Exploitation of Source Rock Hydrocarbons through Propane StimulationecorpStim
Unofficial translation of the Report by the French Ministry of Economy and Industry (2013)
Exploitation of Source Rock Hydrocarbons through Propane Stimulation
Unconventional Hydrocarbons in France - Perspectives opened by new technologi...ecorpStim
Unofficial translation of the Report by the French Ministry of Economy and Industry (2014)
Analysis of propane stimulation and shale gas opportunities for France
Exploitation of Source Rock Hydrocarbons through Propane StimulationecorpStim
Unofficial translation of the Report by the French Ministry of Economy and Industry (2013)
Exploitation of Source Rock Hydrocarbons through Propane Stimulation
Unconventional Hydrocarbons in France - Perspectives opened by new technologi...ecorpStim
Unofficial translation of the Report by the French Ministry of Economy and Industry (2014)
Analysis of propane stimulation and shale gas opportunities for France
BlueScape 2022 Update: CEQA Air Quality & Greenhouse Gas Impact Studies Webin...BlueScape
In 2022, developers completing an Environmental Impact Report (EIR) under the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) must complete Air Quality and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) impact technical studies to address the potential for significant environment impacts. In this webinar, you will learn about:
• Status in 2022 of the CEQA Guidelines, and local lead agency air quality and GHG analysis guidelines;
• When Air Quality and Greenhouse Gas technical studies must be completed under CEQA, or as otherwise required by reviewing agencies;
• Project strategies; working with agencies and the public through the process;
• Types of projects and air emission sources, the construction and operation phases, analysis types, and information needs;
• Pollutant types and typical CEQA air quality and GHG analysis significance thresholds;
• Difference between Project Design Elements and Mitigation;
• Typical air quality and GHG mitigation requirements: How to address mitigation and monitoring;
• How to review project alternatives and cumulative impacts with other projects;
• The role of California air districts in CEQA review and relationship to other actions such as air permitting;
• Special non-CEQA analysis cases, such as projects near schools and freeways;
• 2022 update on software tools and guidance documents, including CalEEMod, EMFAC, AERMOD, and HARP2;
• Elements of CEQA Air Quality and Greenhouse Gas technical study reports;
• An example Case Study.
About the instructor:
James A. Westbrook is the President of BlueScape Environmental, with over 30 years of experience completing CEQA Air Quality and Greenhouse Gas technical studies. He has led this type of work for the development of transmission lines, renewable energy farms, petroleum refinery expansion, power plants, manufacturing, landfills, rail expansion, airports, highways, seaports, retail centers, schools, and multifamily housing.
Do not include any personal information as all posted material on this site is considered to be part of a public record as defined by section 27 of the Municipal Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act.
We reserve the right to remove inappropriate comments. Please see Terms of Use for City of Toronto Social Media Sites at http://www.toronto.ca/e-updates/termsofuse.htm.
BlueScape AB 617 Update, The Community Air Protection Program Draft Blueprint...BlueScape
This webinar is an update to BlueScape’s presentation on March 22, 2018. On June 7, 2018, the Air Resources Board (ARB), released the Draft Community Air Protection Program Blueprint. ARB requests that comments on the Blueprint be submitted by July 23rd, 2018. The Blueprint builds on ARB’s previous Concept Paper, containing detailed information on identification and selection of Communities; criteria for emission reduction programs; statewide rulemaking actions, tools and resources; and, Air Monitoring Plan requirements.
Communities have been self-recommending to the Air Districts. The Community Identification process closes by June 29, 2018. One of the main concerns of industry is likely to be how effectively these Communities will collect monitoring data, visualize and analyze potential impacts, and work with the regulatory agencies to make and implement appropriate emission reduction decisions.
AB 617 is a fast-developing program with potentially far-reaching consequences in California. The program is expected to be approved by the ARB Board by fall 2018 and launched by year-end. This webinar will update you on current AB 617 Program developments:
- Summary of important elements in ARB’s Draft Blueprint document;
- Expected Year 1 target Communities List in three major Air Districts;
- AB 617 activities & schedule update, at the State and Air District levels;
- Community governance, and the role of agencies and industries;
- Description of Air Monitoring Plan requirements and expected technical developments;
- Update on Community Funding Grants and other funding resources; and
- Data analysis and visualization; a demonstration on how communities could use monitoring and emissions data to assess emission reductions.
