1. This document describes the origin, insertion, nerve supply, blood supply, and action of various muscles in the pectoral region, arm, and axilla. It includes muscles that act on the shoulder joint like the pectoralis major, muscles of the rotator cuff, and muscles that flex and extend the elbow like the biceps brachii and triceps brachii.
2. Key muscles described are the pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, deltoid, biceps brachii, brachialis, and triceps brachii. The pectoralis major adducts and medially rotates the humerus. The lat
The document describes the muscles of the anterior, lateral, and posterior fascial compartments of the forearm. In the anterior compartment, there are superficial, intermediate, and deep groups of muscles including the flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor digitorum superficialis, and flexor digitorum profundus. The muscles are supplied by the median and ulnar nerves except for the flexor carpi ulnaris. The lateral compartment includes the brachioradialis and extensors of the wrist and fingers. The posterior compartment comprises extensors of the wrist, fingers and thumb including the abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis and extensor
The hip joint is a ball and socket synovial joint that allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation. It has a high degree of stability provided by the depth of the acetabulum, strong ligaments like the iliofemoral ligament, and surrounding muscles. The femoral head articulates with the acetabulum and is supported by ligaments including the fibrous capsule, acetabular labrum, and transverse acetabular ligament. Flexion is produced by the psoas major and iliacus while abduction is performed by the gluteus medius and minimus.
This document summarizes the muscles of the shoulder, arm, and forearm. It provides the name, origin, insertion, innervation, and function for each muscle. Some key shoulder muscles include the deltoid, trapezius, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, and rotator cuff muscles. Key arm muscles are the biceps brachii, triceps brachii, and brachialis. Important forearm muscles include the pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, extensor digitorum, and flexor digitorum profundis.
The knee joint is the largest and most complex joint in the body. It consists of three joints: the medial and lateral condylar joints between the femur and tibia, and the patellofemoral joint between the femur and patella. The knee joint contains numerous ligaments that connect the femur, tibia, and patella, including the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, medial and lateral collateral ligaments, and medial and lateral menisci. The knee joint also contains bursae that reduce friction between bones, muscles, tendons, and ligaments during movement.
The shoulder joint is formed by the articulation of the glenoid cavity of the scapula and the head of the humerus. It is a ball and socket synovial joint that allows for polyaxial movement. The joint is strengthened by ligaments like the glenohumeral and coracohumeral ligaments, as well as the rotator cuff muscles. Injuries and conditions that can affect the shoulder joint include dislocations, bursitis, rotator cuff tears, and frozen shoulder.
The shoulder joint, also known as the glenohumeral joint, is a ball and socket joint that allows for the most extensive range of motion of any joint in the human body. It connects the humerus bone to the scapula and clavicle bones. The document discusses the types of joints around the shoulder, the bones and ligaments, and the main muscles involved in shoulder movements like flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction. It provides the range of motion for each movement and lists the primary muscles that facilitate each one.
The document describes the anatomy of the arm, including cutaneous innervation, fascial compartments, contents of the anterior compartment, and structures passing through the anterior compartment. Specifically, it notes that the arm is divided into anterior and posterior compartments by intermuscular septa, with the anterior compartment containing the biceps brachii, coracobrachialis, and brachialis muscles innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve, as well as the brachial artery, median nerve, ulnar nerve, and other structures passing through.
This document describes the anatomy of various muscles in the back, shoulder, arm, and forearm. It provides details on the origin, insertion, nerve supply, and action of muscles like the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, deltoid, biceps brachii, triceps, and flexor muscles of the forearm. The rotator cuff muscles that stabilize the shoulder joint are also discussed. Diagrams and labels are included to illustrate the anatomical structures.
The document describes the muscles of the anterior, lateral, and posterior fascial compartments of the forearm. In the anterior compartment, there are superficial, intermediate, and deep groups of muscles including the flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor digitorum superficialis, and flexor digitorum profundus. The muscles are supplied by the median and ulnar nerves except for the flexor carpi ulnaris. The lateral compartment includes the brachioradialis and extensors of the wrist and fingers. The posterior compartment comprises extensors of the wrist, fingers and thumb including the abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis and extensor
The hip joint is a ball and socket synovial joint that allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation. It has a high degree of stability provided by the depth of the acetabulum, strong ligaments like the iliofemoral ligament, and surrounding muscles. The femoral head articulates with the acetabulum and is supported by ligaments including the fibrous capsule, acetabular labrum, and transverse acetabular ligament. Flexion is produced by the psoas major and iliacus while abduction is performed by the gluteus medius and minimus.
This document summarizes the muscles of the shoulder, arm, and forearm. It provides the name, origin, insertion, innervation, and function for each muscle. Some key shoulder muscles include the deltoid, trapezius, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, and rotator cuff muscles. Key arm muscles are the biceps brachii, triceps brachii, and brachialis. Important forearm muscles include the pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, extensor digitorum, and flexor digitorum profundis.
The knee joint is the largest and most complex joint in the body. It consists of three joints: the medial and lateral condylar joints between the femur and tibia, and the patellofemoral joint between the femur and patella. The knee joint contains numerous ligaments that connect the femur, tibia, and patella, including the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, medial and lateral collateral ligaments, and medial and lateral menisci. The knee joint also contains bursae that reduce friction between bones, muscles, tendons, and ligaments during movement.
The shoulder joint is formed by the articulation of the glenoid cavity of the scapula and the head of the humerus. It is a ball and socket synovial joint that allows for polyaxial movement. The joint is strengthened by ligaments like the glenohumeral and coracohumeral ligaments, as well as the rotator cuff muscles. Injuries and conditions that can affect the shoulder joint include dislocations, bursitis, rotator cuff tears, and frozen shoulder.
The shoulder joint, also known as the glenohumeral joint, is a ball and socket joint that allows for the most extensive range of motion of any joint in the human body. It connects the humerus bone to the scapula and clavicle bones. The document discusses the types of joints around the shoulder, the bones and ligaments, and the main muscles involved in shoulder movements like flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction. It provides the range of motion for each movement and lists the primary muscles that facilitate each one.
The document describes the anatomy of the arm, including cutaneous innervation, fascial compartments, contents of the anterior compartment, and structures passing through the anterior compartment. Specifically, it notes that the arm is divided into anterior and posterior compartments by intermuscular septa, with the anterior compartment containing the biceps brachii, coracobrachialis, and brachialis muscles innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve, as well as the brachial artery, median nerve, ulnar nerve, and other structures passing through.
This document describes the anatomy of various muscles in the back, shoulder, arm, and forearm. It provides details on the origin, insertion, nerve supply, and action of muscles like the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, deltoid, biceps brachii, triceps, and flexor muscles of the forearm. The rotator cuff muscles that stabilize the shoulder joint are also discussed. Diagrams and labels are included to illustrate the anatomical structures.
