Sustainability Concepts in the Design of High-Rise buildings: the case of Diagrid Systems
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One of the evocative structural design solutions for sustainable tall buildings is embraced by the diagrid (diagonal grid) structural scheme. Diagrid, with a perimeter structural configuration characterized by a narrow grid of diagonal members involved both in gravity and in lateral load resistance, has emerged as a new design trend for tall-shaped complex structures, and is becoming increasingly popular due to aesthetics and structural performance. Since it requires less structural steel than a conventional steel frame, it provides for a more sustainable structure. This study focuses on the structural performance of a steel tall building, using FEM nonlinear analyses. Numerical comparisons between a traditional outrigger system and different diagrid configurations (with three different diagrid inclinations) are presented for a building of 40 stories, with a total height of 160m, and a footprint of 36m x 36m. The sustainability of the building (in terms of structural steel weight saving) is assessed, together with the structural behavior.
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Sustainability Concepts in the Design of High-Rise buildings: the case of Diagrid Systems
- 1. “SustainabilityConcepts in the Design of High-rise Buildings: the Case of DiagridSystems” MSc Giulia Milana;PhD, PE Konstantinos Gkoumas;Phd, PE, Professor Franco Bontempi Third InternationalWorkshop on Design in Civiland EnvironmentalEngineering(DCEE 3) 22-23 August 2014 COPENHAGEN
- 2. CONCEPTUAL MAP “Sustainabilityconceptsin the design of high-rise buildings” DCEE 3 Giulia Milana, Konstantinos Gkoumas, Franco Bontempi 2 IMPROVED MODEL Weight & Periods U.L.S. (Pushover) ANALYSES S.L.S. (Disp.) COMPARISON 60° 75° 42° Outrigger Diagrid STRUCTURAL MODELING SUSTAINABILITY Sustainabilityin structures INTRODUCTION From http://www.fosterandpartners.com From http://www.wikipedia.com
- 3. SUSTAINABILITY DEFINITION SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: “Development thatmeetsthe needsof the present withoutcompromisingthe abilityof future generationsto meettheirownneeds.” (BrundtlandCommission) SUSTAINABILITY SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMIC “Sustainabilityconceptsin the design of high-rise buildings” DCEE 3 Giulia Milana, Konstantinos Gkoumas, Franco Bontempi 3
- 4. SUSTAINABILITY STEEL SUSTAINABILITY IN STRUCTURES Material Used Resource Efficient Site Planning Non Pollution Energy Efficient Structural Scheme Steel Material •40% of resources from recycling •Manufacturing process with controlled environmental impact •Material durability •High recycling rate ConstuctionPhase •prefabrication/ offsite manufacture Design and Service Life •Weight reduction of structure •Creation of versatile spaces •Longevity and robustness of steel components •Simple incorporation of renewable energy generation systems End of Life •Easy dismantling •Reusability/Reciclability Adaptedfrom Arcelormittal “Sustainabilityconceptsin the design of high-rise buildings” DCEE 3 Giulia Milana, Konstantinos Gkoumas, Franco Bontempi 4
- 5. SUSTAINABILITY EVOLUTIONOFSTRUCTURALSYSTEMS INTERIOR STRUCTURE EXTERIOR STRUCTURE Outrigger Structure DiagridStructure “Sustainabilityconceptsin the design of high-rise buildings” DCEE 3 Giulia Milana, Konstantinos Gkoumas, Franco Bontempi 5
- 6. STRUCTURAL MODELING STRUCTURESSTUDIED Outrigger Structure DiagridStructures 42° 60° 75° 160 m 36 m “Sustainabilityconceptsin the design of high-rise buildings” DCEE 3 Giulia Milana, Konstantinos Gkoumas, Franco Bontempi 6
- 7. STRUCTURAL MODELING STRUCTURES Original Stucture: Outrigger Improved Stucture: Diagrid Perimetral Structure Internal Structure “Sustainabilityconceptsin the design of high-rise buildings” DCEE 3 Giulia Milana, Konstantinos Gkoumas, Franco Bontempi 7
- 8. WEIGHT AND PERIOD COMPARISONWEIGHT SLS Dead Gk Tamp Qk Qn W+X W-X W+Y W-Y COMB5 1 1 1 0,7 0,5 1 - - - COMB6 1 1 1 0,7 0,5 - 1 - - COMB7 1 1 1 0,7 0,5 - - 1 - COMB8 1 1 1 0,7 0,5 - - - 1 ULS Dead Gk Tamp Qk Qn W+X W-X W+Y W-Y COMB5 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,05 0,75 1,5 - - - COMB6 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,05 0,75 - 1,5 - - COMB7 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,05 0,75 - - 1,5 - COMB8 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,05 0,75 - - - 1,5 Acronym Description Colour Outrigger Outrigger Structure Diagrid42° DiagridStructure with inclination of diagonal members of 42° Diagrid60° DiagridStructure with inclination of diagonal members of 60° Diagrid75° DiagridStructure with inclination of diagonal members of 75° Outrigger Diagrid 42° Diagrid 60° Diagrid 75° P (ton) 8052 6523 5931 5389 Saving (%) - 19 26 33 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 P (ton) Weight “Sustainabilityconceptsin the design of high-rise buildings” DCEE 3 Giulia Milana, Konstantinos Gkoumas, Franco Bontempi 8
