The inherent multipath transmission on wireless channels usually leads to signal fading which eventually degrades the system performance. In mitigating this problem, link adaptation has been identified as a promising scheme that helps in maximizing the system spectral efficiency (SE) in dispersive wireless channels. In this paper, link adaptation based on adaptive modulation and coding was used to study the performance of M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation radio system subjected to multipath fading. MATLAB® scripts and Simulink model were developed to compare the effect of wireless channel on different constellation sizes. Also, transmission link on Federal University of Technology Akure campus’ path terrain was designed with the aid of path-loss® tool application software in order to further analysis the effect of using different modulation formats on the system performance. The results show that, employment of link adaptation scheme offers better performance regarding the system availability and SE
1. The document proposes an optimal Threshold Offloading (TO) algorithm to efficiently offload mobile data traffic from macrocells to femtocells in LTE networks. The TO algorithm considers the tradeoff between network signaling overhead from user mobility and femtocell offloading capability.
2. An analytical model is developed to quantify the performance of the TO algorithm and validate it through simulations. The results show that the TO algorithm can significantly reduce signaling overhead with minor reduction in femtocell offloading capability.
3. The paper provides network operators guidelines to set optimal offloading thresholds according to their management policies, offering a systematic approach based on the mathematical analysis.
Improving of Energy Efficiency in LTE based MIMO-OFDM systems with Multiuser ...IRJET Journal
1) The document proposes a traffic-based resource and energy allocation algorithm to improve energy efficiency in LTE networks using MIMO and OFDMA technologies.
2) It analyzes existing resource allocation schemes that focus on energy efficiency but do not guarantee quality of service (QoS) for users, especially in high traffic load scenarios.
3) The proposed algorithm aims to minimize energy consumption at base stations while satisfying certain QoS requirements for users, even with high traffic loads, by allocating resources across multiple carrier components.
Performance evaluation of interference aware topology power and flow control ...IJECEIAES
Multi-Radio Multi-Channel Wireless Mesh Network (MRMC-WMN) has been considered as one of the key technology for the enhancement of network performance. It is used in a number of real-time applications such as disaster management system, transportation system and health care system. MRMC-WMN is a multi-hop network and allows simultaneous data transfer by using multiple radio interfaces. All the radio interfaces are typically assigned with different channels to reduce the effect of co-channel interference. In MRMC-WMN, when two nodes transmit at the same channel in the range of each other, generates co-channel interference and degrades the network throughput. Co-channel interference badly affects the capacity of each link that reduces the overall network performance. Thus, the important task of channel assignment algorithm is to reduce the co-channel interference and enhance the network performance. In this paper, the problem of channel assignment has been addressed for MRMC-WMN. We have proposed an Interference Aware, Topology, Power and Flow Control (ITPFC) Channel Assignment algorithm for MRMC-WMN. This algorithm assignes the suitable channels to nodes, which provides better link capacity and reduces the co-channel interference. In the previous work performance of the proposed algorithm has been evaluated for a network of 30 nodes. The aim of this paper is to further evaluate the performance of proposed channel assignment algorithm for 40 and 50 nodes network. The results obtained from these networks show the consistent performance in terms of throughput, delay, packet loss and number of channels used per node as compared to LACA, FCPRA and IATC Channel Assignment algorithms.
B ENCHMARKING OF C ELL T HROUGHPUT U SING P ROPORTIONAL F AIR S CHEDULE...ijwmn
The proportional fair (PF) scheduling algorithm com
promises between cell throughput and fairness. Many
research findings have been published by various re
searchers about PF algorithm based on mathematical
model and simulations. In this paper we have taken
the practical route to analyse the algorithm based
on
three types of subscription. In this benchmarking s
tudy, the user subscriptions are differentiated as
Gold,
Silver and Bronze schemes and they are provisioned
with certain throughputs. Apart from subscriptions
plans, the channel condition also plays a major rol
e in determining the throughput. So in order to ens
ure
fairness among different subscriptions even in the
bad channel conditions and to deliver the provision
ed
throughputs certain priorities are attached with th
e subscriptions. As per the subscription plans Gold
subscribers are assigned with 50% of the speed offe
red by the network as maximum based on CAT3 speed
(100 Mbps in DL and 50 Mbps in UL), Silver is assig
ned with 25% of the max speed and Bronze is
assigned with 12% of the max speed. The priorities
assigned to subscribers determines the fairness in
the
unfavourable channel conditions - Bronze (high), Si
lver and Gold (medium). In this paper, an
benchmarking tests have been performed with all of
three types of subscribers for nearly two hours in
the
live single cell network without any heterogeneous
cells influencing it. Furthermore, the results are
compared with the simulation results.
JCWAEED: JOINT CHANNEL ASSIGNMENT AND WEIGHTED AVERAGE EXPECTED END-TO-END DE...csandit
In recent years, multi-channel multi-radio Wireless Mesh network has become one of the most important technologies in the evolution of next-generation networks. Its multi-hop, selforganization,self-healing and simple deployment is an effective way to solve the bottleneck problem of last mile. In this paper, we propose a new routing metric called WAEED, deployed in JCWAEED protocol, a joint channel assignment and weighted average expected end-to-end delay routing protocol which considers both interference suppression with factor IF and end-toend delay. Additionally, we give the exact calculation formula of transmission delay and queuing delay. Simulations results demonstrate that JCWAEED outperforms other joint design routing protocols in terms of throughput, end-to-end delay and packet loss rate.
