The document provides information on human anatomy, specifically focusing on the muscles of the upper limb. It describes the different types of muscles and their functions. It then details the specific muscles found in different regions of the upper limb, including the pectoral region, shoulder region, upper arm, and anterior and posterior compartments of the forearm. For each muscle, it provides the origin, insertion, innervation, and main actions. The document serves as a detailed reference for understanding the muscles involved in movement and stabilization of the upper limb.
Vertibrae By M Thiru murugan MSc Nursingthiru murugan
Vertebral Column
By,M. Thiru murugan
Vertebral column:
The vertebral column encloses the spinal cord and the fluid surrounding the spinal cord. Also called backbone, spinal column, and spine.
Each vertebra is separated by a disc called intervertebral disc
The vertebrae surround and protect the spinal cord. The spinal cord is divided into segments, each containing a pair of spinal nerves that send messages between the brain and the rest of the body.
Many spinal nerves extend beyond the conus medullaris (the end of the spinal cord) to form a bundle of nerves called the cauda equina.
The vertebral column is made up 26
Cervical vertebrae: These 7 bones are found in the head and neck.
Thoracic vertebrae: These 12 bones are found in the upper back.
Lumbar vertebrae: These 5 bones are found in the lower back.
The sacrum (5) and coccyx (4) are both made up of several fused vertebrae. They help support the weight of the body while sitting.
Parts of the vertebrae:
The vertebrae of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spines are independent bones and generally quite similar.
The vertebrae of the sacrum & coccyx are usually fused and unable to move independently.
2 special vertebrae are the atlas (cervical 1) and axis (cervical 2), on which the head rests.
A typical vertebra consists of 2 parts: the vertebral body and the vertebral arch.
Vertebral body: Vertebral body is the thick oval segment of bone forming the front of the vertebra also called the centrum. The cavity of the vertebral body consists of cancellous bone tissue and is encircled by a protective layer of compact bone.
The vertebral arch is posterior, meaning it faces the back of a person.
Together, these enclose the vertebral foramen, which contains the spinal cord.
Because the spinal cord ends in the lumbar spine, and the sacrum and coccyx are fused, they do not contain a central foramen.
The vertebral arch is formed by a pair of pedicles & a pair of laminae, and supports 7 processes (4 articular, 2 transverse, and 1 spinous)
4 articular process: 2 articular process for above vertebrae & 2 articular process for ribs.
2 transverse processes and 1spinous process are posterior to (behind) the vertebral body.
The spinous process comes out the back, The spinous processes of the cervical and lumbar regions can be felt through the skin.
1 transverse process comes out the left, and 1 on the right.
Above & below each vertebra are joints called facet joints. These restrict the range of movement possible
In between each pair of vertebrae are 2 small holes called intervertebral foramina. The spinal nerves leave the spinal cord through these holes.
Cervical spine:
The cervical spine located in the neck area, consists of seven bones (C1 to C7)
The first two cervical spine are unique in shape and function.
first vertebra (C1), also called the atlas, The atlas holds head upright.
The second vertebra (C2), also called the axis, allows the atlas to rotation of head.
Functions:
Protecting spin
Vertibrae By M Thiru murugan MSc Nursingthiru murugan
Vertebral Column
By,M. Thiru murugan
Vertebral column:
The vertebral column encloses the spinal cord and the fluid surrounding the spinal cord. Also called backbone, spinal column, and spine.
Each vertebra is separated by a disc called intervertebral disc
The vertebrae surround and protect the spinal cord. The spinal cord is divided into segments, each containing a pair of spinal nerves that send messages between the brain and the rest of the body.
Many spinal nerves extend beyond the conus medullaris (the end of the spinal cord) to form a bundle of nerves called the cauda equina.
The vertebral column is made up 26
Cervical vertebrae: These 7 bones are found in the head and neck.
Thoracic vertebrae: These 12 bones are found in the upper back.
Lumbar vertebrae: These 5 bones are found in the lower back.
The sacrum (5) and coccyx (4) are both made up of several fused vertebrae. They help support the weight of the body while sitting.
Parts of the vertebrae:
The vertebrae of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spines are independent bones and generally quite similar.
The vertebrae of the sacrum & coccyx are usually fused and unable to move independently.
2 special vertebrae are the atlas (cervical 1) and axis (cervical 2), on which the head rests.