The ankle joint is a hinge synovial joint formed between the lower end of the tibia, lateral malleolus of the fibula, and the talus bone. It is supported by strong ligaments including the deltoid ligament medially and the lateral ligament laterally. The ankle joint allows for dorsiflexion and plantar flexion movements, raising and lowering the foot respectively. It receives its blood supply from the anterior and posterior tibial arteries and innervation from the deep peroneal and tibial nerves.
The document describes the anatomy of the palm of the hand. It discusses the skin, nerves, muscles and fascia of the palm. The palmaris brevis muscle covers and protects the base of the hypothenar eminence. The deep fascia forms the flexor retinaculum and palmar aponeurosis. The flexor retinaculum converts the front of the wrist into the carpal tunnel. The palmar aponeurosis divides into bands that attach to the skin and flexor tendon sheaths. The document also outlines the small muscles of the hand including the thenar, hypothenar and interossei muscles.
The document discusses the anatomy of the upper limb. It begins by outlining the bones, joints, muscles, vessels and nerves of the upper limb. It then describes the bones in more detail, including the scapula, clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna and bones of the hand. It notes the key features and articulations of each bone. It also briefly discusses the muscles of the upper limb, grouping them into muscles that attach the limb to the axial skeleton and muscles within the limb itself.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the upper limb. It begins by listing the learning objectives which are to describe the bones, joints, muscles, arteries, veins, and spaces of the upper limb. It then proceeds to discuss the bones of the upper limb including the scapula, clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. It also describes the joints between these bones. Next, it covers the major muscles of the upper limb grouped into those attached to the axial skeleton and those of the upper limb itself. Finally, it briefly discusses the brachial plexus nerves and blood vessels of the axilla and upper limb.
The knee joint is the largest and most complex joint in the body. It is formed by the condyle of the femur articulating with the condyle of the tibia and the patella. The knee joint is supported by several ligaments including the fibrous capsule, ligamentum patellae, medial and lateral collateral ligaments, anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, and medial and lateral menisci. The knee joint is supplied by branches of the popliteal artery and innervated by branches of the femoral and sciatic nerves. Common clinical issues involving the knee include osteoarthritis, injuries to the cruciate ligaments and menisci, and deformities such as genu varum and genu vulg
The thoracic spine consists of 12 vertebrae located between the cervical and lumbar regions. Each thoracic vertebra has a heart-shaped body with demi-facets that articulate with the ribs. They also have transverse processes with costal facets that connect to the ribs. The thoracic region has a natural kyphotic curvature and supports the rib cage. Common spinal conditions that affect the thoracic region include kyphosis, Scheuermann's disease, flat back, and thoracic scoliosis.
The elbow joint is a synovial hinge joint that connects the forearm to the arm. It consists of the trochlea of the humerus articulating with the trochlear notch of the ulna, and the capitulum of the humerus articulating with the head of the radius. The elbow joint is stabilized by ligaments and surrounded by a joint capsule, and allows for flexion and extension of the forearm. Common injuries to the elbow include dislocations, fractures, and inflammation like tennis elbow.
This document summarizes the anatomy of the anterior compartment of the arm and cubital fossa. It describes the three muscles of the anterior compartment - coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, and brachialis. It details the nerve innervation, origins, insertions and actions of each muscle. It then describes the boundaries, contents, and applied significance of the cubital fossa, including the median cubital vein.
The document describes several muscles of the shoulder region. It discusses the deltoid muscle in detail, including its origin on the clavicle, acromion, and scapula, insertion on the humerus, nerve supply from the axillary nerve, and actions of abduction, flexion, and extension of the arm. It also summarizes the rotator cuff muscles - supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis - which stabilize the shoulder joint and allow rotation. Finally, it provides information on the trapezius muscle, noting its broad triangular shape and ability to elevate, retract, and depress the scapula.
The shoulder joint is a ball and socket joint formed by the humerus, scapula, and clavicle. It has the greatest range of motion of any joint. The glenohumeral joint allows the arm to move in many directions but is less stable due to its shallow socket. A series of muscles including the rotator cuff provide dynamic stability. The shoulder complex also includes the acromioclavicular, sternoclavicular, and scapulothoracic joints. The bones, ligaments, muscles, and nerves of the shoulder are described in detail in the document.
The ankle joint, or talocrural joint, is a hinged synovial joint that connects the distal ends of the tibia and fibula to the proximal end of the talus bone. It is stabilized by strong collateral ligaments on the sides, interlocking articular surfaces, and tendons crossing the joint. The ankle joint functions as a hinge to allow dorsiflexion and plantarflexion motions of the foot.
The ankle joint is composed of two joints - the subtalar joint and the true ankle joint. The subtalar joint allows side to side motion and involves the talus and calcaneus bones. The true ankle joint allows up and down motion and involves the tibia, fibula, and talus bones. The ankle joint is supported by ligaments including the deltoid ligament medially and lateral ligaments laterally. Common ankle injuries include sprains, fractures, and defects that can damage the ligaments and bones of the ankle joint.
The radial nerve originates from cervical and thoracic nerve roots and is the largest branch of the brachial plexus. It provides cutaneous innervation to the posterior arm and forearm and motor innervation to triceps, brachioradialis, and extensor muscles of the forearm and hand. The radial nerve is vulnerable to compression at the radial tunnel as it travels through the forearm. Compression can cause radial tunnel syndrome. The superficial branch of the radial nerve can be affected by Wartenberg syndrome. Radial nerve palsy can result from fractures, injuries, tumors, or iatrogenic causes.
The hip joint is a ball and socket synovial joint formed between the femoral head and acetabulum. It is supported by strong ligaments like the iliofemoral, pubofemoral, and ischiofemoral ligaments. The joint allows for flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial and lateral rotation facilitated by various muscles like the gluteals, hamstrings, hip flexors and adductors. The joint is innervated by the femoral, obturator, and sciatic nerves and has important relations superiorly with the piriformis and gluteus minimus muscles.
The document summarizes the major muscles of the shoulder region. It describes four anterior thoracoappendicular muscles - pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, subclavius, and serratus anterior - that move the pectoral girdle. It also discusses the trapezius and deltoid muscles that provide contour to the shoulder region and attach the scapula, clavicle, and humerus. Posterior muscles of the scapular region include the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and teres major that stabilize the glenohumeral joint.
This document describes the anatomy of the front of the thigh. It details the cutaneous nerves, muscles in the anterior compartment including the pectineus, sartorius and quadriceps femoris. It describes the femoral triangle containing the femoral vessels and nerve. The adductor canal containing the continuation of the femoral artery and vein is also summarized. Finally, the courses and branches of the femoral artery and vein are outlined.
The sciatic nerve is the longest and largest nerve in the human body. It runs from the lower back through the back of the leg, and down to the toes. Any type of pain and/or neurological symptoms that are felt along the sciatic nerve is referred to as sciatica.
