The document discusses the rising demand for sustainable alternative building materials due to environmental concerns surrounding traditional materials. It highlights various innovative solutions such as hollow concrete blocks, fly ash bricks, and cob homes, detailing their benefits including cost-effectiveness, durability, and reduced environmental impact. The text emphasizes the importance of integrating these materials and methods into contemporary architecture to address housing needs efficiently.

1. GREEN BUILDINGS AND INFRASTRUCTURE
"LATEST BUILDING MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGIES BEING USED IN DEVELOPMENT OF
HITECH BUILDINGS IN CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE OF CITIES TODAY"

2. ALTERNATIVE BUILDING MATERIALS ARE THE LATEST TREND
THE NEED:
 The demand for building materials has been continuously rising with the increasing
need for housing both in rural and urban areas.
 The resources used to manufacture construction materials affect the environment by
depleting natural resources, using energy, and releasing pollutants to the land, water.
 Commercial exploitation of traditional building materials by various industries has
aggravated the situation. It has, therefore, become necessary to think over this
problem seriously and to provide some sustainable solution to make the alternative
materials available to solve the housing problem.

3. ADVANTAGES OF THESE LATEST MATERIALS OVER CONVENTIONAL
MATERIALS
 1. Better functional efficiency
 2. Cost effectiveness
 3. Better durability
 4. Ease of construction
 5. Better finish
 6. Minimum Waste
 7. Less maintenance cost
 8. Minimum defects
 9. Less energy intensive

4. EXAMPLES OF ALTERNATIVE MATERIALS
HOLLOW CONCRETE BLOCK (AS
BRICK)
 Concrete block is primarily used as a building
material in the construction of wall. It is
sometimes called a concrete masonry unit
(CMU). A concrete block is one of the several
precast concrete products used in the
construction. The term precast refer to the fact
that the block are formed and hardened before
they are brought to the job site. In use, concrete
blocks are stacked one at a time and held
together with fresh concrete mortar to form the
desired length and height of the wall.
ADVANTAGES
 Low Maintenance, Color and brilliance of masonry
withstands outdoor elements.
 Load Bearing, strength can be specified as per the
requirement.
 Fire Resistant
 Provide thermal and sound insulation: The air in
hollow of the block, does not allow outside heat or
cold in the house. So it keeps house cool in
summer and warm in winter.
 Economical.
 Environment Friendly, fly ash
used as one of the raw
materials.

5. EXAMPLES OF ALTERNATIVE MATERIALS
FLY ASH BRICKS:
Fly Ash bricks are made of fly ash, lime, gypsum and
sand. These can be extensively used in all building
constructional activities similar to that of common
burnt clay bricks. The fly ash bricks are comparatively
lighter in weight and stronger than common clay
bricks.
ADVANTAGES:
 Saves Construction Cost -: Due to the uniform
shape and size of the fly ash brick, it saves labor in
laying bricks by about 15%. This translates into
reduction in labor cost in laying each brick, which is
quite substantial.
 Less Water Seepage and Dampness in wall -: Due to
high strength and less water absorption of fly ash
bricks there are less water seepage and dampness
in walls of building.
 Less Energy Consumption -: Huge Energy is
consumed in heating clay bricks in kilns. By using
fly ash bricks much energy is saved in brick
manufacturing
 Reduction in Air Pollution -: Much fossil fuel is used
in heating clay bricks in kilns. Burning such fuel
generates air pollution and greenhouse gas (CO2),
contributing to global warming.

6. EXAMPLES OF ALTERNATIVE MATERIALS
RICE HUSK ASH / POZZOLANAS:
 Pozzolanas are materials containing reactive silica
and/or alumina, which in their own right have little
binding ability. Yet, when mixed with lime and
water it will set and harden like cement. They are
important ingredients in alternative cement
compounds. Rice husks are a large by-product –
one ton is produces per five ton of rice paddies,
and it is estimated that 120 million tons of husk
could be available annually on a global basis.
ADVANTAGES
 Increased compressive and flexural strengths.
 Reduced permeability.
 Increased resistance to chemical attack.
 Increased durability.
 Reduced effects of alkali-silica reactivity.
 Reduced shrinkage due to particle packing, making
concrete denser.
 Enhanced workability of concrete.
 Reduced heat gain through the walls of buildings.
 Reduced amount of super plasticizer - Reduced
potential for efflorescence due to reduced calcium
hydracids.