- 9. VERIFICATIONS STRUCTURESANDCOMBINATIONS SLS Dead Gk Tamp Qk Qn W+X W-X W+Y W-Y COMB5 1 1 1 0,7 0,5 1 - - - COMB6 1 1 1 0,7 0,5 - 1 - - COMB7 1 1 1 0,7 0,5 - - 1 - COMB8 1 1 1 0,7 0,5 - - - 1 HORIZONTAL DISPLACEMENT COMB Outrigger Diagrid42° Diagrid60° Diagrid75° Acronym Description Colour Outrigger Outrigger Structure Diagrid42° DiagridStructure with inclination of diagonal members of 42° Diagrid60° DiagridStructure with inclination of diagonal members of 60° Diagrid75° DiagridStructure with inclination of diagonal members of 75° “Sustainabilityconceptsin the design of high-rise buildings” DCEE 3 Giulia Milana, Konstantinos Gkoumas, Franco Bontempi 9
- 10. SLS: HORIZONTAL DISPLACEMENTS S.L.S.: COMPARISONDISPLACEMENTS 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0 16 32 48 64 80 96 112 128 144 160 U1 (m) Z (m) HorizontalDisplacementsOutrigger 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0 16 32 48 64 80 96 112 128 144 160 U1 (m) Z (m) HorizontalDisplacementsDiagrid42° 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0 16 32 48 64 80 96 112 128 144 160 U1 (m) Z (m) HorizontalDisplacementsDiagrid60° 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0 16 32 48 64 80 96 112 128 144 160 U1 (m) Z (m) HorizontalDisplacementsDiagrid75° “Sustainabilityconceptsin the design of high-rise buildings” DCEE 3 Giulia Milana, Konstantinos Gkoumas, Franco Bontempi 10
- 11. VERIFICATIONS STRUCTURESANDCOMBINATIONS ULS Dead Gk Tamp Qk Qn W+X W-X W+Y W-Y DEAD 1 - - - - - - - - VERT 1 1 1 - - - - - - +STATICPUSHOVER FORCES PUSHOVER DEAD VERT Outrigger Diagrid42° Diagrid60° Diagrid75° Acronym Description Colour Outrigger Outrigger Structure Diagrid42° DiagridStructure with inclination of diagonal members of 42° Diagrid60° DiagridStructure with inclination of diagonal members of 60° Diagrid75° DiagridStructure with inclination of diagonal members of 75° “Sustainabilityconceptsin the design of high-rise buildings” DCEE 3 Giulia Milana, Konstantinos Gkoumas, Franco Bontempi 11
- 12. 0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 160000 180000 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 F (kN) U1 (m) Pushover 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 U1 (m) Pushover+Vert Outrigger Diagrid 42° Diagrid 60° Diagrid 75° 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 U1 (m) Pushover+Dead ULS: PUSHOVER U.L.S.: COMPARISONCAPACITYCURVES DEAD VERT “Sustainabilityconceptsin the design of high-rise buildings” DCEE 3 Giulia Milana, Konstantinos Gkoumas, Franco Bontempi 12
- 13. CHOICE OF IMPROVED MODEL DEFINITIONOFSIGNIFICANTFEATURES R=Fmax: Strength K=Fy/Dy: Stiffness m=Dmax/Dy: Ductility “Sustainabilityconceptsin the design of high-rise buildings” DCEE 3 Giulia Milana, Konstantinos Gkoumas, Franco Bontempi 13
- 14. Outrigger Diagrid42° Diagrid60° Diagrid75° Pushover+Vert Pushover+Vert Pushover+Vert Pushover+Vert Strength (R) 94775 110185 104972 97131 Stiffness (K) 77143 80615 71306 60897 Ductility (m) 1,535 3,587 5,681 2,564 Weight (P) 8052 6523 5931 5389 CHOICE OF IMPROVED MODEL COMPARISONOFMECHANICALPROPERTIES Weighted average of the significant features Eq. 4,20 5,97 7,25 5,08 “Sustainabilityconceptsin the design of high-rise buildings” DCEE 3 Giulia Milana, Konstantinos Gkoumas, Franco Bontempi 14
- 15. 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 R/R0 K/K0 m/m0 1,2 ((P0-P)/P0+1) Pushover+Vert Outrigger Diagrid 42° Diagrid 60° Diagrid 75° CHOICE OF IMPROVED MODEL COMPARISONOFMECHANICALPROPERTIES “Sustainabilityconceptsin the design of high-rise buildings” DCEE 3 Giulia Milana, Konstantinos Gkoumas, Franco Bontempi 15
- 16. 0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 160000 180000 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 F (kN) U1 (m) Pushover+Vert Step11 Step16 Step39 Step47 Step55 DEVELOPMENT PLASTIC HINGES DIAGRID60°: PUSHOVER+VERT(YZ SECTIONS) Step 47 Step 55 Step 39 Step 11 VERT “Sustainabilityconceptsin the design of high-rise buildings” DCEE 3 Giulia Milana, Konstantinos Gkoumas, Franco Bontempi 16
- 17. CONCLUSIONS CONCLUSIONS GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS Considering the impact the construction industry has on the environment, it is very important to investigate sustainable solutions CONCLUSIONS Diagrid structures allow a considerable saving of material compared to more traditional structural schemes such as outrigger structures and guarantee a better performance in terms of strenght, stiffness and ductility. Among the diagrid structures considered the one with the best overall behavior results to be the one with 60°diagonal element inclination LIMITATIONS Dynamic analyses should be performed in the future for both the serviceability and safety assessment, considering more appropriate loading scenarios. The defined performance equation is calibrated with specific coefficient values that highlight the sustainability aspect. “Sustainabilityconceptsin the design of high-rise buildings” DCEE 3 Giulia Milana, Konstantinos Gkoumas, Franco Bontempi 17
- 18. END Giulia Milana, MSc giuliamilana@live.it Konstantinos Gkoumas, PhD, PE Franco Bontempi, PhD, PE web:www.francobontempi.org www.stronger2012.com