EFFICIENT ANALYSIS OF THE ERGODIC CAPACITY OF COOPERATIVE NON-REGENERATIVE RE...ijwmn
In this paper, we proposed a novel efficient method of analyzing the ergodic channel capacity of the
cooperative amplify-and-forward (CAF) relay system. This is accomplished by employing a very tight
approximate moment generating function (MGF) of end-to-end signal-to-noise ratio of 2-hop multi-relay
system, which is In this paper, we proposed a novel efficient method of analyzing the ergodic channel
capacity of the cooperative amplify-and-forward (CAF) relay system. This is accomplished by employing a
very tight approximate moment applicable to myriad of fading environments including mixed and
composite fading channels. Three distinct adaptive source transmission policies were considered in our
analysis namely: (i) constant power with optimal rate adaptation (ORA); (ii) optimal joint power and rate
adaptation (OPRA); and (iii) fixed rate with truncated channel inversion (TCIFR). The proposed frame
work based on the novel approximate MGF method is sufficiently general to encapsulate all types of fading
environments (especially for the analysis of the mixed fading case)and provides significant advantage to
model wireless system for mixed and composite fading channel. In addition to simplifying computation
complexity of ergodic capacity for CAF relaying schemes treated in literature, we also derive closed form
expressions for the above three adaptive source transmission policies under Nakagami-m fading with i.n.d
statistics. The accuracy of our proposed method has been validated with existing MGF expressions that are
readily available for specific fading environments in terms of bounds, and via Monte Carlo simulations.
Modulation aware connection admission control and uplink scheduling algorithm...ijwmn
Mobile WiMAX standard defines air interface for mobile broadband wireless access (BWA) systems and aimed to provide high data rate with seamless mobility while maintaining the quality of service (QoS). However, QoS of real-time applications depends on the link quality, which necessitate the channel-aware connection admission control (CAC) and scheduling schemes. In this paper Modulation aware CAC scheme and base station (BS) uplink scheduling algorithm are proposed to improve the system capacity and QoS performance respectively. The proposed CAC scheme aims to increase the admission of higher priority real time services by degrading the bandwidth of admitted lower priority connections on the basis of their channel status without deteriorating their QoS performance much. The performances of proposed algorithms are evaluated through simulation by considering the metrics like throughput, delay and number of connections admitted.
Enhancement of qos in multihop wireless networks by delivering cbr using lb a...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using the Leaky Bucket Algorithm to enhance quality of service (QoS) in multi-hop wireless networks delivering constant bit rate (CBR) traffic. The Leaky Bucket Algorithm aims to reduce transmission delay by delivering packets at a constant rate even when packets arrive in bursts. It combines joint congestion control and a scheduling algorithm to not only achieve provable throughput guarantees, but also place explicit upper bounds on the end-to-end delay of each flow. Simulation results show the proposed approach reduces transmission time and improves throughput compared to existing scheduling algorithms that do not consider delay performance.
1. The document proposes an optimal Threshold Offloading (TO) algorithm to efficiently offload mobile data traffic from macrocells to femtocells in LTE networks. The TO algorithm considers the tradeoff between network signaling overhead from user mobility and femtocell offloading capability.
2. An analytical model is developed to quantify the performance of the TO algorithm and validate it through simulations. The results show that the TO algorithm can significantly reduce signaling overhead with minor reduction in femtocell offloading capability.
3. The paper provides network operators guidelines to set optimal offloading thresholds according to their management policies, offering a systematic approach based on the mathematical analysis.
Improving of Energy Efficiency in LTE based MIMO-OFDM systems with Multiuser ...IRJET Journal
1) The document proposes a traffic-based resource and energy allocation algorithm to improve energy efficiency in LTE networks using MIMO and OFDMA technologies.
2) It analyzes existing resource allocation schemes that focus on energy efficiency but do not guarantee quality of service (QoS) for users, especially in high traffic load scenarios.
3) The proposed algorithm aims to minimize energy consumption at base stations while satisfying certain QoS requirements for users, even with high traffic loads, by allocating resources across multiple carrier components.
Performance evaluation of interference aware topology power and flow control ...IJECEIAES
Multi-Radio Multi-Channel Wireless Mesh Network (MRMC-WMN) has been considered as one of the key technology for the enhancement of network performance. It is used in a number of real-time applications such as disaster management system, transportation system and health care system. MRMC-WMN is a multi-hop network and allows simultaneous data transfer by using multiple radio interfaces. All the radio interfaces are typically assigned with different channels to reduce the effect of co-channel interference. In MRMC-WMN, when two nodes transmit at the same channel in the range of each other, generates co-channel interference and degrades the network throughput. Co-channel interference badly affects the capacity of each link that reduces the overall network performance. Thus, the important task of channel assignment algorithm is to reduce the co-channel interference and enhance the network performance. In this paper, the problem of channel assignment has been addressed for MRMC-WMN. We have proposed an Interference Aware, Topology, Power and Flow Control (ITPFC) Channel Assignment algorithm for MRMC-WMN. This algorithm assignes the suitable channels to nodes, which provides better link capacity and reduces the co-channel interference. In the previous work performance of the proposed algorithm has been evaluated for a network of 30 nodes. The aim of this paper is to further evaluate the performance of proposed channel assignment algorithm for 40 and 50 nodes network. The results obtained from these networks show the consistent performance in terms of throughput, delay, packet loss and number of channels used per node as compared to LACA, FCPRA and IATC Channel Assignment algorithms.