This document describes the muscles of the forearm, which are divided into anterior and posterior compartments separated by septa. The anterior compartment contains flexor muscles in superficial, intermediate, and deep layers. The posterior compartment contains extensor muscles in superficial and deep layers. Key muscles are described in each layer, including their origins, insertions, innervation and functions. The document provides an anatomical overview of the major muscles of the forearm.
The radial nerve is at risk of injury at three locations in the upper limb: in the axilla, in the spiral groove of the humerus, and at the elbow. Injury in the axilla can result from pressure from a crutch and causes motor loss of triceps, wrist and finger extension, and supination as well as sensory loss in the arm and back of the forearm. Injury in the spiral groove most commonly causes motor loss of wrist and finger extension with possible sensory loss only in the hand. Radial tunnel syndrome can cause compression of the radial nerve at the elbow, resulting in loss of wrist and finger extension but no wrist drop.
The document provides an anatomy overview of the upper limbs, beginning with the axilla (armpit) and its boundaries, contents, and walls. It then discusses the breast and its structure. Next, it covers the rotator cuff muscles that stabilize the shoulder joint. Finally, it lists the muscles responsible for abduction of the arm at the shoulder joint.
Anatomy of brachial plexus explained in detail along with nerve supply of all the muscles of upper limb and various paralysis caused by brachial plexus injury
The ankle joint is a hinge synovial joint formed between the lower end of the tibia, lateral malleolus of the fibula, and the talus bone. It is supported by strong ligaments including the deltoid ligament medially and the lateral ligament laterally. The ankle joint allows for dorsiflexion and plantar flexion movements, raising and lowering the foot respectively. It receives its blood supply from the anterior and posterior tibial arteries and innervation from the deep peroneal and tibial nerves.
The document describes the anatomy of the palm of the hand. It discusses the skin, nerves, muscles and fascia of the palm. The palmaris brevis muscle covers and protects the base of the hypothenar eminence. The deep fascia forms the flexor retinaculum and palmar aponeurosis. The flexor retinaculum converts the front of the wrist into the carpal tunnel. The palmar aponeurosis divides into bands that attach to the skin and flexor tendon sheaths. The document also outlines the small muscles of the hand including the thenar, hypothenar and interossei muscles.
The document discusses the anatomy of the upper limb. It begins by outlining the bones, joints, muscles, vessels and nerves of the upper limb. It then describes the bones in more detail, including the scapula, clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna and bones of the hand. It notes the key features and articulations of each bone. It also briefly discusses the muscles of the upper limb, grouping them into muscles that attach the limb to the axial skeleton and muscles within the limb itself.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the upper limb. It begins by listing the learning objectives which are to describe the bones, joints, muscles, arteries, veins, and spaces of the upper limb. It then proceeds to discuss the bones of the upper limb including the scapula, clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. It also describes the joints between these bones. Next, it covers the major muscles of the upper limb grouped into those attached to the axial skeleton and those of the upper limb itself. Finally, it briefly discusses the brachial plexus nerves and blood vessels of the axilla and upper limb.
The knee joint is the largest and most complex joint in the body. It is formed by the condyle of the femur articulating with the condyle of the tibia and the patella. The knee joint is supported by several ligaments including the fibrous capsule, ligamentum patellae, medial and lateral collateral ligaments, anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, and medial and lateral menisci. The knee joint is supplied by branches of the popliteal artery and innervated by branches of the femoral and sciatic nerves. Common clinical issues involving the knee include osteoarthritis, injuries to the cruciate ligaments and menisci, and deformities such as genu varum and genu vulg
The thoracic spine consists of 12 vertebrae located between the cervical and lumbar regions. Each thoracic vertebra has a heart-shaped body with demi-facets that articulate with the ribs. They also have transverse processes with costal facets that connect to the ribs. The thoracic region has a natural kyphotic curvature and supports the rib cage. Common spinal conditions that affect the thoracic region include kyphosis, Scheuermann's disease, flat back, and thoracic scoliosis.
The elbow joint is a synovial hinge joint that connects the forearm to the arm. It consists of the trochlea of the humerus articulating with the trochlear notch of the ulna, and the capitulum of the humerus articulating with the head of the radius. The elbow joint is stabilized by ligaments and surrounded by a joint capsule, and allows for flexion and extension of the forearm. Common injuries to the elbow include dislocations, fractures, and inflammation like tennis elbow.
This document summarizes the anatomy of the anterior compartment of the arm and cubital fossa. It describes the three muscles of the anterior compartment - coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, and brachialis. It details the nerve innervation, origins, insertions and actions of each muscle. It then describes the boundaries, contents, and applied significance of the cubital fossa, including the median cubital vein.
The document describes several muscles of the shoulder region. It discusses the deltoid muscle in detail, including its origin on the clavicle, acromion, and scapula, insertion on the humerus, nerve supply from the axillary nerve, and actions of abduction, flexion, and extension of the arm. It also summarizes the rotator cuff muscles - supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis - which stabilize the shoulder joint and allow rotation. Finally, it provides information on the trapezius muscle, noting its broad triangular shape and ability to elevate, retract, and depress the scapula.
The shoulder joint is a ball and socket joint formed by the humerus, scapula, and clavicle. It has the greatest range of motion of any joint. The glenohumeral joint allows the arm to move in many directions but is less stable due to its shallow socket. A series of muscles including the rotator cuff provide dynamic stability. The shoulder complex also includes the acromioclavicular, sternoclavicular, and scapulothoracic joints. The bones, ligaments, muscles, and nerves of the shoulder are described in detail in the document.
The ankle joint, or talocrural joint, is a hinged synovial joint that connects the distal ends of the tibia and fibula to the proximal end of the talus bone. It is stabilized by strong collateral ligaments on the sides, interlocking articular surfaces, and tendons crossing the joint. The ankle joint functions as a hinge to allow dorsiflexion and plantarflexion motions of the foot.
The ankle joint is composed of two joints - the subtalar joint and the true ankle joint. The subtalar joint allows side to side motion and involves the talus and calcaneus bones. The true ankle joint allows up and down motion and involves the tibia, fibula, and talus bones. The ankle joint is supported by ligaments including the deltoid ligament medially and lateral ligaments laterally. Common ankle injuries include sprains, fractures, and defects that can damage the ligaments and bones of the ankle joint.
The radial nerve originates from cervical and thoracic nerve roots and is the largest branch of the brachial plexus. It provides cutaneous innervation to the posterior arm and forearm and motor innervation to triceps, brachioradialis, and extensor muscles of the forearm and hand. The radial nerve is vulnerable to compression at the radial tunnel as it travels through the forearm. Compression can cause radial tunnel syndrome. The superficial branch of the radial nerve can be affected by Wartenberg syndrome. Radial nerve palsy can result from fractures, injuries, tumors, or iatrogenic causes.