James Westbrook can be reached at jwestbrook@bluescapeinc.com or 877-486-9257. Please contact us for any questions or support you need to work with the air agencies and communities to respond to the developing regulations and requirements under AB 617, and if you have an air quality impact analysis needs.
BlueScape How to Create a CEQA Air Quality Analysis for Development Projects ...BlueScape
This webinar by James Westbrook, President of BlueScape Environmental, provides an overview of how to create a CEQA Air Quality Analysis. The first section of the webinar discusses when an Air Quality Analysis must be completed under CEQA; project types including construction and operation phases; air pollutant emission sources and applicable CEQA significance thresholds; how to construct a conservative analysis while filling in assumption “holes;” review of project alternatives and mitigation requirements; the role of air agencies in CEQA review and relationship to other actions such as air permitting; special analysis cases; and strategies to work with agencies and the public throughout the air quality impact review process. The webinar is presented from the standpoint of CEQA air quality guidelines provided by the South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD).
The second part of the webinar presents a technical discussion on methods and tools used to complete air quality studies, including CalEEMod emission modeling software, CARB EMFAC and OFFROAD databases, and AERMOD and HARP2 impact modeling software. A case example for completing an air quality study for a commercial development using CalEEMod is presented.
James Westbrook can be reached at training@bluescapeinc.com or 877-486-9257. Please contact us for questions and support for how to create a CEQA Air Quality Analysis.
The NYC DEP Feasibility study that takes a look at the current nitrogen removal efforts, where the four waste treatment plants are now in terms of Nitrogen loading reductions and future technologies that have been studied for possible implementation at these plants.
Do not include any personal information as all posted material on this site is considered to be part of a public record as defined by section 27 of the Municipal Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act.
We reserve the right to remove inappropriate comments. Please see Terms of Use for City of Toronto Social Media Sites at http://www.toronto.ca/e-updates/termsofuse.htm.
Water and Wastewater: Challenges & Opportunities in the Mining IndustryAECOM
By 2014, mine operators around the world will be investing more than US$13-billion in water-related infrastructure, according to Global Water Intelligence. AECOM’s Till Freihammer examines what this means for the industry in terms of emerging opportunities and challenges. The presentation was first delivered at the 2nd Annual Water Management for Mining Summit in Toronto, Canada, on May 10, 2013.
A Novel Technology for Fracking Wastewater TreatmentGwen Jordaan
MGP Biotechnologies is a company focused on developing a water remediation technology that selectively removes heavy metal from water. We are currently exploring applications of the technology to the fracking industry. In particular, we believe our technology can be used to remove heavy metal from the flowback water. Our technology is a highly efficient, cost effective and sustainable approach to solving the problem of toxic heavy metal contamination.
BlueScape 2022 Update: CEQA Air Quality & Greenhouse Gas Impact Studies Webin...BlueScape
In 2022, developers completing an Environmental Impact Report (EIR) under the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) must complete Air Quality and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) impact technical studies to address the potential for significant environment impacts. In this webinar, you will learn about:
• Status in 2022 of the CEQA Guidelines, and local lead agency air quality and GHG analysis guidelines;
• When Air Quality and Greenhouse Gas technical studies must be completed under CEQA, or as otherwise required by reviewing agencies;
• Project strategies; working with agencies and the public through the process;
• Types of projects and air emission sources, the construction and operation phases, analysis types, and information needs;
• Pollutant types and typical CEQA air quality and GHG analysis significance thresholds;
• Difference between Project Design Elements and Mitigation;
• Typical air quality and GHG mitigation requirements: How to address mitigation and monitoring;
• How to review project alternatives and cumulative impacts with other projects;
• The role of California air districts in CEQA review and relationship to other actions such as air permitting;
• Special non-CEQA analysis cases, such as projects near schools and freeways;
• 2022 update on software tools and guidance documents, including CalEEMod, EMFAC, AERMOD, and HARP2;
• Elements of CEQA Air Quality and Greenhouse Gas technical study reports;
• An example Case Study.
