The document provides information on human anatomy, specifically focusing on the muscles of the upper limb. It describes the different types of muscles and their functions. It then details the specific muscles found in different regions of the upper limb, including the pectoral region, shoulder region, upper arm, and anterior and posterior compartments of the forearm. For each muscle, it provides the origin, insertion, innervation, and main actions. The document serves as a detailed reference for understanding the muscles involved in movement and stabilization of the upper limb.

1. Human anatomy
Dr. Ahmed H. Ahmed

2. Muscles of the upper limb

3. introduction
A muscle is made of strong tissue that can
contract in an orderly way.
•the muscular system is made of different types
of muscles and has several functions.
•All muscle tissues are made of cells that
contract.

4. Function of muscle
Movement:
 These muscles make your skeleton move.
When muscles contract, they move bones
Stability:
Muscles that are attached to your bones
support your body and help you keep your
balance.

5. Cont.
Protection:
•Muscles protect your body.
• They cover most of your skeleton.
•Muscles also cover most of the organs inside your
body.
Temperature regulation:
• The muscular system helps your body keep
your internal temperature within a certain
range.

6. Conti.
Posture
• when someone is sitting or Skeletal muscles help
keep the body in the correct position standing.
Respiration
• Breathing involves the use of the diaphragm muscle.

7. Cont…
• muscles are also:
Contractible (they can shorten in length)
Extensible (they can extend or stretch)
Elastic (they can return to their original shape)

8. Conti.
• Skeletal muscle is composed of skeletal
muscle tissue and also contains nervous
tissue, blood vessels and connective tissue
• Half of the body’s weight is muscle tissue
• Skeletal muscle = 40% in males, 32% in females
• Cardiac muscle = 10%

9. (b) Cardiac muscle (c) Visceral smooth muscle
(a) Skeletal muscle
Three Types of Muscular Tissue

10. Location Function Appearance Control
Skeletal
skeleton
movement,
heat, posture
striated, multi-
nucleated (eccentric),
fibers parallel
voluntary
Cardiac
heart
pump blood
continuously
striated, one central
nucleus
involuntary
Visceral
(smooth muscle) G.I. tract,
uterus, eye,
blood vessels
Peristalsis,
blood pressure,
pupil size,
erects hairs
no striations, one
central nucleus
involuntary
Three Types of Muscular Tissue

11. Tendons
• Tendons attach muscles to bones.
•Tendons work with muscles and keep
your joints in place when your body
moves.
•Tendons also help hold your body in a
correct posture, or shape.

12. Origin ,insertion and action
• Origin: is the muscle attachment site that
does NOT move during contraction.
• Insertion: is the muscle attachment that
does move during contraction.
• Innervation: The supply or distribution
of nerve fibres to any part of the body.
• During a muscle action,
the INSERTION is pulled towards
the ORIGIN.

13. • Anatomical terms of movement
• are used to describe the actions of
muscles on the skeleton.
• Flexion: refers to a movement that
decreases the angle between two body
parts.
• Extension: refers to a movement that
increases the angle between two body
parts

14. Conti.
• Abduction: is a movement away from
the midline – just as abducting
someone is to take them away.
• Adduction: is a movement towards the
midline. Adduction of the hip squeezes
the legs together.
• Medial rotation: is a rotational
movement towards the midline.
• Lateral rotation: is a rotating
movement away from the midline.

15. The muscles of upper limb can be divided into
6 different regions
1. Muscles of the Pectoral region
2. Muscles of the shoulder region
3. Muscles of the upper arm
4. Muscles in the anterior compartment of the forearm
5. Muscles in the posterior compartment of the forearm
6. Muscles of the hand

16. Muscles of the Pectoral region
The pectoral region is located on the anterior chest wall.
It contains four muscles that exert a force on the upper
limb;
the pectoralis major,
 pectoralis minor,
 serratus anterior
and subclavius.