The hip joint is a ball and socket synovial joint formed between the femoral head and acetabulum. It is supported by strong ligaments like the iliofemoral, pubofemoral, and ischiofemoral ligaments. The joint allows for flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial and lateral rotation facilitated by various muscles like the gluteals, hamstrings, hip flexors and adductors. The joint is innervated by the femoral, obturator, and sciatic nerves and has important relations superiorly with the piriformis and gluteus minimus muscles.
The document summarizes the major muscles of the shoulder region. It describes four anterior thoracoappendicular muscles - pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, subclavius, and serratus anterior - that move the pectoral girdle. It also discusses the trapezius and deltoid muscles that provide contour to the shoulder region and attach the scapula, clavicle, and humerus. Posterior muscles of the scapular region include the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and teres major that stabilize the glenohumeral joint.
This document describes the anatomy of the front of the thigh. It details the cutaneous nerves, muscles in the anterior compartment including the pectineus, sartorius and quadriceps femoris. It describes the femoral triangle containing the femoral vessels and nerve. The adductor canal containing the continuation of the femoral artery and vein is also summarized. Finally, the courses and branches of the femoral artery and vein are outlined.
The sciatic nerve is the longest and largest nerve in the human body. It runs from the lower back through the back of the leg, and down to the toes. Any type of pain and/or neurological symptoms that are felt along the sciatic nerve is referred to as sciatica.
This document describes the muscles of the forearm, which are divided into anterior and posterior compartments separated by septa. The anterior compartment contains flexor muscles in superficial, intermediate, and deep layers. The posterior compartment contains extensor muscles in superficial and deep layers. Key muscles are described in each layer, including their origins, insertions, innervation and functions. The document provides an anatomical overview of the major muscles of the forearm.
The radial nerve is at risk of injury at three locations in the upper limb: in the axilla, in the spiral groove of the humerus, and at the elbow. Injury in the axilla can result from pressure from a crutch and causes motor loss of triceps, wrist and finger extension, and supination as well as sensory loss in the arm and back of the forearm. Injury in the spiral groove most commonly causes motor loss of wrist and finger extension with possible sensory loss only in the hand. Radial tunnel syndrome can cause compression of the radial nerve at the elbow, resulting in loss of wrist and finger extension but no wrist drop.
The document provides an anatomy overview of the upper limbs, beginning with the axilla (armpit) and its boundaries, contents, and walls. It then discusses the breast and its structure. Next, it covers the rotator cuff muscles that stabilize the shoulder joint. Finally, it lists the muscles responsible for abduction of the arm at the shoulder joint.
Anatomy of brachial plexus explained in detail along with nerve supply of all the muscles of upper limb and various paralysis caused by brachial plexus injury
The document describes the anatomy of the popliteal fossa and back of the thigh. It contains the following key points:
1. The popliteal fossa is a diamond-shaped depression on the back of the knee that contains the popliteal artery, vein and tibial nerve.
2. The hamstring muscles originate on the ischial tuberosity and insert on the tibia or fibula. They flex the knee and extend the hip.
3. The sciatic nerve arises in the pelvis and divides into the tibial and common peroneal nerves in the popliteal fossa, supplying muscles of the thigh and leg.
muscels of the upper Limb edited(1).pptxPhebeLois1
This document provides information on the muscles of the upper limb, axilla, and cubital fossa. It describes the origin, insertion, nerve supply, and action of numerous muscles in these regions, including the pectoral region, back, scapula, arm, and forearm (both anterior and posterior sides). The muscles described include the pectoralis major and minor, deltoid, biceps brachii, triceps brachii, brachialis, and many forearm flexors and extensors.
The document provides information about the pectoral girdle (shoulder girdle) and associated bones, joints, muscles and movements. It describes the clavicle bone, its articulations in the sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints. It also describes the scapula bone and its movements. Key muscles that act on the pectoral girdle and humerus are identified, including their origins, insertions and actions. The major joints of the pectoral girdle, the sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints, are also summarized.
The arm contains 3 compartments divided by intermuscular septa. The anterior compartment contains flexors like biceps and brachialis innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve. The posterior compartment's extensors include triceps innervated by the radial nerve. The brachial artery travels through the arm giving off branches before dividing into radial and ulnar arteries at the cubital fossa. The cubital fossa also contains the median nerve and radial nerve as they pass through the elbow region.
The document describes the anatomy of the gluteal region and posterior thigh. It discusses the surface anatomy landmarks and major muscles in this region, including their origins, insertions, innervation, and actions. The gluteus maximus, medius, and minimus muscles and their roles in hip extension and abduction are summarized. Other muscles described include the pyriformis, gemelli, obturator internus, quadratus femoris, and hamstring muscles. The neurovascular structures of the gluteal region including the superior and inferior gluteal nerves and arteries are also outlined.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the posterior triangle of the neck, including its boundaries, contents, and structures. It describes the boundaries as being formed by the middle third of the clavicle, sternocleidomastoid muscle, and trapezius muscle. The main contents include the accessory nerve, cutaneous cervical nerves, omohyoid muscle, external jugular vein, subclavian vessels, and brachial plexus trunks and cords.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the posterior triangle of the neck, including its boundaries, contents, and structures. Specifically, it describes the boundaries as being formed by the middle third of the clavicle, sternocleidomastoid muscle, and trapezius muscle. The main contents include the accessory nerve, cutaneous cervical nerves, omohyoid muscle, external jugular vein, subclavian vessels, and brachial plexus trunks and cords.
The document discusses the bones and joints of the shoulder girdle and shoulder joint. It describes that the shoulder girdle consists of the clavicle, scapula, and sternum. The shoulder joint involves the scapula, clavicle, and humerus. It allows for movements like flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation. The document outlines the ligaments and muscles that support these bones and movements.
The shoulder girdle consists of three bones - the clavicle, scapula, and humerus. It has several joints that provide a wide range of motion, including the sternoclavicular joint between the clavicle and sternum, the acromioclavicular joint between the clavicle and acromion, and the glenohumeral joint between the humerus and scapula. Numerous muscles attach to the shoulder bones including the deltoid, rotator cuff muscles, and latissimus dorsi, allowing movements like abduction, flexion, and rotation. The brachial plexus provides motor and sensory innervation while blood is supplied by branches of
The document summarizes the anatomy of the humerus bone and shoulder joint. It describes the proximal and distal features of the humerus, including the head, greater and lesser tubercles, and anatomical landmarks at the distal end like the capitulum and trochlea. It also outlines the muscles that act on the humerus to allow movements like flexion, extension, and rotation at the shoulder joint. The shoulder joint itself is described as a ball and socket joint formed by the humeral head articulating with the glenoid cavity, allowing a large range of motion. Key ligaments and bursae that support and cushion the joint are also mentioned.