About the instructor:
James A. Westbrook is the President of BlueScape Environmental, with over 30 years of experience completing CEQA Air Quality and Greenhouse Gas technical studies. He has led this type of work for the development of transmission lines, renewable energy farms, petroleum refinery expansion, power plants, manufacturing, landfills, rail expansion, airports, highways, seaports, retail centers, schools, and multifamily housing.
Do not include any personal information as all posted material on this site is considered to be part of a public record as defined by section 27 of the Municipal Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act.
We reserve the right to remove inappropriate comments. Please see Terms of Use for City of Toronto Social Media Sites at http://www.toronto.ca/e-updates/termsofuse.htm.
BlueScape AB 617 Update, The Community Air Protection Program Draft Blueprint...BlueScape
This webinar is an update to BlueScape’s presentation on March 22, 2018. On June 7, 2018, the Air Resources Board (ARB), released the Draft Community Air Protection Program Blueprint. ARB requests that comments on the Blueprint be submitted by July 23rd, 2018. The Blueprint builds on ARB’s previous Concept Paper, containing detailed information on identification and selection of Communities; criteria for emission reduction programs; statewide rulemaking actions, tools and resources; and, Air Monitoring Plan requirements.
Communities have been self-recommending to the Air Districts. The Community Identification process closes by June 29, 2018. One of the main concerns of industry is likely to be how effectively these Communities will collect monitoring data, visualize and analyze potential impacts, and work with the regulatory agencies to make and implement appropriate emission reduction decisions.
AB 617 is a fast-developing program with potentially far-reaching consequences in California. The program is expected to be approved by the ARB Board by fall 2018 and launched by year-end. This webinar will update you on current AB 617 Program developments:
- Summary of important elements in ARB’s Draft Blueprint document;
- Expected Year 1 target Communities List in three major Air Districts;
- AB 617 activities & schedule update, at the State and Air District levels;
- Community governance, and the role of agencies and industries;
- Description of Air Monitoring Plan requirements and expected technical developments;
- Update on Community Funding Grants and other funding resources; and
- Data analysis and visualization; a demonstration on how communities could use monitoring and emissions data to assess emission reductions.
James Westbrook can be reached at jwestbrook@bluescapeinc.com or 877-486-9257. Please contact us for any questions or support you need to work with the air agencies and communities to respond to the developing regulations and requirements under AB 617, and if you have an air quality impact analysis needs.
BlueScape How to Create a CEQA Air Quality Analysis for Development Projects ...BlueScape
This webinar by James Westbrook, President of BlueScape Environmental, provides an overview of how to create a CEQA Air Quality Analysis. The first section of the webinar discusses when an Air Quality Analysis must be completed under CEQA; project types including construction and operation phases; air pollutant emission sources and applicable CEQA significance thresholds; how to construct a conservative analysis while filling in assumption “holes;” review of project alternatives and mitigation requirements; the role of air agencies in CEQA review and relationship to other actions such as air permitting; special analysis cases; and strategies to work with agencies and the public throughout the air quality impact review process. The webinar is presented from the standpoint of CEQA air quality guidelines provided by the South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD).
The second part of the webinar presents a technical discussion on methods and tools used to complete air quality studies, including CalEEMod emission modeling software, CARB EMFAC and OFFROAD databases, and AERMOD and HARP2 impact modeling software. A case example for completing an air quality study for a commercial development using CalEEMod is presented.
James Westbrook can be reached at training@bluescapeinc.com or 877-486-9257. Please contact us for questions and support for how to create a CEQA Air Quality Analysis.
The NYC DEP Feasibility study that takes a look at the current nitrogen removal efforts, where the four waste treatment plants are now in terms of Nitrogen loading reductions and future technologies that have been studied for possible implementation at these plants.
Do not include any personal information as all posted material on this site is considered to be part of a public record as defined by section 27 of the Municipal Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act.
We reserve the right to remove inappropriate comments. Please see Terms of Use for City of Toronto Social Media Sites at http://www.toronto.ca/e-updates/termsofuse.htm.
Water and Wastewater: Challenges & Opportunities in the Mining IndustryAECOM
By 2014, mine operators around the world will be investing more than US$13-billion in water-related infrastructure, according to Global Water Intelligence. AECOM’s Till Freihammer examines what this means for the industry in terms of emerging opportunities and challenges. The presentation was first delivered at the 2nd Annual Water Management for Mining Summit in Toronto, Canada, on May 10, 2013.
