covalent
bonds.
13. Chemical
Reactions:
A Chemical Reaction = whenever a chemical bond is formed or broken.
2 types (sometimes 3) of chemical reactants
Reactants = Substances existing before the reaction
Products = Substances existing after the reaction
Catalysts = Substances which speed up the rate of a reaction
Chemical Equations are a shorthand way of showing chemical reactions.
Separates Products and reactants.
Usually follow flow of energy.
Rx’s naturally occur when they release energy
Can however occur when energy is added.
14. Structural and Chemical
Formulas:
Chemical formulas show the number of and types of
atoms in a molecule
Structural Formulas are used to graphically represent
a chemical formula
Useful in visualizing how chemicals react and form new
ones.
When drawing them use the following rules:
The Periodic table abbreviation is used to represent
the atoms.
A single strait line (---) represents a single bond
Two parallel strait lines (==) represent double bonds
15. Example
FCohermmicaul Nlaames: Chemical Formula Structural Formula
Water H2O
Carbon
Dioxide
CO2
Methane CH4
Glucose C6H12O6