B ENCHMARKING OF C ELL T HROUGHPUT U SING P ROPORTIONAL F AIR S CHEDULE...ijwmn
The proportional fair (PF) scheduling algorithm com
promises between cell throughput and fairness. Many
research findings have been published by various re
searchers about PF algorithm based on mathematical
model and simulations. In this paper we have taken
the practical route to analyse the algorithm based
on
three types of subscription. In this benchmarking s
tudy, the user subscriptions are differentiated as
Gold,
Silver and Bronze schemes and they are provisioned
with certain throughputs. Apart from subscriptions
plans, the channel condition also plays a major rol
e in determining the throughput. So in order to ens
ure
fairness among different subscriptions even in the
bad channel conditions and to deliver the provision
ed
throughputs certain priorities are attached with th
e subscriptions. As per the subscription plans Gold
subscribers are assigned with 50% of the speed offe
red by the network as maximum based on CAT3 speed
(100 Mbps in DL and 50 Mbps in UL), Silver is assig
ned with 25% of the max speed and Bronze is
assigned with 12% of the max speed. The priorities
assigned to subscribers determines the fairness in
the
unfavourable channel conditions - Bronze (high), Si
lver and Gold (medium). In this paper, an
benchmarking tests have been performed with all of
three types of subscribers for nearly two hours in
the
live single cell network without any heterogeneous
cells influencing it. Furthermore, the results are
compared with the simulation results.
JCWAEED: JOINT CHANNEL ASSIGNMENT AND WEIGHTED AVERAGE EXPECTED END-TO-END DE...csandit
In recent years, multi-channel multi-radio Wireless Mesh network has become one of the most important technologies in the evolution of next-generation networks. Its multi-hop, selforganization,self-healing and simple deployment is an effective way to solve the bottleneck problem of last mile. In this paper, we propose a new routing metric called WAEED, deployed in JCWAEED protocol, a joint channel assignment and weighted average expected end-to-end delay routing protocol which considers both interference suppression with factor IF and end-toend delay. Additionally, we give the exact calculation formula of transmission delay and queuing delay. Simulations results demonstrate that JCWAEED outperforms other joint design routing protocols in terms of throughput, end-to-end delay and packet loss rate.
EFFICIENT ANALYSIS OF THE ERGODIC CAPACITY OF COOPERATIVE NON-REGENERATIVE RE...ijwmn
In this paper, we proposed a novel efficient method of analyzing the ergodic channel capacity of the
cooperative amplify-and-forward (CAF) relay system. This is accomplished by employing a very tight
approximate moment generating function (MGF) of end-to-end signal-to-noise ratio of 2-hop multi-relay
system, which is In this paper, we proposed a novel efficient method of analyzing the ergodic channel
capacity of the cooperative amplify-and-forward (CAF) relay system. This is accomplished by employing a
very tight approximate moment applicable to myriad of fading environments including mixed and
composite fading channels. Three distinct adaptive source transmission policies were considered in our
analysis namely: (i) constant power with optimal rate adaptation (ORA); (ii) optimal joint power and rate
adaptation (OPRA); and (iii) fixed rate with truncated channel inversion (TCIFR). The proposed frame
work based on the novel approximate MGF method is sufficiently general to encapsulate all types of fading
environments (especially for the analysis of the mixed fading case)and provides significant advantage to
model wireless system for mixed and composite fading channel. In addition to simplifying computation
complexity of ergodic capacity for CAF relaying schemes treated in literature, we also derive closed form
expressions for the above three adaptive source transmission policies under Nakagami-m fading with i.n.d
statistics. The accuracy of our proposed method has been validated with existing MGF expressions that are
readily available for specific fading environments in terms of bounds, and via Monte Carlo simulations.
Modulation aware connection admission control and uplink scheduling algorithm...ijwmn
Mobile WiMAX standard defines air interface for mobile broadband wireless access (BWA) systems and aimed to provide high data rate with seamless mobility while maintaining the quality of service (QoS). However, QoS of real-time applications depends on the link quality, which necessitate the channel-aware connection admission control (CAC) and scheduling schemes. In this paper Modulation aware CAC scheme and base station (BS) uplink scheduling algorithm are proposed to improve the system capacity and QoS performance respectively. The proposed CAC scheme aims to increase the admission of higher priority real time services by degrading the bandwidth of admitted lower priority connections on the basis of their channel status without deteriorating their QoS performance much. The performances of proposed algorithms are evaluated through simulation by considering the metrics like throughput, delay and number of connections admitted.
Enhancement of qos in multihop wireless networks by delivering cbr using lb a...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using the Leaky Bucket Algorithm to enhance quality of service (QoS) in multi-hop wireless networks delivering constant bit rate (CBR) traffic. The Leaky Bucket Algorithm aims to reduce transmission delay by delivering packets at a constant rate even when packets arrive in bursts. It combines joint congestion control and a scheduling algorithm to not only achieve provable throughput guarantees, but also place explicit upper bounds on the end-to-end delay of each flow. Simulation results show the proposed approach reduces transmission time and improves throughput compared to existing scheduling algorithms that do not consider delay performance.
Enhancement of qos in multihop wireless networks by delivering cbr using lb a...eSAT Journals
Abstract One of the most complicated issues is to measuring the delay performance of end to end nodes in Multi-hop Wireless Networks. The two nodes are communicating via hopping over the multiple wireless links. The fact that is each node has to concentrate not only its own generated traffic, but also relayed one. Observing unfairness particularly for transmissions among nodes that are more than one hop Most of the existing works deals with the joint congestion control and scheduling algorithm, which does not focusing the delay performance. In turn, considering the throughput metric alone although for congestion control flows, throughput is the repeated difficult performance metric Packet delay is also important because practical congestion control protocols need to establish the timeouts for the retransmissions based on the packet delay, such parameters could significantly impact the speed of recovery when loss of packets occurred. The related issues on the delay-performance First, for long flows, the end to end delay may grow in terms of square with based on the number of hops. Second, it is difficult to control the end-to-end delay of each flows. TDMA schedules the transmissions in a fair way, in terms of throughput per connection, considering the communication requirements of the active flows of the network. It does not work properly in the multi-hop scenario, because it is generated only for single hop networks, We propose The Leaky Bucket Algorithm, in addition to joint congestion control and scheduling algorithm in multi-hop wireless networks. The proposed algorithm not only achieves the provable throughput and also considering the upper bounds of the delay of each flow. It reduces the transmission time by delivering packets at a constant bit rate even it receives the packet at a busty way. Keywords- Multi-hop wireless networks, congestion control, Performance, Delay, Flow, Throughput.
