TRANSACTIONAL AND TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIPSantosh Meka
The Brief idea about the Transactional Leadership and Transformational Leadership.
Difference between them and component and implications of this style model.
Behavioral theories assert that people can learn how to become leaders through teaching and observation. As a reaction to the trait theories, the behavioral theories looks not at the traits and abilities of leaders, but their behavior.
TRANSACTIONAL AND TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIPSantosh Meka
The Brief idea about the Transactional Leadership and Transformational Leadership.
Difference between them and component and implications of this style model.
Behavioral theories assert that people can learn how to become leaders through teaching and observation. As a reaction to the trait theories, the behavioral theories looks not at the traits and abilities of leaders, but their behavior.
Over the centuries leadership has been a key subject of discussion about universal leadership. Numerous studies show not one leadership fits to all occasions. Each situation might perhaps require different type of leadership
Over the centuries leadership has been a key subject of discussion about universal leadership. Numerous studies show not one leadership fits to all occasions. Each situation might perhaps require different type of leadership
·From the weekly readings and e-Activity, analyze the key influe.docxalinainglis
·
From the weekly readings and e-Activity, analyze the key influences that the theoretical and practical aspects of public leadership may exert upon a public leader’s performance. Provide two (2) examples of these influences to support your response.
·
From the weekly readings and e-Activity, predict two to three (2-3) challenges that public leaders will face regarding the future of public leadership. Provide a rationale response.
Readings:
·
Leadership Theories
For decades, leadership theories have been the source of numerous studies. In reality as well as in practice, many have tried to define what allows authentic leaders to stand apart from the mass! Hence, there as many theories on leadership as there are philosophers, researchers and professors that have studied and ultimately published their leadership theory. A great article to read before diving into the theories is the
The Philosophical Foundations of Leadership
Theories are commonly categorized by which aspect is believed to define the leader the most. The most widespread one's are:
Great Man Theory
,
Trait Theory
,
Behavioural Theories
,
Contingency Theories
,
Transactional Theories
and
Transformational Theories
.
Leadership Theories
Great Man Theory (1840s)
The Great Man theory evolved around the mid 19th century. Even though no one was able to identify with any scientific certainty, which human characteristic or combination of, were responsible for identifying great leaders. Everyone recognized that just as the name suggests; only a man could have the characteristic (s) of a great leader.
The Great Man theory assumes that the traits of leadership are intrinsic. That simply means that great leaders are born...
they are not made. This theory sees great leaders as those who are destined by birth to become a leader. Furthermore, the belief was that great leaders will rise when confronted with the appropriate situation. The theory was popularized by Thomas Carlyle, a writer and teacher. Just like him, the Great Man theory was inspired by the study of influential heroes. In his book "On Heroes, Hero-Worship, and the Heroic in History", he compared a wide array of heroes.
In 1860, Herbert Spencer, an English philosopher disputed the great man theory by affirming that these heroes are simply the product of their times and their actions the results of social conditions.
Trait Theory (1930's - 1940's)
The trait leadership theory believes that people are either born or are made with certain qualities that will make them excel in leadership roles. That is, certain qualities such as intelligence, sense of responsibility, creativity and other values puts anyone in the shoes of a good leader. In fact,
Gordon Allport
, an American psychologist,"...identified almost 18,000 English personality-relevant terms" (Matthews, Deary & Whiteman, 2003, p. 3).
The trait theory of leadership focused on analyzing mental, physical and social characteristic in order to gain more understanding of .
The National Society of Leadership and Success discusses characteristics of great leadership, and how they can be developed in almost any individual through schooling and direct experience.
Weeks 3–4 Sources of Power, Influence, and Empowerment as Well as L.docxtwilacrt6k5
Weeks 3–4: Sources of Power, Influence, and Empowerment as Well as Leadership Traits and Skills
Introduction
What are the bases of social power? How do effective leaders use their power? It has been said that the social use of power by leaders is a topic that has much in common with the topic of romantic love. You may recognize it as a potent force in your social life, or you may talk about it in everyday language, or ponder its meaning. In this paradigm, researchers see power use as being affected by organizational contexts and point to hierarchical status systems as causal factors. Additionally, leaders' personal qualities, such as core values like authority relations and dependency habits, are a part of this paradigm. Once social system factors such as organizational culture and social justice perceptions are included, you will begin to see why empowerment is often posed as a simplistic solution to problems when it is in fact the result of a fascinating complex of many different processes in an occupational setting.