A typical vertebra consists of 2 parts: the vertebral body and the vertebral arch.
Vertebral body: Vertebral body is the thick oval segment of bone forming the front of the vertebra also called the centrum. The cavity of the vertebral body consists of cancellous bone tissue and is encircled by a protective layer of compact bone.
The vertebral arch is posterior, meaning it faces the back of a person.
Together, these enclose the vertebral foramen, which contains the spinal cord.
Because the spinal cord ends in the lumbar spine, and the sacrum and coccyx are fused, they do not contain a central foramen.
The vertebral arch is formed by a pair of pedicles & a pair of laminae, and supports 7 processes (4 articular, 2 transverse, and 1 spinous)
4 articular process: 2 articular process for above vertebrae & 2 articular process for ribs.
2 transverse processes and 1spinous process are posterior to (behind) the vertebral body.
The spinous process comes out the back, The spinous processes of the cervical and lumbar regions can be felt through the skin.
1 transverse process comes out the left, and 1 on the right.
Above & below each vertebra are joints called facet joints. These restrict the range of movement possible
In between each pair of vertebrae are 2 small holes called intervertebral foramina. The spinal nerves leave the spinal cord through these holes.
Cervical spine:
The cervical spine located in the neck area, consists of seven bones (C1 to C7)
The first two cervical spine are unique in shape and function.
first vertebra (C1), also called the atlas, The atlas holds head upright.
The second vertebra (C2), also called the axis, allows the atlas to rotation of head.
Functions:
Protecting spin
Upper Limb Anatomy (Brachium, Antibrachium & Hand)
by DR RAI M. AMMAR
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THE CORE is associated with abdominal muscle groups (transversus abdominis, internal/external obliques, rectus abdominis), hip abductors/adductors, hip flexors, and the lumbar spine.
This presentation outlines all of the muscles involved in developing core stability including:
- origin
- insertion
- action
The shoulder girdle or pectoral girdle is the set of bones in the appendicular skeleton which connects to the arm on each side. In humans it consists of the clavicle and scapula; in those species with three bones in the shoulder, it consists of the clavicle, scapula, and coracoid.
Upper Limb Anatomy (Brachium, Antibrachium & Hand)
by DR RAI M. AMMAR
www.facebook.com/drraiammar
www.twitter.com/drraiammar
www.instagram.com/drraiammar
www.linkedin.com/in/drraiammar
www.themedicall.com/blog/auther/drraiammar/
For Any Book or Notes Visit Our Website:
www.allmedicaldata.wordpress.com
www.drraiammar.blogspot.com
YOUTUBE CHANNEL :
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCu-oR9V3OdFNTJW5yqXWXxA
ANY QUESTION ??
Get in touch with us at Any of the Above Social Media or Email at
drraiammar@gmail.com
allmedicaldata@gmail.com
THE CORE is associated with abdominal muscle groups (transversus abdominis, internal/external obliques, rectus abdominis), hip abductors/adductors, hip flexors, and the lumbar spine.
This presentation outlines all of the muscles involved in developing core stability including:
- origin
- insertion
- action
The shoulder girdle or pectoral girdle is the set of bones in the appendicular skeleton which connects to the arm on each side. In humans it consists of the clavicle and scapula; in those species with three bones in the shoulder, it consists of the clavicle, scapula, and coracoid.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
3. introduction
A muscle is made of strong tissue that can
contract in an orderly way.
•the muscular system is made of different types
of muscles and has several functions.
•All muscle tissues are made of cells that
contract.
4. Function of muscle
Movement:
These muscles make your skeleton move.
When muscles contract, they move bones
Stability:
Muscles that are attached to your bones
support your body and help you keep your
balance.
5. Cont.
Protection:
•Muscles protect your body.
• They cover most of your skeleton.
•Muscles also cover most of the organs inside your
body.
Temperature regulation:
• The muscular system helps your body keep
your internal temperature within a certain
range.
6. Conti.
Posture
• when someone is sitting or Skeletal muscles help
keep the body in the correct position standing.
Respiration
• Breathing involves the use of the diaphragm muscle.