17. pectoralis major
• Is the most superficial muscle in
the pectoral region
• ORIGIN: sternum head / clavicle
head / ribs 1 – 6
• INSERTION: intertubucular
sulcus /greater tubercle (humerus)
• INNERVATION: dorsal
scapular nerve
• ACTION: flexes / medially
rotates / adducts arm

18. Pectoralis minor
• ORIGIN: anterior surface of ribs 3 – 5
• INSERTION: coracoid process (scapula)
• INNERVATION: pectoral nerves
• ACTION: protracts / retarction scapula

19. serratus anterior
• ORIGIN: ribs 1 - 8
• INSERTION: medial border of
scapula (Lateral view)
• INNERVATION: long thoracic
nerve
• ACTION: rotates scapula laterally

20. subclavius
subclavius is small muscle, which is
located directly underneath the
clavicle, running horizontally.
ORIGIN: rib 1
INSERTION: inferior surface of
scapula (anterior view)
INNERVATION: nerve to
subclavius(from upper trunk of
brachial plexus)
ACTION: stabilizes / depresses
pectoral girdle

21. Muscles of the shoulder region
• The muscles of the shoulder are associated with movements of
the upper limb. , and can be divided into two groups:
• Extrinsic – originate from the trunck, and attach to the bones
of the shoulder (clavicle, scapula or humerus).
• Intrinsic – originate from the scapula and clavicle, and attach
to the humerus.
There are two superficial extrinsic muscles – the trapezius and
latissimus dorsi.
There are three deep muscles – the levator scapulae and the
two rhomboids.

22. Trapezius
• The trapezius is a broad, flat and
triangular muscle.
• ORIGIN: occipital bone / spinous
processes of C7 – T12
• INSERTION: acromion / spine of
scapula; lateral third of clavicle (Posterior
view) Muscles Stabilizing Pectoral Girdle
• INNERVATION: accessory nerve
• ACTION: stabilizes / elevates /
retracts / rotates scapula

23. Latissimus Dorsi
• ORIGIN: spinous processes of T7
– L5; ribs 9 – 12; iliac crest of oscoxae
• INSERTION: intertubercular
groove (humerus) Muscles Moving Arm
• INNERVATION: thoracodorsal
nerve
• ACTION: extends / adducts
arm/medial rotation

24. Deep layer
• There are three muscles in this group –
the levator scapulae
and the two rhomboids.

25. Levator Scapulae
The levator scapulae is a small strap-like
muscle.
ORIGIN: transverse processes of C1
– C4
INSERTION: upper medial border
of scapula (Posterior view)
INNERVATION: dorsal scapular
nerve
ACTION: elevates / adducts scapula

26. Rhomboids (major / minor)
• ORIGIN: spinous processes
of C7 – T5
• INSERTION: medial border
of scapula (Posterior view)
Rhomboids (major / minor)
Muscles Stabilizing Pectoral
Girdle
• INNERVATION: dorsal
scapular nerve
• ACTION: adducts / rotates
scapula

27. Intrinsic muscles of shoulder
• The intrinsic muscles (also known as the
scapulohumeral group) originate from the scapula
and clavicle, and attach to the humerus.
• There are six muscles in this group – the deltoid,
teres major, and the four rotator cuff muscles
(supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis and
teres minor).

28. Deltoid
• The deltoid muscle is shaped like
the Greek letter delta – Δ. It can be
divided into an anterior, middle and
posterior part.
• ORIGIN: acromion / spine of
scapula; lateral third of clavicle
• INSERTION: deltoid tuberosity
(humerus) (Anterior view)
• INNERVATION: axillary nerve
• ACTION: abducts arm

29. Teres Major
• ORIGIN: inferior border of
scapula
• INSERTION: lesser tubercle
(humerus) (Posterior view) Muscles
Moving Arm
• INNERVATION: subscapular
nerve
• ACTION: rotates arm medially;
adducts arm

30. Teres Minor
• ORIGIN: lateral border of
scapula
• INSERTION: greater tubercle
(humerus) (Posterior view)
Muscles Moving Arm
• INNERVATION: subscapular
nerve
• ACTION: externally rotates the
arm

31. Rotator Cuff Muscles
• The rotator cuff muscles are a group of four muscles
that originate from the scapula and attach to the
humeral head.
• Supraspinatus
• Infraspinatus
• Subscapularis
• Teres Minor

32. Infraspinatus
• ORIGIN: infraspinous fossa
(scapula)
• INSERTION: greater tubercle
(humerus) (Posterior view)
• INNERVATION:
suprascapular nerve
• ACTION: rotates arm laterally

33. Supraspinatus
• ORIGIN: supraspinous fossa
(scapula)
• INSERTION: greater tubercle
(humerus) (Posterior view)
Muscles Moving Arm
• INNERVATION:
suprascapular nerve
• ACTION: abducts arm

34. Subscapularis
• ORIGIN: subscapular fossa
(scapula)
• INSERTION: lesser tubercle
(humerus)
• INNERVATION: subscapular
nerve
• ACTION: rotates arm medially

35. Muscles of the Upper Arm
The upper arm is located between the shoulder joint
and elbow joint.
It contains four muscles – three in the anterior
compartment (biceps brachii, brachialis,
coracobrachialis), and one in the posterior
compartment (triceps brachii).