As you interact with your colleagues this week, think about whether there can be harmful aftereffects to the overuse or abuse of power. What describes the true sharing of power in a high-stakes organizational environment?
Whether one looks in western cultures or in eastern cultural resources, the earliest writings can be said to be accounts of the heroic journeys or experiences of our moral leaders. Even ancient Greek philosophy, not normally associated with one religion or another, espouses the desirability of the "philosopher king," who by superior intellect leads in a moral fashion. In contrast, there has never been a universal agreement on what the ideal leadership trait might be. How can you best understand the differences in leaders' characteristics? If there is no one best way to lead, then is there one best characteristic for each particular situation for leadership? In the 20th century, a number of contingency theories attempted to match individual traits with specific leadership situations or contexts. This argument could be put simply by saying that no leadership trait was all-important but that didn't mean that traits or individual qualities were unimportant either; they just had to be understood in their context. More recently, our ideas of traits have expanded beyond motivations or personality factors. Individual difference factors such as gender have been hotly debated.
What about diversity factors like gender and/or ethnicity: do they interact with traits or skills to help us understand leadership?
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this week, you will be able to:
Distinguish among social bases of power, social influence attempts, and authority models as paradigms
Analyze the organization bases for expertise and delegation
Measure outcomes of power assertion, and how it relates to social change
Evaluate differences in leadership styles
Assess emotional intelligence as a skill set for power and influence
Apply .
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
1. Charismatic or Great Man
Theoryof Leadership
A Nature vs. Nurture conversation
in Leadership Models
2. What is the Great Man Theory?
Throughout this presentation, we will review:
1. What the Great Man Theory is
2. Thomas Carlyle’s beliefs on the Great Man
3. Different Historical Archetypes and how they present
4. Recognizable traits in leaders
5. Big Five Personality Traits Theory - A connection
6. Any underlying beliefs or assumptions in the Great Man Theory
7. Main Proponents of Great Man Theory
8. Pros and Cons of the Great Man Theory
3. Description of Leadership Theory
- Great leaders are born with inherent traits that make them great leaders
- These traits set them apart from everyone else
- Enables them to take control or assume authority
- Emphasizes charisma - Greek work for gift
- Time will reveal the Great Man when it is necessary
- Great leaders are ‘heroes’ for their nation, society, culture or organization
- When you ‘Zoom Out’ in history, you are left with larger than life characters
- Theory does not delve into extensive detail or backstory
- Inherent belief that those in power deserve to be in power due to the traits
and position they were born with or were born into
4. Main Proponents of Great Man Theory
- Mid-19th Century theory proposed by Thomas Carlyle
- Began as a series on Heroism that evolved into a book
- ‘History is nothing more than a collection of biographies belonging to
Great Men’
- Inspired by Napoleon, as he was living during his reign
- Not a universally accepted theory, for good reason
- Modern political leaders enjoy utilizing the Great Man theory
5. Great Man Theory by Thomas Carlyle Summarized
1. Leaders are gifts of God to mankind. A measure of divinity is attributed to leaders and their actions.
2. Everyone cannot aspire to become a leader and to attain greatness. We are not all born with the same ‘stuff’.
3. The inborn leadership qualities alone are necessary and sufficient for a leader to exercise influence over his
followers and to become successful.
4. Leadership qualities and effectiveness are independent variables. Situational factors like the nature and needs of
followers, the demands of task and the general socioeconomic environment have little or no influence on a leader’s
emergence or effectiveness.
5. The theory discounts the belief that individuals can be trained for assuming leadership positions and roles.
Leadership qualities cannot be transmitted through education and exposure.