ANATOMY TEST QUESTIONS FOR UPPER AND LOWER LIMB - Copy.docxmarrahmohamed33
The document provides questions and answers related to human anatomy. It includes questions about the hamstring muscles, hip bones, thigh muscles, popliteal fossa, rotator cuff muscles, tarsal and carpal bones, sciatic nerve, brachial plexus, and carpal tunnel. The answers provide detailed descriptions and lists of structures for each topic in 1-2 paragraphs. Key details include lists of specific bones, muscles, nerves and their origins, innervations, blood supply and functions.
The document provides information on the brachial plexus including its anatomy, variation, relations, and mechanisms of injury. It describes the formation of the brachial plexus from the ventral rami of cervical and thoracic spinal nerves. It details the trunks, divisions, cords and major branches of the brachial plexus. Common variations and mechanisms of injury including Erb's palsy, Klumpke's palsy, and brachial plexus injuries from shoulder dislocations are summarized. Clinical presentations of different brachial plexus injuries are also outlined.
shoulder Anatomy by ayalew.orthopedic residentpptx,AyalewKomande1
The document provides an overview of shoulder anatomy and physical examination. It describes the bones that make up the shoulder joint including the clavicle, scapula, and proximal humerus. It outlines the fascia, muscles including rotator cuff and axioappendicular muscles, as well as neurovascular structures like the brachial plexus in the axilla. The physical examination section covers inspection, palpation, and range of motion assessment including special tests for shoulder conditions.
Understanding your spine and how it works can help you better understand some of the problems that occur from aging or injury.
Many demands are placed on your spine. It holds up your head, shoulders, and upper body. It gives you support to stand up straight, and gives you flexibility to bend and twist. It also protects your spinal cord.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the arm and pectoral region. It describes the origins, insertions, innervations, and actions of muscles like the latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major and minor, serratus anterior, biceps brachii, triceps brachii, brachialis, and coracobrachialis. It also details the fascia, compartments, and structures of the arm, forearm, cubital fossa, and pectoral region including bones, muscles, vessels and nerves.
The document summarizes an anatomy revision session on the upper limb. It discusses various muscles of the upper limb including their origins, insertions, innervations and functions. Key muscles covered include the pectoralis major and minor, serratus anterior, deltoid, biceps brachii, brachialis, coracobrachialis, and triceps. It also discusses the rotator cuff muscles and muscles of the forearm including flexor carpi ulnaris and radialis. The session aims to help students identify upper limb muscles and understand their relations to nerves.
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The brachial plexus is a network of nerves formed by the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal nerves that provides motor innervation to the muscles of the upper limb and sensory innervation to the skin of the upper limb. It is divided into 5 parts - roots, trunks, divisions, cords, and branches. The document proceeds to describe each part in detail and lists the minor branches of the brachial plexus, their spinal root contributions, and motor and sensory functions. The blood supply of the brachial plexus is also summarized.
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Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
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Chapter 4
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Chapter 5
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Chapter 6
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MUSCLE_ILLUSTRATION_DESCRIPTION_ORIGIN_I.pdf
1. MUSCLE ILLUSTRATION DESCRIPTION ORIGIN INSERTION NERVE SUPPLY
BLOOD
SUPPLY
ACTION
MUSCLES OF THE PECTORAL REGION
A. Anterior Axioappendicular Muscles (Upper Limb to Thoracic wall)
1. Pectoralis Major
-Fan-shaped muscle; Covers
superior part of thorax
-Convergent
-Has clavicular and
sternocostal heads
-Clavicular head: Anterior
surface of medial half of
clavicle
-Sternocostal head: Anterior
surface of sternum, superior
six costal cartilages, and
aponeurosis of external
oblique muscles
Lateral lip of
intertubercular sulcus
of humerus
Lateral and medial
pectoral nerves
-Adducts and medially
rotates humerus
-Draws scapula anteriorly
and inferiorly
-Clavicular head: flexes
humerus
-Sternocostal head: extends
humerus (from a flexed
position)
2. Pectoralis Minor
-Triangular in shape
-In the anterior wall, almost
completely covered by the
pectoralis major
3rd to 5th ribs near their costal
cartilages
Medial border and
superior surface of
coracoid process of
scapula
Medial pectoral
nerve from brachial
plexus (C8, T1)
Stabilizes scapula by
drawing inferiorly and
anteriorly against thoracic
wall
3. Subclavius
-Found inferior to the clavicle
-Provides protection to the
subclavian vessels and to
the superior trunk of the
brachial plexus
-Resist tendency for clavicle
to be dislocated at the
sternoclavicular joint
Junction of 1st rib and its
costal cartilage
Inferior surface of
middle third of clavicle
Nerve to subclavius
(C5, C6)
Anchors and depresses
clavicle
2. 4. Serratus anterior
-Overlies the lateral part of
the thorax and forms the
medial wall of the axilla
-Named due to sawtooth
appearance of fleshy slips or
digitations
-“Boxer’s muscle” as it is one
of the most powerful muscles
of the pectoral girdle, a
strong protractor of the
scapula, and is used when
punching or reaching
anteriorly
-Multipennate
External surface of lateral
parts of 1st – 8th ribs
Anterior surface of
medial border of
scapula
Long thoracic nerve
(C5, C6, C7)
-Protracts scapula and holds
in against thoracic wall
-Rotates scapula
B. Posterior Axioappendicular muscles (Upper limb to vertebral column)
Superficial (Extrinsic shoulder) muscles
1. Trapezius
-Covers the posterior aspect
of the neck and superior half
of the trunk
-Convergent
-Muscles of the 2 sides form
a trapezium
Medial third of superior
nuchal line; External occipital
protuberance; nuchal