36. biceps brachii
• The biceps brachii is a two-
headed(long and short) muscle.
• ORIGIN: short head coracoid
process / supraglenoid tubercle
(scapula)
• INSERTION: radial tuberosity
(radius)
• INNERVATION:
musculocutaneous nerve
• ACTION: flexes forearm

37. brachialis
• ORIGIN: anterior face of
distal humerus
• INSERTION: coronoid
process (ulna)
• INNERVATION:
musculocutaneous nerve
• ACTION: flexes forearm

38. coracobrachialis
• ORIGIN: coracoid process
(scapula)
• INSERTION: medial shaft of
humerus (Anterior view)
Muscles Moving Arm
• INNERVATION:
musculocutaneous nerve
• ACTION: flexes / adducts arm

39. Triceps Brachii
• ORIGIN:
• long head :infraglenoid of
tubercle of scapula, lateral head :
humerus above radial groove and
medial head :humerus below radial
groove.
• INSERTION: olecranon process
(ulna)
• INNERVATION: radial nerve
• ACTION: extends forearm

40. Muscles in the Anterior Compartment of
the Forearm
• There are many muscles in the forearm. In the
anterior compartment, they are split into three
categories; superficial, intermediate and deep.
• In general, muscles in the anterior compartment of
the forearm perform flexion at the wrist and fingers.

41. Superficial Compartment
The superficial muscles in the anterior compartment are the
flexor carpi ulnaris,
palmaris longus,
flexor carpi radialis and
 pronator teres.
They all originate from a common tendon, which arises from
the medial epicondyle of the humurus

42. flexor carpi radialis
• ORIGIN: medial epicondyle (humerus)
• INSERTION: metacarpals 2 – 3
• INNERVATION: median nerve
• ACTION: flexes / abducts wrist

43. Flexor carpi ulnaris
• ORIGIN: medial epicondyle
(humerus); olecranon process
(ulna)
• INSERTION: pisiform /
hamate of carpals
• INNERVATION: ulnar nerve
• ACTION: flexes / adducts wrist

44. Intermediate Compartment
• The flexor digitorum superficialis is the only
muscle of the intermediate compartment.
• It can sometimes be classed as a superficial muscle, it
lies between the deep and superficial muscle layers.

45. flexor digitorum superficialis
• ORIGIN: medial epicondyle
(humerus); coronoid process (ulna);
shaft of radius
• INSERTION: middle phalanges 2 -
5
• INNERVATION: median nerve
• ACTION: flexes wrist / fingers

46. Deep Compartment
There are three muscles in the deep anterior
forearm;
• flexor digitorum profundus,
• flexor pollicis longus, and
• pronator quadratus.

47. flexor digitorum profundus
• ORIGIN: coronoid process /
anteriolmedial surface (ulna)
INSERTION: distal
phalanges 2 - 5
• INNERVATION: ulnar /
median nerves
• ACTION: flexes wrist /
fingers

48. flexor pollicis longus
• ORIGIN: anterior surface of
radius
• INSERTION: distal phalanx
of thumb
• INNERVATION: median
nerve
• ACTION: flexes thumb

49. pronator quadratus
• ORIGIN: distal surface of
anterior ulna
• INSERTION: distal surface of
anterior radius
• INNERVATION: median
nerve
• ACTION: pronates( Rotation)
forearm

50. Muscles in the Posterior
Compartment of the Forearm
• The muscles in the posterior compartment of the
forearm are commonly known as the extensor
muscles.
• The general function of these muscles is to produce
extension at the wrist and fingers.
• The muscles in this compartment can be divided into
two layers; deep and superficial.

51. Superficial Muscles
The superficial layer of the posterior forearm contains six
muscles.
Brachioradialis.
Anconeus
extensor carpi radialis brevis,
extensor digitorum,
extensor carpi ulnaris and
extensor digiti minimi.

52. thanks