A Novel Technology for Fracking Wastewater TreatmentGwen Jordaan
MGP Biotechnologies is a company focused on developing a water remediation technology that selectively removes heavy metal from water. We are currently exploring applications of the technology to the fracking industry. In particular, we believe our technology can be used to remove heavy metal from the flowback water. Our technology is a highly efficient, cost effective and sustainable approach to solving the problem of toxic heavy metal contamination.
Presentation new assesment tools carbon finance ramiran 2013Gaia_gevalor
Presentation article Ramiran June 2013 "Emission Reductions of Greenhouse Gas emissions and domestic waste composting in less advanced countries. Why new assessment tools are requested." Gaïa Ludington - Georges Morizot - Baptiste Flipo - Jocelyne Delarue. Gevalor
Management of landfill leachate: The legacy of European Union DirectivesRaymond Brennan
Sardinia 2015: Impact of the EU Directives on landfill leachate management: Case study Ireland. Submitted and accepted in journal of Waste Management. Article title: 'Management of landfill leachate: The legacy of European Union Directives.'
Research Coordination Network on Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage Funded by National Science Foundation in USA - A.-H. Alissa Park, Columbia University - UKCCSRC Strathclyde Biannual 8-9 September 2015
Towards smarter agricultural systems: past, present and envisaged future soil...CIAT
Firstly, results on the influence of conventional crop management systems (based on inorganic fertilizers) and organic cropping systems (based on organic fertilizers) on soil properties, crop production and greenhouse gas emissions are presented. These results were generated through laboratory assays, field measurements and process-based biogeochemical models (the past). Secondly, current efforts on improving processes in the greenhouse gas laboratory (Soils Research area), to ensure the generation of quality results are explained (the present). Thirdly, a vision on the roadmap for climate change mitigation research and potential contributions to CIAT’s strategic initiatives and goals is presented (the future).
Leachate generation from tsdf and its treatment optionsAyushi Chaturvedi
Introduction to Hazardous waste landfill and Leachate
Supportive Data and figures
Real Episode due to Leachate Contamination
Leachate Generation Factors
TSDF - Introduction
TSDF – Case Study
Literature Review
List of Applicable leachate treatment Technologies
Similar to Materials Flux Analysis @myassignmenthelp.net (20)
Artificial intelligence or AI in short is the latest technology on which the whole world is working today. We at myassignmenthelp.net are providing help with all the assignments and projects. So when ever you need help with any work related to AI feel free to get in touch
myassignmenthelp is premier service provider for NLP related assignments and projects. Given PPT describes processes involved in NLP programming.so whenever you need help in any work related to natural language processing feel free to get in touch with us.
myassignmenthelp.net provides in all assignments and projects related to python. Go through ppt for more details about python programming languages.Incase you need help with any of the task related to programming feel free to get in touch with us.
classifiers idc assignment help is provided by myassignmenthelp.net. so when ever you need help in any of the assignment feel free to get in touch with myassignmenthelp
myassignmenthelp.net provides uml assignment help whether its simple visio digramm or complex ones for more info visit
http://www.myassignmenthelp.net/uml-assignment-help.php
Get help with all er diagram assignments only at my assignment help. myassignmenthelp.net has team of experts who are available round the clock to help you.
myassignmenthelp.net provides assignment help in almost all programming languages for more info visit our website
http://www.myassignmenthelp.net/programming-assignment-help.php
entity relationship diagram or ERD is always required while starting any database project. myassignmenthelp provides help with all kinds of such assignments.