7. Cont…
• muscles are also:
Contractible (they can shorten in length)
Extensible (they can extend or stretch)
Elastic (they can return to their original shape)
8. Conti.
• Skeletal muscle is composed of skeletal
muscle tissue and also contains nervous
tissue, blood vessels and connective tissue
• Half of the body’s weight is muscle tissue
• Skeletal muscle = 40% in males, 32% in females
• Cardiac muscle = 10%
9. (b) Cardiac muscle (c) Visceral smooth muscle
(a) Skeletal muscle
Three Types of Muscular Tissue
10. Location Function Appearance Control
Skeletal
skeleton
movement,
heat, posture
striated, multi-
nucleated (eccentric),
fibers parallel
voluntary
Cardiac
heart
pump blood
continuously
striated, one central
nucleus
involuntary
Visceral
(smooth muscle) G.I. tract,
uterus, eye,
blood vessels
Peristalsis,
blood pressure,
pupil size,
erects hairs
no striations, one
central nucleus
involuntary
Three Types of Muscular Tissue
11. Tendons
• Tendons attach muscles to bones.
•Tendons work with muscles and keep
your joints in place when your body
moves.
•Tendons also help hold your body in a
correct posture, or shape.
12. Origin ,insertion and action
• Origin: is the muscle attachment site that
does NOT move during contraction.
• Insertion: is the muscle attachment that
does move during contraction.
• Innervation: The supply or distribution
of nerve fibres to any part of the body.
• During a muscle action,
the INSERTION is pulled towards
the ORIGIN.
13. • Anatomical terms of movement
• are used to describe the actions of
muscles on the skeleton.
• Flexion: refers to a movement that
decreases the angle between two body
parts.
• Extension: refers to a movement that
increases the angle between two body
parts
14. Conti.
• Abduction: is a movement away from
the midline – just as abducting
someone is to take them away.
• Adduction: is a movement towards the
midline. Adduction of the hip squeezes
the legs together.
• Medial rotation: is a rotational
movement towards the midline.
• Lateral rotation: is a rotating
movement away from the midline.
15. The muscles of upper limb can be divided into
6 different regions
1. Muscles of the Pectoral region
2. Muscles of the shoulder region
3. Muscles of the upper arm
4. Muscles in the anterior compartment of the forearm
5. Muscles in the posterior compartment of the forearm
6. Muscles of the hand
16. Muscles of the Pectoral region
The pectoral region is located on the anterior chest wall.
It contains four muscles that exert a force on the upper
limb;
the pectoralis major,
pectoralis minor,
serratus anterior
and subclavius.
17. pectoralis major
• Is the most superficial muscle in
the pectoral region
• ORIGIN: sternum head / clavicle
head / ribs 1 – 6
• INSERTION: intertubucular
sulcus /greater tubercle (humerus)
• INNERVATION: dorsal
scapular nerve
• ACTION: flexes / medially
rotates / adducts arm
18. Pectoralis minor
• ORIGIN: anterior surface of ribs 3 – 5
• INSERTION: coracoid process (scapula)
• INNERVATION: pectoral nerves
• ACTION: protracts / retarction scapula
20. subclavius
subclavius is small muscle, which is
located directly underneath the
clavicle, running horizontally.
ORIGIN: rib 1
INSERTION: inferior surface of
scapula (anterior view)
INNERVATION: nerve to
subclavius(from upper trunk of
brachial plexus)
ACTION: stabilizes / depresses
pectoral girdle
21. Muscles of the shoulder region
• The muscles of the shoulder are associated with movements of
the upper limb. , and can be divided into two groups:
• Extrinsic – originate from the trunck, and attach to the bones
of the shoulder (clavicle, scapula or humerus).
• Intrinsic – originate from the scapula and clavicle, and attach
to the humerus.
There are two superficial extrinsic muscles – the trapezius and
latissimus dorsi.
There are three deep muscles – the levator scapulae and the
two rhomboids.
22. Trapezius
• The trapezius is a broad, flat and
triangular muscle.
• ORIGIN: occipital bone / spinous
processes of C7 – T12
• INSERTION: acromion / spine of
scapula; lateral third of clavicle (Posterior
view) Muscles Stabilizing Pectoral Girdle
• INNERVATION: accessory nerve
• ACTION: stabilizes / elevates /
retracts / rotates scapula
27. Intrinsic muscles of shoulder
• The intrinsic muscles (also known as the
scapulohumeral group) originate from the scapula
and clavicle, and attach to the humerus.