7. EXAMPLES OF ALTERNATIVE MATERIALS
FERROCEMENT:
 The term ferrocement is most commonly applied to a
mixture of Portland Cement and sand reinforced with
layers of woven or expanded steel mesh and closely-
spaced small-diameter steel rods rebar. It can be used to
form relatively thin, compound curved sheets to make
hulls for boats, shell roofs, water tanks, etc. When used in
house construction in developing countries, it can provide
better resistance to fire, earthquake, and corrosion than
traditional materials, such as wood, adobe and stone
masonry.
 Low construction material cost -: Ferro-cement
construction normally has the lowest material cost of any
of the common vessel construction materials. Typically,
the material cost in ferro-cement is about 30% to 50% of
that for steel.
 Ease of fairing during construction -: The fairing of the hull
form is done during the plastering stage of construction.
This means that the hull framing does not have to be as
accurate as may be required with other common
construction materials.
 Low ongoing maintenance -: With proper design and
construction, ferro-cement vessels require only minimal
ongoing maintenance. If not being moved through the
water, it does not even require antifouling.
 Intrinsically safer in the event of grounding -: When
subjected to severe impact (e.g., grounding), ferro-cement
does not tear like some other materials. The concrete
cracks but remains mostly secured to the steel mesh
substrata. This can restrict the amount of water that
ingresses into the hull.
 Long operational life -: Well designed and built ferro-
cement vessel has demonstrated that they have an
extremely long economic life. Fifty years or more is not
uncommon.

8. EXAMPLES OF ALTERNATIVE MATERIALS
REINFORCED FIBER CONCRETE:
Fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) is concrete
containing fibrous material which increases its
structural integrity. It contains short discrete fibers
that are uniformly distributed and randomly
oriented. Fibers include steel fibers, glass fiber,
synthetic fibers and natural fibers.
 Improve mix cohesion, improving pump ability
over long distances.
 Improve freeze-thaw resistance.
 Improve resistance to explosive palling in case of
a severe fire.
 Improve impact resistance.

9. EXAMPLES OF ALTERNATIVE MATERIALS
PLASTIC WOOD:
It is made primarily from high-density polyethylene
(HDPE), recovered from the waste stream mainly in
the form of used milk containers or recovered
plastic bags, and from wood wastes (often planer
shavings) that have been ground to a fine powder.
A 50:50 mixture of plastic and wood is common.
Plastic wood is 100% recyclable made of recycled
plastic.
 100% resistant to rot.
 Impervious to cracking and splitting (with correct
installation)
 environmentally friendly and requires less
maintenance.
 Waste plastic and wood is used for
manufacturing.
 All woods may check, split, cup, crook, twist, and
warp, and weather over time to a grayish color.
Treated wood exhibits long-term durability in a
deck surface application, lasting as long, or
longer, than naturally durable, untreated woods.

10. EXAMPLES OF ALTERNATIVE CONSTRUCTION METHODS
STEEL METAL BUILDINGS:
 These are usually kit homes. You choose or create
your own plan, send it to a company and they cut
the frame of the house from steel in the factory
according to your plan. Then the cut steel is
delivered to your lot together with all the required
hardware and the builders start to erect the frame
over your foundation.
 So the idea is pretty much like a regular stick built
home. You will need to install the frame, add siding
of your choice, insulation, sheetrock on the inside
and so on, but instead of the frame being wood it’s
made of steel.

11. EXAMPLES OF ALTERNATIVE CONSTRUCTION METHODS
COB HOMES:
Cob is the product of earth mixed with straw, sand,
and water. The ingredients are mixed by hand (or
feet) and lumps of mixed earth are used to sculpt
the house. Basically, a house of mud.
This building method is very very old. Cob homes
stay cool in the summer and warm in the winter.
Since the building process is pretty much like
sculpting in clay, you can be very creative in your
design.
Obviously, a home made of cob is very
environmentally friendly and can be designed to fit
and be a part of its surrounding environment.

12. EXAMPLES OF ALTERNATIVE CONSTRUCTION METHODS
RAMMED EARTH HOMES:
Rammed earth homes are homes made of a mixture
of earth, just like cob and adobe homes, however,
here you build a wall frame from wood, then pour
and ram the mix into the frame, let it dry and remove
the frame.
Like cob and adobe, rammed earth homes are
fireproof and termite proof. They stay cool in the
summer and warm in the winter. They last for
hundreds of years, the walls are thick and very strong.

13. EXAMPLES OF ALTERNATIVE CONSTRUCTION METHODS
EARTHBAG HOMES:
 In this method, polypropylene sacks are filled
with a mixture of sand and clay and are stacked
on top of each other (with barbed wire between
each layer) to form walls. They are then wrapped
in chicken wire and covered with mortar.
 Earthbag homes are very insulated and sound
proofed. Since we know that the army is using
earthbag to create protective barriers, you can
be sure your house is bullet-proof in case your
neighbor loses it.

14. THANK YOU