writing case study requires clear understanding of case. So it becomes imperative that one follows step required to write a good case study. myassignmenthelp has team of expert writers who can help you write case study assignments which can help you secure good garde
Learn about critical path method by myassignmenthelp.net
Get help with all project management assignment help
http://www.myassignmenthelp.net/project-management-assignment-help.php
Myassignmenthelp.net has a team of experts competent to handle all kinds of computer network assignments and homework. We are capable of handling all kinds of homework and assignments. Our team of dedicated experts has a rich experience of working with top-tier software firms across the world and understand all the aspects of a programming language http://www.myassignmenthelp.net/programming-assignment-help.php
ActionScript is a object oriented scripting language. Like ECMAScript the Actionscript is similar to the java script. Actionscript provides the interactive functionalitry to the the web site. Actionscript is mostly used in the flash software developer can set and control the actions of the Flash objects. Actionscript provide the additional features to the animation with flash and to create advance interactive animations and applications for the users. Actionscript is used for the kids tutorials and games so that kids can understand the lessons more easily. This is used by many advertisement companies to create the advertisements banners with flash and small animations http://www.myassignmenthelp.net/programming-assignment-help.php
We at myassignmenthelp.net offers students with several ways and technique that can surely help them remember all the reaction and formulae paving their way. The methods are always delivered to the students in the simple ways, so that students feel free, comfortable and easy to complete the Chemistry Assignment Help on time. Our teachers interact with the students, understand their problem and hence satisfy them with perfect solution
myassignmenthelp provides help with all kind of hysys related work. so whenever you need help in any assignment related to it feel free to get in touch with us.
want to learn about Aspect-Oriented Software Development with Use Cases. These ppts will help you . Still need more info or help with any assignment related to use case visit http://www.myassignmenthelp.net/uml-assignment-help.php
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
2. Overview
Review
– Regional Environmental Management
• Introduction
• Approaches to Standard Setting
• National SoE reports
• Reactive v Anticipatory Environmental Management
Materials Flux Analysis
– Aims
– System Definition
– Method
– Cadmium Example
– Conclusions
Tutorial
3. References
Brunner PH and Rechberger H; 2004, Practical handbook of Material Flow Analysis;
Lewis Publ.
Brunner P and Baccini P, 1993; Regional Material Management and Environmental
Protection, WM&R
7. Regional Environmental Management :
Reactive v Anticipatory Env. Mgt.
Time scale problems with monitoring emissions and effects
An alternative approach
R E
ENVIRONMENT
ANTHROPOSPHERE
Stock
2
13
8. Materials Flux Analysis :
Aims
Background :
– Chemical Engineers : mass balance for reactors
– Civil Engineers : water balance in regions
– --> MFA : mass balance with regions as reactor
Aims :
– fundamental and holistic understanding of pollution
problem
– where to concentrate resources
– predictive ability
– input to human toxicology and ecotoxicology
9. Materials Flux Analysis :
System Definition
Select substance
Determine goods
Balance goods through processes
Calculate substance balance
I = o + Δ , for ΔT
10. Sustainability criteria:
• Is the mining of non-
renewable resources
sustainable? Is recycling
efficient enough?
• Is the outflow from the
economy too high compared to
geogenic flows:
– Volcanoes, weathering and
erosion, bushfires,
dissolution of minerals in
groundwater.
Volcano in Iceland, April 2010
11. Materials Flux Analysis :
General Regional System Definition: Cd
Example : Cd in NiCd batteries
– O : Mine 1: concentrate
– A: Smelter/recycler 2: Cd
– B: NiCd Battery plant 3: NiCd batteries
– C: household 4: Used NiCds
– X: Household outside region 5: NiCds
– Y: Recycler outside region 6: used NiCds
– Other goods for Cd : intentional, unintentional
– --> Cd balance for region
system boundary
O
Y
X
goodprocess
stock
Legend:
1
A
B
C
6
52
4
3
LF
12. Sources of Cadmium
Zinc ore
– zinc and cadmium metal
Phosphate rock and limestone
– Cd contamination
Intentional Uses
– Dispersive: plating, PVC stabiliser, pigment
– Concentrated: NiCd batteries
Unintentional Uses
– with phosphate fertilizer
– contaminants in other materials
13. EU Environmental Problems
Resource depletion ?
Environmental contamination
– food products
– soils
– aquatic ecosystems
– locally around landfills
Bioaccumulative
– toxic
What problem here?
What diseases?
14. MFA for Cd in EU 1987
What goods?
Where from?
What is the geogenic flow?
Is this a problem for the EU?
( +Iceland volcano
2010)
15. 1987 Key Cd Stocks and Flows
Environmental processes
Agricultural Soils ( +634T/yr)
– 77% of Cd from P fertilizer and manure
– 80% of ultimate origin from phosphate rock
Surface waters ( +161T/yr)
– 69% from industrial and sewage effluents
– ultimate origin : 38% P rock, 40% zinc
Landfill ( environmental compartment ?) ( +2428T/yr)
– 58% from industrial wastes, 32 % from h’hold waste
– ultimate origin : 9% P rock, 77% zinc and Cd
16. Key flows
Economic processes
Economic stocks ( + 6309 t/yr)
– 89% Cd products
– ultimate origin : 97% zinc ore and Cd import
Economic stocks become wastes
– unrecycled to landfill, biggest env sink
Is Cd contained in landfill ?
