This chapter discusses fundamentals of IT and operating systems. It defines a computer as an electronic device that processes data through input, processing, and output. The document outlines computer parts including hardware components like the CPU, memory, and storage as well as software like operating systems and applications. It describes different types of computers such as desktops, laptops, servers and mobile devices. The history of computers from early machines to modern devices is summarized. Advantages and disadvantages of computer usage are listed. Common operating system functions like managing resources and providing a user interface are explained.

1. Chapter 1: Fundamentals of IT and OS
Amoud University

2. Chapter Objectives:
 What is Computer
 Computer Features
 Computer Parts
 Computer Types
 Computer History
 Advantages and Disadvantages of
Computer
 Usage of Computer
 What is OS
 Functions of OS

3. What is a computer?
 A computer is an electronic device that
manipulates information, or data.
 It has the ability to store, retrieve, and
process data.
 A computer is an electronic device that
receives user input and outputs information
to us.
 You probably already know that you can use
a computer to type documents, send email,
play games, and browse the Web.
 You can also use it to edit or create
spreadsheets, presentations, and even
videos.

4.  A Computer is an electronic device that accepts Input
(data), Processes it, and produces Output as required.
 The diagram below shows the operation
of a computer system (Figure 1).
 When we enter: 1 + 2 as Input. The computer will process
the input and display 3 as output

5.  Computer is electronic device that is
used to store data as a binary form.
(1,0)
 A computer is an electronic
machine/device that processes data.
Information given to the computer is
called data. Computer works very fast.
It saves your time and energy. It can
remember a lot of things.

6. Computer Features
The interesting feature of a computer is that it is
programmable, i.e., it can be programmed and
used for a variety of tasks that usually require
human resource. Further, these tasks are done
with following features that make computers so
special:
• Speed – Computers perform tasks in less than a
millionth of a second.
• Accurate – Computers perform tasks without any
mistake.
• Huge Storage – Computers facilitate storing huge
amount of data/ information in highly compact
devices

7. Computer Parts
1- Hardware is any part of your computer that
has a physical structure, such as the
keyboard or mouse. It also includes all of
the computer's internal parts.
 Hardware classified into:
1. Input Devices(mouse, keyboard, scanner,
microphone)
2. Output Devices (screen, projector, printer,
speaker)
3. System unit Devices (motherboard, CPU )
4. Storage Devices ( Primary and Secondary
Memory )

8. Computer Parts
2- Software:
is a set of instructions that tells the hardware
what to do. It is what guides the hardware and
tells it how to do each task.
•Computers can’t do anything on their own, they
need step-by-step instructions or directions to
perform any task.
•Software's has two types:
1. Operating System (Windows, Android,
ISO)
2. Applications (Word, PowerPoint,
WhatsApp, Calculator)

9. Types of Computers
1. Desktop Computers
2. Laptop Computers
3. Mobile Computers
4. Servers (Super computers)

10. What are the different types of
computers?
 When most people hear the word
computer, they think of a personal
computer such as a desktop or laptop.
 However, computers come in many
shapes and sizes, and they perform
many different functions in our daily lives.

11. 1) Desktop Computers
 Many people use desktop
computers at work,
home, school, or the
library.
 Once you add a monitor,
mouse, and keyboard,
you have what is typically
known as a desktop
computer.

12. 2) Laptop computers
 Laptops are battery- or AC-powered
personal computers that are more
portable than desktop computers,
allowing you to use them almost
anywhere.

13.  Because a laptop is smaller than a desktop,
it's more difficult to access its internal
components.
 This means you may not be able to upgrade
them as easily as a desktop.

14. 3- Mobile Computers
14
Pages 20 - 23

15. Mobile Computers
Notebook computer
Tablet PC
Smart phones
E-book reader
15
Pages 20 - 22
Figures 1-17 – 1-20

16. Mobile Computers
Handheld computer
Portable media player
Digital camera
16
Pages 22 - 23
Figures 1-21 – 1-23

17. 4) Servers
 A server is a computer that serves up
information to other computers on a
network.
 Many businesses have file servers
employees can use to store and share
files.
 Servers also play an important role in
making the Internet work

19. History of computer
 The computer was born not for entertainment or email
but out of a need to solve a serious number-crunching
crisis. By 1880, the U.S. population had grown so large
that it took more than seven years to tabulate the U.S.
Census results. The government sought a faster way to
get the job done, giving rise to punch-card based
computers that took up entire rooms.
 Today, we carry more computing power on our
smartphones than was available in these early models.
The following brief history of computing is a timeline of
how computers evolved from their humble beginnings
to the machines of today that surf the Internet, play
games and stream multimedia in addition to crunching
numbers.

