1. The lac operon regulates genes involved in lactose metabolism in E. coli and is controlled by both negative and positive regulation. It is negatively regulated by a repressor protein and positively regulated by the cAMP receptor protein binding to DNA when glucose levels are low. 2. The trp operon regulates genes for tryptophan biosynthesis in bacteria and is negatively regulated by tryptophan levels. High tryptophan levels activate the trp repressor protein, turning off transcription. 3. Catabolite repression is a form of positive regulation where high glucose levels reduce cAMP and cAMP receptor protein binding, decreasing transcription of other operons like the lac operon.

1. E. coli changes gene expression to utilize
different nutrient sources

2. Lac Operon (Negative Regulation)
Catabolic Enzyme
Repressor
Inducer
Operon

3. The lac repressor dissociates from the operator
sequence upon IPTG (inducer) binding

4. Cis versus Trans

5. Cis versus Trans
Dominant versus Recessive

6. Operator Mutations Reduce Repressor
Binding

7. Fig. 7.12
The lac repressor tetramer binds two operators

8. Figs. 7.16 & 7.13
The lac operon is also regulated by glucose levels
Low Glucose => High cAMP
=> activation of lac operon thru CAP binding site
Glucose
is
Sweeter

9. cAMP is Needed for
Activation
Catabolite Repression

10. Figs. 7.17 & 7.19
CAP-cAMP binding creates DNA bending and
activates lac operon transcription

11. Trp Operon
(Anabolic Enzyme)Apo
Co-repressor

12. Figs. 7.28 &7.31
The trp operon attenuator

13. Termination
No termination
Fig. 7.30
Alternative
structures of the
trp operon
attenuator RNA

14. How a Terminator Loop is Formed

15. Negative regulation:
Substrate induction

16. Positive regulation of the lac operon

17. Positive regulation of the lac operon

18. LAC OPERON
No food
• Glucose?
• Lactose?
• Low: cAMP high, CRP
attaches
• Low: Repressor attached
Operon is ready to be enhanced but is shu

19. LAC OPERON
Milk
• Glucose?
• Lactose?
• Low: cAMP high, CRP
attaches
• High: Repressor removed
Operon is on and enhanced

20. LAC OPERON
Milkshake
• Glucose?
• Lactose?
• High: cAMP low, CRP off
• Low: Repressor removed
Operon is on but un-enhanced

21. LAC OPERON
Powerade
• Glucose?
• Lactose?
• High: cAMP low, CRP off
• Low: Repressor attached
Operon is off and un-enhanced

22. LAC OPERON
• No food: ready to be enhanced but off
• Milk: enhanced transcription
• Milkshake: un-enhanced transcription
• Powerade: off and un-enhanced

23. Negative regulation: end-product repression

24. LACTOSE OPERON
• Structural genes
• lac z, lac y, & lac
a
• Promoter
• Polycistronic
mRNA
• Regulatory gene
• Repressor
• Operator
• Operon
• Inducer - lactose
i
Operon
Regulatory
Gene
p o z y a DNA
m-RNA
-Galactosidase
Permease
Transacetylase
Protein

25. LACTOSE OPERON
• Inducer -- lactose
• Absence
• Active repressor
• No expression
i p o z y a
No lac mRNA
Absence of lactose
Active
i p o z y a
-GalactosidasePermease Transacetylase
Presence of lactose
Inactive
– Presence
• Inactivation of
repressor
• Expression
• Negative control

26. CATABOLITE REPRESSION
(GLUCOSE EFFECT)
• Definition: Control of an
operon by glucose
+ glucose
- glucose
Time (hr)
Unitsof-
galactosidase
+ lactose
Glucose
added
• Catabolic
operons

27. MECHANISM OF CATABOLITE
REPRESSION
• c-AMP
• CAP (CRP) protein
• CAP-cAMP complex
• Promoter activation
• Positive control
Absence of glucose
i p o z y a
Active
-GalactosidasePermease Transacetylase
CAP
Inactive
ATP
Adenyl cyclase
c-AMP
Maximum expression

28. MECHANISM OF CATABOLITE
REPRESSION
• Glucose:cAMP
• CAP (CRP) protein
• No CAP-cAMP complex
• No Promoter activation
Presence of glucose
i p o z y a
Inactive
ATP
Adenyl cyclase
CAP X
-GalactosidasePermease Transacetylase
Low level expression

29. REPRESSIBLE GENES - OPERON
MODEL
• Definition: Genes whose expression is turned off by the
presence of some substance (co-repressor)
• Tryptophan represses the trp genes
• Biosynthetic pathways
• Co-repressor is typically the end product of the pathway

30. TRYPTOPHAN OPERON
• Structural genes
• trp E, trpD, trpC
trpB & trpA
• Common promoter
• Regulatory Gene
• Apo-Repressor
• Inactive
• Operator
• Leader
• Operon
• Co-repressor
• Tryptophan
R
Operon
Regulatory
Gene
P O E D C
5 Proteins
B AL
Inactive repressor
(apo-repressor)

31. TRYPTOPHAN OPERON
• Co-repressor --
tryptophan
• Absence of tryptophan
• Gene expression
R P O E D C
5 Proteins
B AL
Inactive repressor
(apo-repressor)
Absence of Tryptophan
R P O E D C
No trp mRNA
B AL
Presence of Tryptophan
Inactive repressor
(apo-repressor)
Trp
(co-repressor)
– Presence of
tryptophan
• Activates
repressor
• No gene
expression
• Negative control

32. ATTENUATION
• Definition: Premature
termination of
transcription
P O E4321
L
DNA
RNA
ATG TGA
2 trp codons
1 432
• Leader region
– Leader transcript
– Translation start
– Translation stop
– Tryptophan codons

33. 1
4
3
2
UUUUUUU
1
4
3
2
UUUUUUU
ATTENUATION
• Mutually exclusive
mRNA secondary
structure
• region 1 : region 2
• region 2 : region 3
• region 3 : region 4
• Coupled transcription and
translation

34. ATTENUATION
1 2
4
3
UUUUUUU
ATG TGA
2 trp codons
1 432
High tryptophanyl-t-RNA
Attenuation
ATG TGA
2 trp codons
1 432
1
4
3
2
UUUUUUU
Low tryptophanyl-t-RNA
No Attenuation

35. REGULATION OF ENZYME
ACTIVITY
• Feed back inhibition
• Epigenetic modification
• Post translational modifications
• Phosphorylation/dephosphorylation
• Adenylation/deadenylation