FREQUENCY AND TIME DOMAIN PACKET SCHEDULING BASED ON CHANNEL PREDICTION WITH ...ijwmn
1) The document discusses packet scheduling algorithms for LTE downlink systems that must operate under imperfect channel quality information (CQI) due to errors, delays, and other issues.
2) It proposes a new packet scheduling algorithm that uses a Kalman filter-based channel predictor in the frequency domain to estimate the true CQI from erroneous feedback, combined with a time domain grouping technique using proportional fair and modified largest weighted delay first algorithms.
3) Simulation results showed this approach achieves better performance than existing algorithms in terms of system throughput and packet loss ratio under imperfect CQI conditions.
Bit Error Rate Analysis in WiMAX Communication at Vehicular Speeds using mod...IJMER
At high vehicular speeds, rapid changes in surrounding environments, cause severe fading at
the receiver, resulting a drastic fall in throughput and unless any proactive measure is taken to combat
this problem, throughput becomes insufficient to support many applications, particularly those with
multimedia contents. Bit Error Rate (BER) estimation is an integral part of any proactive measure and
recent studies suggest that Nakagami-m model performs better for modelling channel fading in wireless
communications at high vehicular speeds. No work has been reported in literature that estimates BER
at high vehicular speeds in WiMAX communication using Nakagami-m model. In this thesis, we develop
and present an analytical model to estimate BER in WiMAX at vehicular speeds using Nakagami-m
fading model. The proposed model is adaptive and can be used with resource management schemes
designed for fixed, nomadic, and mobile WiMAX communications.
Joint Routing and Congestion Control in Multipath Channel based on Signal to ...IJECEIAES
Routing protocol and congestion control in Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) have important roles in wireless mobile network performance. In wireless communication, the stability of the path and successful data transmission will be influenced by the channel condition. This channel condition constraints come from path loss and the multipath channel fading. With these constraints, the algorithm in the routing protocol and congestion control is confronted with the uncertainty of connection quality and probability of successful packet transmission, respectively. It is important to investigate the reliability and robustness of routing protocol and congestion control algorithms in dealing with such situation. In this paper, we develop a detailed approach and analytical throughput performance with a cross layer scheme (CLS) between routing and congestion control mechanism based on signal to noise ratio (SNR) in Rician and Rayleigh as multipath fading channel. We proposed joint routing and congestion control TCP with a cross layer scheme model based on SNR (RTCP-SNR). We compare the performance of RTCP-SNR with conventional routing-TCP and routing-TCP that used CLS with routing aware (RTCP-RA) model. The analyses and the simulation results showed that RTCP-SNR in a multipath channel outperforms conventional routing-TCP and RTCP-RA.
System Performance Analysis of Half-Duplex Relay Network over Rician Fading C...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, the system performance of an amplify-and-forward (AF) relaying network over
Rician Fading Channel is proposed, analyzed and demonstrated. For details this analysis, the energy and
information are transferred from the source to the relay nodes by two methods: 1) time switching protocol
and 2) power splitting protocol. Firstly, due to the constraint of the wireless energy harvesting at the relay
node, the analytical mathematical expressions of the achievable throughput and the outage probability of
both schemes were proposed and demonstrated. After that, the effect of various system parameters on the
system performance is rigorously studied with closed-form expressions for the system performance.
Finally, the analytical results are also demonstrated by Monte-Carlo simulation in comparison with the
closed-form expressions. The numerical results demonstrated the effect of various system parameters,
such as energy harvesting time, power splitting ratio, source transmission to noise power, and the
threshold value, on the system performance of AF wireless relay nodes. The results show that the
analytical mathematical and simulated results match for all possible parameter values for both schemes.
Efficient P2P data dissemination in integrated optical and wireless networks ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The Quality of Service (QoS) resource consumption is always the tricky problem and also
the on-going issue in the access network of mobile wireless part because of its dynamic nature of network
wireless transmissions. It is very critical for the infrastructure-less wireless mobile ad hoc network that is
distributed while interconnects in a peer-to-peer manner. Toward resolve the problem, Taguchi method
optimization of mobile ad hoc routing (AODVUU) is applied in integrated optical and wireless networks
called the adLMMHOWAN. Practically, this technique was carry out using OMNeT++ software by building
a simulation based optimization through design of experiment. Its QoS network performance is examined
based on packet delivery ratio (PDR) metric and packet loss probabilities (PLP) metric that consider
the scenario of variation number of nodes. During the performing stage with random mobile connectivity
based on improvement in optimized front-end wireless domain of AODVUU routing, the result is performing
better when compared with previous study called the oRia scheme with the improvement of 14.1% PDR
and 43.3% PLP in this convergence of heterogeneous optical wireless network.
Mobile positioning for location dependent services in GSM networks marwaeng
1. The document discusses methods for mobile positioning in GSM networks without requiring changes to the network or mobile devices. It proposes techniques using signal measurement data, probabilistic geometry, and path loss models.
2. Key techniques include probabilistic geometric elimination to exclude improbable areas based on cell ID, timing advance, and neighbor cell measurements. Path loss analysis and models are used to correlate actual measurements with predicted signal strengths to locate the mobile terminal.