6. Ability to capture the imagination of the masses.
7. Assumes that all leaders in history would be good leaders for all situations.
6. Different Historical Archetypes of Great Man Theory
1. Hero as Divinity - Religious figures and Classic Mythology
2. Prophet - Isaiah, Ezekiel
3. Poet - Shakespeare, Wordsworth
4. Priest - Martin Luther
5. Man of Letters - Rousseau, Hobbes, Locke
6. King or Political Ruler - Napoleon, Oliver Cromwell, Donald Trump
7. Great Man Theory led to recognizable traits
- Leaders tend to have similar personality traits or characteristics
- Great Man Theory led to Trait Theory
- Trait Theory is quite general - there are a lot of words that describe
people
- Eventually narrowed down to 16 traits that leaders tend to possess
- This led to personality groupings which evolved into the Big 5
Personality Traits Theory
8. Big Five Personality Traits Theory
- Closely associated with Great Man Theory
- Commonality of personality traits in history
- Lots of assumptions being made in both theories about Nature vs Nurture
Big Five Personality Traits
1. Extraversion: the tendency to be outgoing, assertive, and active
2. Agreeableness: the tendency to be kind and trustworthy
3. Conscientiousness: determined by achievement and dependability
4. Neuroticism: the tendency to be anxious and fearful
5. Openness to experiences: the tendency to be creative and perceptive
Both theories focus on inherited traits at birth, rather than any coachable or developable skill sets in leaders.
9. Any underlying beliefs or assumptions about human nature
- People are static in their development
- Leaders are born fully developed and prepared
- You are born with the traits that you will have for life. No one else can be leaders
- As our understanding of leadership grew, so did the science researching it
- There are consistent ruling classes and subservient classes throughout history. History
is the story of constant class struggle.
- How human beings are motivated, inspired or develop themselves
- Is leadership a situational trait or an overall human trait?
- Discounts the concept of ‘history from below’, where there are small waves of events
that create their own leaders
10. Pros of the Great Man Theory
- Great theory for Monarchy or Dictators, not for educators
- Provides stability through strength or fear
- Is viewed positively if you are born into ruling class and have the ‘appropriate’
leadership traits
11. Cons of the Great Man Theory
- Herbert Spencer, a noted biologist, sociologist, philosopher and political theorist of the Victorian era,
‘countered that the Great Man Theory was childish, primitive and unscientific.’
- Great Man Theory does not stand up to Scientific rigour
- Spencer believed leaders were products of their environment and not born with all required traits.
- Leaders are solely products of their social environments
- If we are connecting leadership to traits, what happens to those born with leadership traits but not the
position? Would all these people find themselves in leadership roles eventually?
- Many Great Men achieved their leadership positions through birthright
- Many of the traits sighted are considered more masculine traits, rather than universal human traits
- Not scientifically rigorous, relies on innate superiority or birth or social hierarchy
- No room for women to be leaders
- Not many positives associated with this theory. Is useful to authoritarians and despots.
12. Outcome of Great Man Leadership Theory
- Not based on theory at all. Based on historical observations.
- Great man theory began as lectures that were turned into a book
- Looks at traits of leaders throughout history
- No room for growth or development in humans
- Upper class remains in control
- Lower classes provide for them
- Little social capital or movement between the different classes
- No room for women, as the theory is almost 200 years old
- Reinforces cultural and leadership stereotypes
- Little room in education for this leadership model
- Hopefully little room in society for this leadership model as well
13. Citations
Spencer, H. The Study of Sociology. Appleton, 1874
Spector BA. Carlyle, Freud, and the Great Man Theory more fully considered. 2015;12(2):250-260.
The Great Man Theory of Leadership Explained. Villanovau.com. (n.d.). Retrieved May 2, 2022, from
https://www.villanovau.com/resources/leadership/great-man-theory/
The Big Five Personality Traits. https://www.simplypsychology.org/big-five-personality.html. (1970, January 1) Retrieved May 2,
2022, from https://www.simplypsychology.org/big-five-personality.html
Worthy, L. D., Lavigne, T., & Romero, F. (2020, July 27). Trait theory. Culture and Psychology. Retrieved May 3, 2022, from
https://open.maricopa.edu/culturepsychology/chapter/trait-theory/