– if no, a significant environmental load
– in Australia ?
18. MFA for Cd in EU post controls
9829
2094
3206
3063
29
6309
Has the problem been solved?
19. MFA Analysis of outcomes
Transfer Cd emissions to landfill
Unintentional uses ( a contaminant) continues, 10% of
intentional uses
Concentrated intentional uses increase - NiCd batteries now
80%, increasing demand
Cd supply to economy linked to zinc demand
NiCd battery recycling 15%>>, 50-60%
Env stock increases at slower rate
Landfill and economy stocks increase at higher rate
20. Cd in Switzerland 1990..
do as an exercise
Is Cd use in Switzerland sustainable?
21. Global Cadmium Cycle
Stock Variation=?
6 000t/yr
Cd to Env= 11 000t/yr
Geogenic Flow= 6 400t/yr
Q:Is this sustainable?
22. 2008 Cd global situation
20 000 T/year demand for new goods (mostly NiCd batteries)
Increasing recycling of Ni and Cd in NICd batteries….4000T/year Cd
Primary Cd demand reduced over past 10 years from 24 000 T/year ->
16 000 T/yr
Increasing demand and supply of Zinc concentrates…increased >10%
over past 10 years…
Where is the non-demanded Cd going??
23. Possible Additional Cd Controls
What else can we do?
• If environmental contamination
still a problem :
– limit regional input to :
• allowed economic stock
increase
• allowed env emission
rate
– control waste outputs:
• stock as future resource
• or, immobilise
– Cd stored at zinc refinery,
future resource
– Ban zinc
i.e. need to recycle to
Replace old goods
24. Cd Management in Australia
Controls
– Fertilizer…<300mgCd/Kg P
– Mineral supplements (zinc sulphate)
– point source discharge limits
– some industrial NiCd battery recycling, voluntary consumer NiCd
battery recycling.
Environmental contamination:
– 10%(92/93) and 2% ( 93/94) inland river (NSW) contamination
– 6-10% of seafood in NSW with above 0.2mg/kg allow level
– 5 of 2236 wheat samples above allow level
– Acid Sulphate Soils
– 1997 review report
26. MFA for Cd in Australia
MFA for Cd in Australia
– do not follow other region’s rules
– include Australian economy
Test a range of Cd controls
– use MFA to test outcomes of CP strategies
Examine fate of Cd in landfills, other sinks
– what is fate of Cd in environment ?
• long term issues
For NiCd batteries :
– now 80% of intentional use of Cd
– How should NiCd batteries be collected
– How should NiCd batteries be recycled
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34. Conclusions
" A complete understanding of the metabolism of the anthroposphere is
essential for the welfare of humans and the biosphere“
" first analysis indicates dynamics of material flow are not under sufficient
control to secure resources and environmental quality"
The method of material flux analysis an indispensable tool in understanding the
metabolism of the anthroposphere
Materials flux analysis enables / facilitates the setting of limits (carrying
capacity)
- compare geogenic + anthropogenic fluxes
- ( less often) ----> ecotoxicology study
Material flux analysis should be applied to account for regional materials fluxes
and to control them
35. Civilizations that have developed improved measurement and controls
in their economies have succeeded:
Egypt
Venice….
Now:
- 1930s money crisis ---> economic models / control
- 1960s energy crisis ---> energy audits and control
- annual material flux analysis
integration of economics and environment Sustainability?
36. MFA Example : Lead in a Region
Is lead use in the region sustainable? If no, what should be done?
What is the stock variation in Pb in household, why?
What is stock variation in PBL; Soils; River; ARA; Landfill; Industry; Sewer
Is the Pb in the landfill a problem? Or an opportunity?
37. MFA Tutorial : Lead in a Region
Is lead use in the region sustainable?
38. Thank you
Incase you need help in any assignment:
Visit:
http://www.myassignmenthelp.net/engine
ering-assignment-help.php