ligament; spinous process of
C7 to T12 vertebrae
-Upper fibers: lateral
third of clavicle
-Middle and lower
fibers: acromion and
spine of scapula
-Spinal accessory
nerve (CN XI)
(motor fibers)
-C3, C4 spinal
nerves (Pain and
proprioceptive
fibers)
-Descending/Superior/Upper
– Elevate scapula
-Middle fibers (all parts
together) – Retracts scapula
-Ascending/Inferior/Lower
fibers – depress scapula
3. 2. Latissimus dorsi
-Large, fan-shaped muscle
-Convergent
-Passes from trunk to the
humerus
-Acts directly on the
glenohumeral joint and
indirectly on the pectoral
girdle (Scapulothoracic joint)
Spinous processes of inferior
6 thoracic vertebrae,
thoracolumbar fascia, iliac
crest, and inferior 3 or 4 ribs
Floor of
intertubercular sulcus
of humerus
Thoracodorsal
nerve (C6, C7, C8)*
-Extends, adducts, and
medially rotates humerus
-Rotates body towards arm
Deep (Extrinsic shoulder) muscles
1. Levator
Scapulae
-Strap-like
-Superior third lies deep to
the sternocleidomastoid;
interior third is deep to the
trapezius
Posterior tubercles of
transverse processes of C1-
C4 vertebrae
Medial border of the
scapula superior to
the root of scapular
spine
Dorsal scapular
(C4, C5) and
Cervical (C3, C4)
nerves
-Elevates scapula medially
-Rotates glenoid cavity
inferiorly by rotating scapula
2. Rhomboid Major
-Forms an oblique equilateral
parallelogram with rhomboid
minor
-Thin, flat, two times wider
than rhomboid minor lying
superior
Spinous processes of T2 to
T5 vertebrae
Medial border of
scapula from level of
spine to inferior angle
Dorsal scapular
nerve (C4, C5)
Retracts scapula and rotates
glenoid cavity inferiorly
-Fix scapula to thoracic wall
3. Rhomboid Minor
-Form an oblique equilateral
parallelogram with rhomboid
major
Nuchal ligament; spinous
process of C7 and T1
vertebrae
Smooth triangular
area at medial end of
scapular spine
Dorsal scapular
nerve (C4, C5)
-Retracts scapula and
rotates its glenoid cavity
inferiorly
-Fix scapula to thoracic wall
4. C. Posterior scapulohumeral muscles (Scapula to Humerus)
1. Deltoid
-Thick, coarse-textured
muscle covering the
shoulder and forms its
rounded contour
(Shaped like the greek letter
delta (triangle))
-Multipennate
-Lateral third of clavicle
-Acromion
-Spine of scapula
Deltoid tuberosity of
the humerus*
Axillary nerve (C5,
C6)
-Clavicular part (anterior):
Flexion and medial rotation
of the arm
-Acromial part (middle):
Abduction of the arm
-Spinal part (posterior):
Extension and lateral
rotation of the arm
2. Supraspinatus
Occupies the supraspinous
fossa of the scapula
Supraspinous fossa of the
scapula
Superior facet of
greater tubercule of
humerus
Suprascapular
nerve (C4, C5, C6)
-Initiates and assists deltoid
in arm abduction
-Acts with rotator cuff
muscles
3. Infraspinatus
Occupies the medial three
quarters of the infraspinous
fossa of the scapula (Partly
covered by the deltoid and
trapezius)
Infraspinous fossa of the
scapula
Medial facet of greater
tubercule of the
humerus
Suprascapular
nerve (C5, C6)
-Lateral rotation of arms
(acts with teres minor)
-Main lateral rotator of the
arm
4. Teres Major
Thick rounded muscle
-Latin “teres”, round
-Assists the Latissimus dorsi
in extending the humerus
Posterior surface of the
inferior angle of the scapula
Medial lip of the
inertubular sulcus of
the humerus*
Lower subscapular
nerve (C5, C6)
Adduction and medial
rotation of arm
5. Teres Minor
Narrow, elongate muscle,
hidden by the deltoid
-Assists the infraspinatus in
lateral rotation of arm and
adduction
Middle part of lateral border
of the scapula
-Inferior facet of
greater tubercule of
the humerus
-Glenohumeral joint
capsule
Axillary nerve (C5,
C6)
Lateral rotation of arms (acts
with infraspinatus)
5. Subscapularis
Thick, triangular muscle lying
on the costal surface of the
scapula
-Forms part of the posterior
wall of the axilla
Subscapular fossa (most of
the anterior surface of the
scapula)
Lesser tubercle of
humerus
Upper and lower
subscapular nerves
(C5, C6, C7)
-Main medial rotator of the
arm
-Assists in holding head of
humerus in the glenoid fossa
Rotator cuff
muscles (SITS)
Muscles involved
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Subscapularis
-Grasps and pulls humeral
head to glenoid cavity
-Protects and stabilizes the
joint capsule
Axillary region
1. Axilla
-Pyramidal space inferior to
glenohumeral joint and
superior to axillary fascia
-Contains loose connective
tissues
6. A. Subspacial spaces
1. Quadrangular
space
Borders:
Teres minor (above)
Teres major (below)
Triceps brachii, long head (medial)
Surgical neck of humerus (lateral)
Axillary nerve
Post humeral circumflex artery
2. Triangular space
(Upper)
Borders:
Teres minor (above)
Teres major (below)
Triceps brachii, long head (lateral)
Circumflex scapular artery from subscapular artery
3. Triangular space
(Lower)
Borders:
Teres major (below)
Triceps brachii, long head (medial)
Humerus (lateral)
Radial nerve
Profunda brachial artery
MUSCLES OF THE ARM
A. Anterior arm: flexor muscles
1. Biceps brachii
-A fusiform with 2 heads that
are proximally attached
-“bi” two + “caput” head
-“Three-joint muscle”
-Although located at the
anterior compartment of the
arm, it has no attachment to
the humerus
-Short head: tip of the
coracoid process of the
scapula
-Long head: supraglenoid
tubercle of the scapula
-Radial tuberosity
-Fascia of the forearm
via bicipital aponeurosis
*Bicipital apneurosis
-A triangular
membranous band that
runs from the biceps
tendon across the
cubital fossa and
merges with the
antebrachial fascia
-Protects the structures
in the cubital fossa and
helps to lessen the
pressure of the biceps
tendon
Musculocutaneous
nerve (C5, C6, C7)
BRACHIAL
ARTERY
-Supination of the
forearm (Primary
supinator)
-Flexion of elbow joint
-Weak flexion of shoulder
-also resists dislocation
of shoulder
7. 2. Brachialis
-A flattened fusiform muscle
lying posterior (deep) to the
biceps
-Main flexor of the forearm
and is the only pure flexor of
the forearm
-Always contracts when the
elbow is flexed
Distal half of anterior surface
of the humerus
-Coronoid process
-Ulnar tuberosity
-Musculocutaneous
nerve (C5, C6)
-Radial nerve (C5,
C7): some lateral
parts are innervated
by a branch of the
radial nerve
BRACHIAL
ARTERY
Flexion of the forearm
3. Coracobrachialis
-Elongated muscle in the
superomedial part of the arm
-Landmark for locating other
structures
-Pierced by the
musculocutaneous nerve