3. The quality of position is also considered to determine the accuracy of position approximations for location-based applications and services. Both positioning accuracy and user experience are important factors for successful location-based services.
Performance evaluation of high mobility OFDM channel estimation techniques IJECEIAES
In wireless communication, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) has been adopted due to its robustness to multipath fading and high data rate transmissions. At the other hand, the performance of OFDM systems severely degraded due to multi-path fading and Doppler frequency shifts in mobile systems, which causes inter-carrier-interference (ICI). Thus, Estimation of channel parameters is required at the receiver using a pre designed estimator where pilot tones are inserted in each OFDM symbol. In this paper, a random pilot data are generated and inserted in each OFDM symbol at equally spaced locations. The performance test of Least Square (LS) and Linear Minimum Mean Square (LMMSE) estimation methods are proposed with Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) based on both LS and LMMSE, where different ITU channel models are considered in order to compare their performance for data transmission in high mobile systems with different Doppler frequencies exceeds 200 Hz and minimal number of pilots.
MULTICASTING BASED ENHANCED PROACTIVE SOURCE ROUTING IN MANETSIJCNCJournal
Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is an accumulation of movable nodes organizing a irregular topology without centralized administration. In a MANET, multicasting is a significant technique for utilizing data communication system. Multicasting based enhanced proactive source routing is proposed in this paper for Mobile Ad hoc Networks. It explains an innovative multicasting algorithm that considers the transmission energy and residual energy while forwarding the data packets. It improves the network throughput and raises the network lifetimes. Simulation analysis is carried in this proposed system and this method shows improved performance over the existing system.
Evaluation of CSSR with Direct TCH Assignment in Cellular NetworksIJERA Editor
Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) operators make use of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) to appreciate the network performance and evaluate the Quality of Service (QoS) regarding end user perceived quality. KPIs are therefore becoming increasingly important in the context of network rollouts as well as within mature network optimization cycles. The performance of the mobile network is measured based on several counters describing the most important events over a measurement period. The KPIs are derived with the help of these counters using different formulations. Call Setup Success Rate (CSSR) is one of the most important KPIs used by all mobile operators. In Ouagadougou, Burkina-Faso, most of the active workers and remote area farmers rely largely on mobile communication services; the GPRS as data services remain highly competitive with GSM voice services. This paper presents a comparative evaluation of theoretically estimated CSSR to measured CSSR data on a real network with regard to GPRS services. The measured data was obtained from the Nokia Siemens Network (NSN) statistical tool. The results obtained showed significant improvements in areas where sharp drops in CSSR values were recorded for the measured CSSR. Significantly high R square values of close to 1 representing a high predictive ability from the regression analysis of the estimated CSSR were also recorded. It was concluded that the implementation of the CSSR formulation be extended to CSSR measurements to ensure increased subscriber satisfaction.
The document summarizes planning and optimization of an LTE radio access network for an urban area in Taiz City, Yemen. It involved using simulation software to plan the network, including determining the number and locations of base stations. The network was then optimized using techniques like Automatic Cell Planning and Automatic Frequency Planning. This improved coverage from 90% to 98%, CINR from 65% to 77%, and increased total network traffic by 30%. The optimization reduced overlapping between sectors and interference, and increased throughput and coverage area.
New adaptation method based on cross layer and TCP over protocols to improve ...IJECEIAES
This document proposes a new adaptation method to improve quality of service in mobile ad hoc networks. The method uses a cross-layer approach combining modifications to the IEEE 802.11 MAC standard with a new version of TCP. It takes node mobility, signal strength, and routing protocols into account. Simulation results show the proposal achieves better TCP performance and throughput while improving energy efficiency compared to normal TCP, especially when using the OLSR routing protocol.
A NOVEL HYBRID OPPORTUNISTIC SCALABLE ENERGY EFFICIENT ROUTING DESIGN FOR LOW...IJCNCJournal
Opportunistic Routing (OR) scheme increases the transmission reliability despite the lossy wireless radio links by exploiting the broadcast nature of the wireless medium. However, OR schemes in low power Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) leads to energy drain in constrained sensor nodes due to constant
overhearing, periodic beaconing for Neighbourhood Management (NM) and increase in packet header length to append priority wise sorted Forwarding Candidates Set (FCS) prior to data transmission. The timer-based coordination mechanism incurs the least overhead to coordinate among the FCS that has successfully received the data packet for relaying the data in a multi-hop manner. This timer-based mechanism suffers from duplicate transmissions if the FCS is either not carefully selected or coordinated. The focus of this work is to propose a hybrid opportunistic energy efficient routing design for large scale, low power and lossy WSN. This design avoids periodic 'hello' beacons for NM, limits constant overhearing and increase in packet header length. There are two modes of operation i) opportunistic ii) unicast mode. The sender node adopts opportunistic forwarding for its initial data packet transmission and instead of pre-computing the FCS, it is dynamically computed in a completely distributed manner. The
eligible nodes to be part of FCS will be neighbour nodes at lower corona level than the sender with respect to the sink and remaining energy above the minimum threshold. The nodes part of FCS based on crosslayered multi-metrics and fuzzy decision logic determines its priority level to compute Dynamic Holding
Delay (DHD) for effective timer coordination. The differentiated back off implementation along with DHD enables the higher priority candidate that had received data packet to forward the packet first and facilitates others to cancel its timer upon overhearing. The sender node switches to unicast mode of
forwarding for successive transmissions by choosing the forwarding node with maximum trust value as it
denotes the stability of the temporally varying link with respect to the forwarder. The sender node will revert to opportunistic mode to increase transmission reliability in case of link-level transmission error or no trustworthy forwarders. Simulation results in NS2 show significant increase in Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR),decrease in both average energy consumption per node and Normalized Energy Consumption (NEC) per packet in comparison with existing protocols.