• There are six muscles in this group – the deltoid,
teres major, and the four rotator cuff muscles
(supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis and
teres minor).
28. Deltoid
• The deltoid muscle is shaped like
the Greek letter delta – Δ. It can be
divided into an anterior, middle and
posterior part.
• ORIGIN: acromion / spine of
scapula; lateral third of clavicle
• INSERTION: deltoid tuberosity
(humerus) (Anterior view)
• INNERVATION: axillary nerve
• ACTION: abducts arm
29. Teres Major
• ORIGIN: inferior border of
scapula
• INSERTION: lesser tubercle
(humerus) (Posterior view) Muscles
Moving Arm
• INNERVATION: subscapular
nerve
• ACTION: rotates arm medially;
adducts arm
30. Teres Minor
• ORIGIN: lateral border of
scapula
• INSERTION: greater tubercle
(humerus) (Posterior view)
Muscles Moving Arm
• INNERVATION: subscapular
nerve
• ACTION: externally rotates the
arm
31. Rotator Cuff Muscles
• The rotator cuff muscles are a group of four muscles
that originate from the scapula and attach to the
humeral head.
• Supraspinatus
• Infraspinatus
• Subscapularis
• Teres Minor
35. Muscles of the Upper Arm
The upper arm is located between the shoulder joint
and elbow joint.
It contains four muscles – three in the anterior
compartment (biceps brachii, brachialis,
coracobrachialis), and one in the posterior
compartment (triceps brachii).
36. biceps brachii
• The biceps brachii is a two-
headed(long and short) muscle.
• ORIGIN: short head coracoid
process / supraglenoid tubercle
(scapula)
• INSERTION: radial tuberosity
(radius)
• INNERVATION:
musculocutaneous nerve
• ACTION: flexes forearm
37. brachialis
• ORIGIN: anterior face of
distal humerus
• INSERTION: coronoid
process (ulna)
• INNERVATION:
musculocutaneous nerve
• ACTION: flexes forearm
38. coracobrachialis
• ORIGIN: coracoid process
(scapula)
• INSERTION: medial shaft of
humerus (Anterior view)
Muscles Moving Arm
• INNERVATION:
musculocutaneous nerve
• ACTION: flexes / adducts arm
39. Triceps Brachii
• ORIGIN:
• long head :infraglenoid of
tubercle of scapula, lateral head :
humerus above radial groove and
medial head :humerus below radial
groove.
• INSERTION: olecranon process
(ulna)
• INNERVATION: radial nerve
• ACTION: extends forearm
40. Muscles in the Anterior Compartment of
the Forearm
• There are many muscles in the forearm. In the
anterior compartment, they are split into three
categories; superficial, intermediate and deep.
• In general, muscles in the anterior compartment of
the forearm perform flexion at the wrist and fingers.
41. Superficial Compartment
The superficial muscles in the anterior compartment are the
flexor carpi ulnaris,
palmaris longus,
flexor carpi radialis and
pronator teres.
They all originate from a common tendon, which arises from
the medial epicondyle of the humurus
44. Intermediate Compartment
• The flexor digitorum superficialis is the only
muscle of the intermediate compartment.
• It can sometimes be classed as a superficial muscle, it
lies between the deep and superficial muscle layers.
46. Deep Compartment
There are three muscles in the deep anterior
forearm;
• flexor digitorum profundus,
• flexor pollicis longus, and
• pronator quadratus.
48. flexor pollicis longus
• ORIGIN: anterior surface of
radius
• INSERTION: distal phalanx
of thumb
• INNERVATION: median
nerve
• ACTION: flexes thumb
49. pronator quadratus
• ORIGIN: distal surface of
anterior ulna
• INSERTION: distal surface of
anterior radius
• INNERVATION: median
nerve
• ACTION: pronates( Rotation)
forearm
50. Muscles in the Posterior
Compartment of the Forearm
• The muscles in the posterior compartment of the
forearm are commonly known as the extensor
muscles.
• The general function of these muscles is to produce
extension at the wrist and fingers.
• The muscles in this compartment can be divided into
two layers; deep and superficial.
51. Superficial Muscles
The superficial layer of the posterior forearm contains six
muscles.
Brachioradialis.
Anconeus
extensor carpi radialis brevis,
extensor digitorum,
extensor carpi ulnaris and
extensor digiti minimi.