Tip of the coracoid process
of the scapula
Middle third of the
medial surface of the
humerus
Musculocutaneous
nerve (C5, C6, C7)
BRACHIAL
ARTERY
-Flexion and adduction of
the arm
-Resists downward
dislocation of the head of
the humerus (Shunt
muscle)
B. Posterior arm: Extensor muscles
1. Triceps Brachii
-A large fusiform muscle in
the posterior arm
-“tri” three + “caput” head
-Main extensor of the
forearm
-Three heads: long, lateral,
and medial
-Long head: Infraglenoid
tubercle of the scapula
-Lateral head: Posterior
surface of the humerus,
superior to radial groove
(proximal half)
Medial head: Posterior
surface of the humerus,
inferior to radial groove (distal
2/3)
Proximal end of
olecranon of ulna and
fascia of forearm
Radial nerve (C5, C7,
C8)
Profunda
brachii artery
Long head
-least active head
-Extension and
adduction of the arm
-Resists dislocation of
the head of the humerus
(Shunt muscle)
Lateral head
-strongest head
-primarily acts as
resistance
Medial head
-Deep
-Extensor of the forearm
-Active at all speeds with
or without resistance
2. Arconeus
-Small, triangular muscle on
the posterolateral aspect of
the elbow
-partially blended with the
triceps
Posterior surface of lateral
epicondyle of the humerus
-Lateral surface of the
olecranon fossa
-Superior part of the
posterior surface of
the ulna
Radial nerve (C7, C8,
T1)
Profunda
brachii artery
-Assists in extension of
the forearm
-Stabilizes the elbow joint
-Abducts the ulna during
pronation of the forearm
8. MUSCLES OF THE FOREARM
Anterior forearm: Flexor/ Pronator muscles
A. Superficial group – Origin: Common flexor tendon, attached to the medial epicondyle of humerus
1. Pronator Teres
-Located most laterally
-Fusiform muscle
Humeral head: medial
epicondyle of the humerus
Ulnar head: coronoid process
of the Ulna
Lateral aspect of shaft
of radius
Median nerve Pronates and flexes the
forearm
2. Flexor Carpi
radialis
-Located on radial side;
flexes the carpals only, not
the fingers/metacarpals
Medial epicondyle of humerus Base of 2nd metacarpal Median nerve Flexion and abduction of
hand at wrist joint
3. Palmaris longus
Medial epicondyle of humerus Distal half of flexor
retinaculum and
palmar aponeurosis
Median nerve Flexes hand at wrist and
tenses palmar
aponeurosis
Flexor Carpi
Ulnaris *
-Located most medially;
simultaneously flexes and
adductsthe hand at the wrist
Humeral head: medial
epicondyle of humerus
Ulnar head: Olecranon and
posterior border of ulna
-Pisiform
-Hook of hamate
-Base of 5th
metacarpal
Ulnar nerve (C7, C8) Flexion and adduction of
hand at wrist joint
B. Intermediate group – Crosses the elbow
*ALL anterior compartment muscles of the forearm are innervated by the MEDIAN NERVE except the flexor carpi ulnaris and the medial part of the flexor digitorum profundus which are innervated by the ulnar nerve
1. Flexor digitorum
superficialis
-Humeroulnar head: medial
epicondyle of humerus and
coronoid process of ulna
-Radial head: Superior half of
anterior radius
-Bodies of middle
phalanges of medial 4
digits
-Flexes middle and
proximal phalanges of
medial 4 digits
-Flexes hand at wrist
joints
9. C. Deep group
1. Flexor digitorum
profundus (FDP)
(Proximal) medial and anterior
surface of proximal ¾ of ulna
and interosseous membrane
(Distal) palmar base of
distal phalanges of
medial 4 digits
Medial part – Ulnar
nerve
Lateral part – Median
nerve
Assists in flexion of wrist
Stabilizes the elbow joint
Flexes distal
interphalangeal joint
2. Flexor pollicis
longus (FPL)
Lies lateral to the FDP
Long flexor of the thumb
(Proximal) anterior surface of
radius and interosseous
membrane
(Distal) palmar base of
distal phalanx of the
thumb
Median nerve
(anterior
interosseous)
Flexion of thumb
3. Pronator
quadratus
Quadrangular muscle and
pronates the forearm
PRIME MOVER for pronation
DEEPEST muscle in the
anterior aspect of the
forearm
(Proximal) distal 4th of anterior
ulna
(Distal) distal 4th of
anterior radius
Median nerve
(anterior
interosseous)
Pronates forearm
ANTEROIR FOREARM SUBFASCIAL SPACE BOUNDARIES
CONTENTS
(lateral to medial)
1. Cubital
fossa
Triangular area on the
anterior aspect of the
forearm at the area of the
elbow
Site of venipuncture due to
large veins
Lateral – brachioradialis
Medial – pronator teres
Floor – brachialis and
supinator
Roof – brachial and
antebrachial fascia
- Radial nerve and
branches
- Biceps brachii tendon
- Brachial artery and
vein
- Median nerve
10. MUSCLE ILLUSTRATION DESCRIPTION ORIGIN INSERTION NERVE SUPPLY BLOOD SUPPLY ACTION
POSTERIOR FOREARM:
EXTENSOR/ SUPINATOR
MUSCLES
In the posterior compartment of the forearm
Held in place by extensor retinaculum (prevents bowstring o ftendon)
Radial nerve
A. SUPERFICIAL LAYER
1. Brachiradialis
Forms lateral border of
cubital fossa
Proximal 2/3 of
supra-condylar
ridge of humerus
Lateral surfave of
distal end of radius
proximal to styloid
process
Weak flexion of
forearm; Maximal
flexion if forearm is in
midprone position
2. Extensor carpi radialis
longus (ECRL)
Fusiform muscle and is
overlapped by the
brachioradialis
Lateral
supracondylar
ridge of the
humerus
Dorsal base of 2nd
metacarpal
ECRL + ECRB = abducts hand at extension
ECRL + ECRB + Flexor carpi radialis = pure
abduction
ECRL + ECRB + Extensor carpi ulnaris =
extends hand
Extends and abducts
hand at wrist
Active during fist
clenching
3. Extensor carpi radialis
brevis (ECRB)
Lateral epicondyle
of humerus
Dorsal base of 3rd
metacarpal
Extension and
abductin of hand
Acts as synergist to
other muscles
4. Extensor diditorum
Principal extensor of the
digits; Occupying the
posterior surface of the
forearm
Lateral epicondyle
of humerus
Extensor expasions of
medial 4 digits
Extension of medial 4
digits (proximal,
middle, distal
phalanges)
Assist in wrist
extension
5. Extensor digiti minimi
(EDM)
Fusiform slip of muscle
Detached from extensor
digitorum
Lateral epicondyle
of humerus
Extensor expansion of
5th digit
Extension of 5th digit
6. Extensor carpi ulnaris
(ECU)
Long fusiform muscle
Located at the medial
border of the forearm
Lateral epicondyle
of humerus
Posterior border
of ulna
Dorsal aspect of base
of 5th metacarpal
Extension and
adduction of hand
Fist clenching
Synergist to ECRB
B. DEEP GROUP
1. Supinator
PRIME MOVER for
slow, unopposed
supination
Form the floor of cubital
fossa
Lateral epicondyle
of humerus
Supinator fossa
Crest of ulna
Lateral, posterior,
anterior surfaces of
proximal 3rd of radius