Novel Position Estimation using Differential Timing Information for Asynchron...IJCNCJournal
Positioning techniques have been a common objective since the early development of wireless networks. However, current positioning methods in cellular networks, for instance, are still primarily focused on the use of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), which has several limitations, like high power drainage and failure in indoor scenarios. This study introduces a novel approach employing standard LTE signaling in order to provide high accuracy positioning estimation. The proposed technique is designed in analogy to the human sound localization system, eliminating the need of having information from three spatially diverse Base Stations (BSs). This is inspired by the perfect human 3D sound localization with two ears. A field study is carried out in a dense urban city to verify the accuracy of the proposed technique, with more than 20 thousand measurement samples collected. The achieved positioning accuracy is meeting the latest Federal Communications Commission (FCC) requirements in the planner dimension.
Engineering Research Publication
Best International Journals, High Impact Journals,
International Journal of Engineering & Technical Research
ISSN : 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P)
www.erpublication.org
Resource Allocation in MIMO – OFDM Communication System under Signal Strength...Kumar Goud
Abstract: - Multiple Inputs and Multiple Output (MIMO) and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system have the potential to attain high capability on the propagation setting. The aim of this paper is that the adaptive resource allocation in MIMO-OFDM system uses the water filling formula. Water filling answer is enforced for allocating the ability so as to extend the data rate. The overall system capability is maximised subject to the constraints on total power, signal to noise quantitative relation, and proportionality. Channel is assumed as a flat attenuation channel and therefore the comparison is created for various 2×2, 2×3, 3×2 and 4×4 MIMO-OFDM systems and water filling formula with allotted power. Supported the capability contribution from the relaying terminal, a brand new parameter referred to as cooperation constant is introduced as an operate of the relaying sub channel. This parameter is employed to switch the target parameter of the subcarrier allocation procedure. Fairness-oriented [Fading Channel] and throughput-oriented [Near finish Channel] algorithms square measure elite from the literature to check the planned technique. Each algorithms square measure changed to use the mean of cooperation constant within the objective parameter of the subcarrier allocation procedure and shown to own a much better total turnout with none sacrifice.
Keywords - MIMO-OFDM; Water filling Algorithm; Subcarrier Resource Allocation
Network efficiency enhancement by reactive channel state based allocation sch...IJECEIAES
Now a day the large MIMO has considered as the efficient approach to improve the spectral and energy efficiency at WMN. However, the PC is a big issue that caused by reusing similar pilot sequence at cells, which also restrict the performance of massive MIMO network. Here, we give the alternative answer, where each of UEs required allotting a channel sequences before passing the payload data, so as to avoid the channel collision of inter-cell. Our proposed protocol will ready to determine the channel collisions in distributed and scalable process, however giving unique properties of the large MIMO channels. Here we have proposed a RCSA (Reactive channel state based allocation) scheme, which will very productively work with the RAP blockers at large network of MIMO. The position of time-frequency of RAP blocks is modified in the middle of the adjacent cells, because of this design decision the RAP defend from the hardest types of interference at inter-cell. Further, to validate the performance of our proposed scheme it will be compared with other existing technique.
Optimized Cluster Establishment and Cluster-Head Selection Approach in WSNIJCNCJournal
In recent years, limited resources of user products and energy-saving are recognized as the major challenges of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Clustering is a practical technique that can reduce all energy consumption and provide stability of workload that causes a larger difference in energy depletion among other nodes and cluster heads (CHs). In addition, clustering is the solution of energy-efficient for maximizing the network longevity and improvising energy efficiency. In this paper, a novel OCE-CHS (Optimized Cluster Establishment and Cluster-Head Selection) approach for sensor nodes is represented to improvise the packet success ratio and reduce the average energy-dissipation. The main contribution of this paper is categorized into two processes, first, the clustering algorithm is improvised that periodically chooses the optimal set of the CHs according to the speed of the average node and average-node energy. This is considerably distinguished from node-based clustering that utilizes a distributed clustering algorithm to choose CHs based on the speed of the current node and remaining node energy. Second, more than one factor is assumed for the detached node to join the optimal cluster. In the result section, we discuss our clustering protocols implementation of optimal CH-selection to evade the death of SNs, maximizing throughput, and further improvise the network lifetime by minimizing energy consumption.
A Cluster-Based Routing Protocol and Fault Detection for Wireless Sensor NetworkIJCNCJournal
The document proposes a new clustering and routing algorithm for wireless sensor networks that aims to extend network lifetime. Key points:
- The algorithm divides nodes into sensing nodes and relay nodes, with relay nodes responsible for forwarding data to reduce cluster head burden.
- It selects cluster heads and relay nodes based on residual energy to distribute load and avoid early node death.
- A routing tree is constructed among relay nodes to transmit data to the base station in a multi-hop manner, selecting next hops based on residual energy and number of child nodes to balance energy usage.