20. 1st Generation
 In the first generation of
computers, the first
computer of the world
named “ENIAC”
(Electronic Numerical
Integrator and
Computer) was
discovered by John
Mauchly and J. Presper
Eckert in the year
between 1943 to 1945.

21. 2nd Generation
 in the second
generation were
completely based upon
transistors, not on
vacuum tubes. Until the
late 1950s, the use of
transistor did not see
widespread in
computers; however, it
was invented at Bell
Labs by Walter
H. Brattain (1902-
1987), John Bardeen
(1908-1991), and
William B.

22. 3rd Generation
 The third generation of
computer technology was
based on integrated circuit
technology and extended
from approximately 1964 to
1970. Jack Kilby (1923–) of
Texas Instruments
and Robert Noyce (1927–
1990) of Fairchild
Semiconductor were the first
to develop the idea of the
integrated circuit in 1959.

23. 4th Generation
 The fourth generation was
from 1971-1980. Computers
of fourth generation used
Very Large Scale Integrated
(VLSI) circuits. VLSI circuits
having about 5000
transistors and other circuit
elements with their
associated circuits on a
single chip made it possible
to have microcomputers of
fourth generation.

24. 5th Generation
 The fifth-generation
computer was based
on Artificial intelligence
(AI) software. Artificial
intelligence describes
the medium and way of
making computers like
humans. This was to
provide a platform for
future developments in
artificial intelligence.
This is an emerging
branch in computer
science.

25. Advantages and Disadvantages
of Using Computers
Advantages of
Using Computers
Disadvantages of
Using Computers
25
Speed
Reliability
Storage
Communications
Health Risks
Violation of Privacy
Public Safety
Impact on Labor
Force
Impact on
Environment
Pages 9 - 10

26. Examples of Computer Usage
Home User
• Personal financial
management
• Web access
• Communications
• Entertainment
Small Office/Home
Office User
• Look up information
• Send and receive e-mail
messages
• Make telephone calls
Mobile User
• Connect to other
computers on a network
or the Internet
• Transfer information
• Play video games
• Listen to music
• Watch movies
26
Pages 28 – 31
Figures 1-30 – 1-32

27. Examples of Computer Usage
Power User
• Work with
multimedia
• Use industry-
specific software
Enterprise
User
• Communicate
among employees
• Process high
volumes of
transactions
• Blog
27
Pages 31 – 32
Figures 1-33 – 1-34

28. Computer Applications in Society
Education
Finance
Government
Health Care
28
Pages 34 - 36
Figures 1-36 – 1-39

29. Computer Applications in Society
Science
Publishing
Travel
Manufacturing
29
Pages 36 - 38
Figures 1-40 – 1-43

30. Operating System - OS

31. What is an operating system?
 An Operating System is like a backbone of a computer
system. It controls and manages the entire operations
of a computer.
 An operating system is the most important software
that runs on a computer.
 It manages the computer's memory, processes, and all
software and hardware.
 Without an operating system, a computer is useless.

32. Main functions of OS
1. Manage Resources
An Operating System coordinates all the resource (or
devices) of a computer system such as; Memory,
Processor, Storage devices, Monitors, Printers, etc. It
also monitors system performance, scheduled jobs,
provides security and starts up the computer.

33. Main functions of OS
2. Provide User Interface
While working on computers, mostly you interact with
the Operating System that provides a way to control
computers. The way you interact with computers is
termed as the User Interface.

34. Main functions of OS
3. Run Applications
The Operating System loads and runs applications (or
apps), such as Microsoft Edge or MS Word.
Most Operating systems support multitasking, which
allows to run multiple apps simultaneously and
switching between them.

35. Popular operating systems
1. Microsoft Windows
2. Apple Mac OS X
3. Linux
4. Android
5. IOS

36. End