Supination of
forearm; Rotation of
radius when elbow is
flexed
2. Abductor pollicis longus
(APL)
Long fusiform belly
Distal to the supinator
Closely related to
extensor pollicis brevis
Posterior surface
of ulna, radius
and interosseous
membrane
Base of 1st
metacarpal
Posterior
interosseus nerve
(continuation of
deep branch of
radial nerve)
Abducts thumb with
Abductor pollicis
brevis
Extends thumb with
Extensor pollicis
11. 3. Extensor pollicis brevis
(EPB)
Lies distal to the
aabductor pollicis
longus
Helps expends the first
metacarpal and abducts
the hand
Posterior surface
of radius and
onterosseous
membrane
Dorsal base of
proximal phalanx of
thums
Posterior
interosseus nerve
(continuation of
deep branch of
radial nerve)
Extension of proximal
phalanx and
carpometacarpal joint
of thumb
4. Extensor pollicis longus
(EPL)
Passes under extensor
retinaculum
Medial to the dorsal
tubercle of the radius
Posterior surface
of middle third of
ulna and
interosseous
membrane
Dorsal base of distal
phalanx of thumb
Posterior
interosseus nerve
(continuation of
deep branch of
radial nerve)
Extension of distal
phalanx of thumb
Adducts and extends
the thumb
Rotates the thumb
laterraly
5. Extensor indicis
Medial alongside to
Extensor pollicis longus
Confers independence
of index finger
Posterior surface
of ulna and
interosseous
membrane
Extensor expansion of
2nd digit
Posterior
interosseus nerve
(continuation of
deep branch of
radial nerve)
Extendion of index
finger and assist in
extension of hand
FASCIAL SPACES and
COMPARTMENTS
Triangular skin
depression on the radial
aspect of wrist
WALLS:
Medial – EPL
Lateral – APL + EPB
FLOOR: Scaphoid +
Trapezium
Radial artery
12. HAND
A. DEEP FASCIA
1. Flexor retinaculum
Makes up CARPAL
TUNNEL –
anterior/palmar side of
wrist that connects the
forearm to the middle
compartment of the
deep plane of the palm
Structures that pass through this muscle:
- 4 tendons of Flexor digitorum
superficialis (FDS)
- 4 tendons of Flexor digitorum
pofundus (FDP)
- 1 tendon of Flexor policis longus
(FPL)
- Median nerve
CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME
- Condition where there is pain,
tingling and swelling of hand
caused by pressure on the
MEDIAN NERVE
- Usually affects the thumb, index,
middle and ring fingers
- Relieved surgically (open or
endoscope) releasing the Flexor
retinaculum
2. Extensor retinaculum
Keeps extensor
tendons in place
3. Palmar fascia
Palmar aponeurosis
- Strong well-defined pat of the deep fascia of palm
- Covers soft tissues and overlies long flexor tendons
- Located at Thenar and Hypothenar eminences
Dupuytren Contracture
- Disease of palmar fascia
resulting in progressive
shortening, thickening and
fibrosis of the palmar fascia and
aponeurosis
4. Dorsal fascia
Digital fibrous flexor sheath – covers the flexor digitorum
13. FASCIAL COMPARTMENTS and SPACES LOCATION ADDITIONAL DESCRIPTION
1. Hypothenar
compartment
Space between the
attachment of palmar
aponeurosis to the 5th
metacarpal; Middle of
fibrous septum
Contains hypothenar muscles
2. Thenar compartment
Space between the
attachment of palmar
aponeurosis to the 3rd
metacarpal; Side of the
lateral fibrous septum
Contains thenar muscles
3. Central compartment
Space between the
Hypothenar and Thenar
compartment
Contains:
- Flexor tendons and sheaths
- Lumbricals
- Superficial palmar arterial arch
- Digital vessels and nerves
Adductor compartment: deepest muscular plane of the hand containing the Adductor pollicis
4. Palmar spaces
Midpalmar space
- Under Central compartment
- Covers the flexor group of tendons
Thenar space
- Under Thenar compartment
- Covers the thumb synovial flexor
When there is swelling, this is where the fluid accumulates
5. Synovial flexor sheath
Contains:
Ulnar bursa – protects the Flexor digitorum superficialis and Profundus
Radial bursa – protects the Flexor pollicis longus
B. INTRINSIC MUSCLES OF THE HAND DESCRIPTION ORIGIN INSERTION NERVE SUPPLY BLOOD SUPPLY ACTION
THENAR COMPARTMENT
Median nerve
(recurrent branch)
Thumb movement
(opposition)
1. Abductor pollicis
brevis
Flexor
retinaculum and
Tubercles of
Scaphoid and
Trapezium
Lateral side of
proximal phalanx of
the thumb
Abduction of thumb
2. Flexor pollicis brevis
Flexor
retinaculum and
Tubercles of
Scaphoid and
Trapezium
Lateral side of
proximal phalanx of
the thumb
Median nerve –
large superficial
head
Ulnar nerve –
smaller deep head
Flexes thumb
3. Opponens pollicis
Flexor
retinaculum and
Tubercles of
Scaphoid and
Trapezium
Lateral side of 1st
metacarpal
Oppose thumb by
drawing the 1st
metacarpal medially
to the center of palm
and rotates itmedially
14. HYPOTHENAR COMPARTMENT
DESCRIPTION ORIGIN INSERTION NERVE SUPPLY BLOOD SUPPLY ACTION
Ulnar nerve (deep
branch)
Little finger
movement
1. Abductor digiti minimi
Most superficial among
3 hypothenar muscles
Pisiform Medial side of
proximal phalanx of
5th digit
Abduction of 5th digit,
assists in flexion of
its proximal phalanx
2. Flexor digiti minimi
Hook of hamate
and Flexor
retinaculum
Medial side of
proximal phalanx of
5th digit
Flexes proximal
phalanx of 5th digit
3. Opponens digiti minimi
Hook of hamate
and Flexor
retinaculum
Medial border of 5th
metacarpal
Draws 5th metacarpal
anteriorly and rotates
it to face the thumb
4. Palmaris brevis
NOT in the hypothenar compartment but is part of the hypothenar
eminence
Wrinkles the skin that deepen the hollow of the palm, thereby aiding
palmar grip
CENTRAL COMPARTMENT
1. Lumbricalss
Worm-like form 1st and 2nd –
lateral 2 tendons
of Flexor
digitorum
profundus; 3rd
and 4th – lateral
3 tendons of
Flexor digitorum
Lateral sides of
extensor expansions
of 2nd – 5th digits
1st and 2nd median
nerve; 3rd and 4th
ulnar nerve (deep
branch)
Flex
metacarpophalangeal
joints
Extend
interphalangeal joints
of 2nd – 5th digits
2. Interossei
4 Dorsal interosseous muscles (D) - located between metacarpals
3 Palmar interosseous muscles (P) - located at palmar surface of
the metacarpals in the interosseous compartment of the hand
Ulnar nerve (deep
branch)
D – Abduction (D-Ab)
P – Adduction
(P- Ad)
3. Adductor pollicis
Located at Adductor
compartment of the
hand
Tendon usually
contains sesamoid
bone
Oblique head -
bases of 2nd and
3rd metacarpals,
capitate and
adjacent bones
Transverse head
– anterior
surface of 3rd
metacarpal
Medial side of base
of proximal phalanx
of thumb
Adduction of thumb
toward the lateral
border of palm