- The goal is to improve energy efficiency, extend network lifetime, and increase data accuracy through mechanisms like clustering, load balancing, and fault detection
To Get any Project for CSE, IT ECE, EEE Contact Me @ 09849539085, 09966235788 or mail us - ieeefinalsemprojects@gmail.co¬m-Visit Our Website: www.finalyearprojects.org
Quality of service adaptive modulation and coding scheme for IEEE 802.11acIJECEIAES
Nowadays, the rising demand for digital communication technologies has contributed to the increase in the volume of traffic. This continuous trend of internet traffic has led to the deterioration of the quality of service (QoS) with reduced throughput and increased latency. This also is due to the proliferation of new broadband applications which require low latency and high throughput such as virtual reality and real-time gaming. Therefore, considering the aforementioned challenge in QoS of wireless networks, a link adaptation method is suggested in this study, in order to enhance the performance of the QoS in IEEE 802.11ac amendment wireless local-area network (WLAN). The proposed technique adaptively changes the transmission data rate by increasing or decreasing the modulation and coding scheme (MCS) level according to the traffic conditions. With the use of an OMNeT++ computer-aided design (CAD)-based simulation model, the effectiveness of the suggested approach is examined. Simulated findings were compared with the link adaptation approach of the default condition. The results of the simulation demonstrate that the proposed technique significantly increases throughput (36.48%) and decreases latency in comparison to the default situation. These findings demonstrate the technique's potential to improve WLAN QoS efficiency, notably in regard to throughput and latency.
COMPARISON OF BIT ERROR RATE PERFORMANCE OF VARIOUS DIGITAL MODULATION SCHEME...ijasa
This document compares the bit error rate (BER) performance of different digital modulation schemes (BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM) over AWGN and Rayleigh fading channels using Simulink simulations. It finds that BPSK outperforms QPSK and 16-QAM in both channels. The BER is evaluated for these modulation schemes using two equalization techniques: constant modulus algorithm (CMA) and maximum likelihood sequence estimation (MLSE). According to the results, BPSK has better BER performance than QPSK and 16-QAM when using either equalizer, especially at lower SNR values. CMA equalization works better than MLSE equalization for all modulation schemes based on the BER values obtained.
Enhancement of qos in multihop wireless networks by delivering cbr using lb a...eSAT Journals
Abstract One of the most complicated issues is to measuring the delay performance of end to end nodes in Multi-hop Wireless Networks. The two nodes are communicating via hopping over the multiple wireless links. The fact that is each node has to concentrate not only its own generated traffic, but also relayed one. Observing unfairness particularly for transmissions among nodes that are more than one hop Most of the existing works deals with the joint congestion control and scheduling algorithm, which does not focusing the delay performance. In turn, considering the throughput metric alone although for congestion control flows, throughput is the repeated difficult performance metric Packet delay is also important because practical congestion control protocols need to establish the timeouts for the retransmissions based on the packet delay, such parameters could significantly impact the speed of recovery when loss of packets occurred. The related issues on the delay-performance First, for long flows, the end to end delay may grow in terms of square with based on the number of hops. Second, it is difficult to control the end-to-end delay of each flows. TDMA schedules the transmissions in a fair way, in terms of throughput per connection, considering the communication requirements of the active flows of the network. It does not work properly in the multi-hop scenario, because it is generated only for single hop networks, We propose The Leaky Bucket Algorithm, in addition to joint congestion control and scheduling algorithm in multi-hop wireless networks. The proposed algorithm not only achieves the provable throughput and also considering the upper bounds of the delay of each flow. It reduces the transmission time by delivering packets at a constant bit rate even it receives the packet at a busty way. Keywords- Multi-hop wireless networks, congestion control, Performance, Delay, Flow, Throughput.
FREQUENCY AND TIME DOMAIN PACKET SCHEDULING BASED ON CHANNEL PREDICTION WITH ...ijwmn
1) The document discusses packet scheduling algorithms for LTE downlink systems that must operate under imperfect channel quality information (CQI) due to errors, delays, and other issues.
2) It proposes a new packet scheduling algorithm that uses a Kalman filter-based channel predictor in the frequency domain to estimate the true CQI from erroneous feedback, combined with a time domain grouping technique using proportional fair and modified largest weighted delay first algorithms.
3) Simulation results showed this approach achieves better performance than existing algorithms in terms of system throughput and packet loss ratio under imperfect CQI conditions.
Bit Error Rate Analysis in WiMAX Communication at Vehicular Speeds using mod...IJMER
At high vehicular speeds, rapid changes in surrounding environments, cause severe fading at
the receiver, resulting a drastic fall in throughput and unless any proactive measure is taken to combat
this problem, throughput becomes insufficient to support many applications, particularly those with
multimedia contents. Bit Error Rate (BER) estimation is an integral part of any proactive measure and
recent studies suggest that Nakagami-m model performs better for modelling channel fading in wireless
communications at high vehicular speeds. No work has been reported in literature that estimates BER
at high vehicular speeds in WiMAX communication using Nakagami-m model. In this thesis, we develop
and present an analytical model to estimate BER in WiMAX at vehicular speeds using Nakagami-m
fading model. The proposed model is adaptive and can be used with resource management schemes
designed for fixed, nomadic, and mobile WiMAX communications.
Joint Routing and Congestion Control in Multipath Channel based on Signal to ...IJECEIAES
Routing protocol and congestion control in Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) have important roles in wireless mobile network performance. In wireless communication, the stability of the path and successful data transmission will be influenced by the channel condition. This channel condition constraints come from path loss and the multipath channel fading. With these constraints, the algorithm in the routing protocol and congestion control is confronted with the uncertainty of connection quality and probability of successful packet transmission, respectively. It is important to investigate the reliability and robustness of routing protocol and congestion control algorithms in dealing with such situation. In this paper, we develop a detailed approach and analytical throughput performance with a cross layer scheme (CLS) between routing and congestion control mechanism based on signal to noise ratio (SNR) in Rician and Rayleigh as multipath fading channel. We proposed joint routing and congestion control TCP with a cross layer scheme model based on SNR (RTCP-SNR). We compare the performance of RTCP-SNR with conventional routing-TCP and routing-TCP that used CLS with routing aware (RTCP-RA) model. The analyses and the simulation results showed that RTCP-SNR in a multipath channel outperforms conventional routing-TCP and RTCP-RA.
System Performance Analysis of Half-Duplex Relay Network over Rician Fading C...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, the system performance of an amplify-and-forward (AF) relaying network over
Rician Fading Channel is proposed, analyzed and demonstrated. For details this analysis, the energy and
information are transferred from the source to the relay nodes by two methods: 1) time switching protocol
and 2) power splitting protocol. Firstly, due to the constraint of the wireless energy harvesting at the relay
node, the analytical mathematical expressions of the achievable throughput and the outage probability of
both schemes were proposed and demonstrated. After that, the effect of various system parameters on the
system performance is rigorously studied with closed-form expressions for the system performance.
Finally, the analytical results are also demonstrated by Monte-Carlo simulation in comparison with the
closed-form expressions. The numerical results demonstrated the effect of various system parameters,
such as energy harvesting time, power splitting ratio, source transmission to noise power, and the
threshold value, on the system performance of AF wireless relay nodes. The results show that the
analytical mathematical and simulated results match for all possible parameter values for both schemes.
Efficient P2P data dissemination in integrated optical and wireless networks ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The Quality of Service (QoS) resource consumption is always the tricky problem and also
the on-going issue in the access network of mobile wireless part because of its dynamic nature of network
wireless transmissions. It is very critical for the infrastructure-less wireless mobile ad hoc network that is
distributed while interconnects in a peer-to-peer manner. Toward resolve the problem, Taguchi method
optimization of mobile ad hoc routing (AODVUU) is applied in integrated optical and wireless networks
called the adLMMHOWAN. Practically, this technique was carry out using OMNeT++ software by building
a simulation based optimization through design of experiment. Its QoS network performance is examined
based on packet delivery ratio (PDR) metric and packet loss probabilities (PLP) metric that consider
the scenario of variation number of nodes. During the performing stage with random mobile connectivity
based on improvement in optimized front-end wireless domain of AODVUU routing, the result is performing
better when compared with previous study called the oRia scheme with the improvement of 14.1% PDR
and 43.3% PLP in this convergence of heterogeneous optical wireless network.
Mobile positioning for location dependent services in GSM networks marwaeng
1. The document discusses methods for mobile positioning in GSM networks without requiring changes to the network or mobile devices. It proposes techniques using signal measurement data, probabilistic geometry, and path loss models.
2. Key techniques include probabilistic geometric elimination to exclude improbable areas based on cell ID, timing advance, and neighbor cell measurements. Path loss analysis and models are used to correlate actual measurements with predicted signal strengths to locate the mobile terminal.
3. The quality of position is also considered to determine the accuracy of position approximations for location-based applications and services. Both positioning accuracy and user experience are important factors for successful location-based services.
Performance evaluation of high mobility OFDM channel estimation techniques IJECEIAES
In wireless communication, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) has been adopted due to its robustness to multipath fading and high data rate transmissions. At the other hand, the performance of OFDM systems severely degraded due to multi-path fading and Doppler frequency shifts in mobile systems, which causes inter-carrier-interference (ICI). Thus, Estimation of channel parameters is required at the receiver using a pre designed estimator where pilot tones are inserted in each OFDM symbol. In this paper, a random pilot data are generated and inserted in each OFDM symbol at equally spaced locations. The performance test of Least Square (LS) and Linear Minimum Mean Square (LMMSE) estimation methods are proposed with Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) based on both LS and LMMSE, where different ITU channel models are considered in order to compare their performance for data transmission in high mobile systems with different Doppler frequencies exceeds 200 Hz and minimal number of pilots.
MULTICASTING BASED ENHANCED PROACTIVE SOURCE ROUTING IN MANETSIJCNCJournal
Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is an accumulation of movable nodes organizing a irregular topology without centralized administration. In a MANET, multicasting is a significant technique for utilizing data communication system. Multicasting based enhanced proactive source routing is proposed in this paper for Mobile Ad hoc Networks. It explains an innovative multicasting algorithm that considers the transmission energy and residual energy while forwarding the data packets. It improves the network throughput and raises the network lifetimes. Simulation analysis is carried in this proposed system and this method shows improved performance over the existing system.
Evaluation of CSSR with Direct TCH Assignment in Cellular NetworksIJERA Editor
Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) operators make use of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) to appreciate the network performance and evaluate the Quality of Service (QoS) regarding end user perceived quality. KPIs are therefore becoming increasingly important in the context of network rollouts as well as within mature network optimization cycles. The performance of the mobile network is measured based on several counters describing the most important events over a measurement period. The KPIs are derived with the help of these counters using different formulations. Call Setup Success Rate (CSSR) is one of the most important KPIs used by all mobile operators. In Ouagadougou, Burkina-Faso, most of the active workers and remote area farmers rely largely on mobile communication services; the GPRS as data services remain highly competitive with GSM voice services. This paper presents a comparative evaluation of theoretically estimated CSSR to measured CSSR data on a real network with regard to GPRS services. The measured data was obtained from the Nokia Siemens Network (NSN) statistical tool. The results obtained showed significant improvements in areas where sharp drops in CSSR values were recorded for the measured CSSR. Significantly high R square values of close to 1 representing a high predictive ability from the regression analysis of the estimated CSSR were also recorded. It was concluded that the implementation of the CSSR formulation be extended to CSSR measurements to ensure increased subscriber satisfaction.
The document summarizes planning and optimization of an LTE radio access network for an urban area in Taiz City, Yemen. It involved using simulation software to plan the network, including determining the number and locations of base stations. The network was then optimized using techniques like Automatic Cell Planning and Automatic Frequency Planning. This improved coverage from 90% to 98%, CINR from 65% to 77%, and increased total network traffic by 30%. The optimization reduced overlapping between sectors and interference, and increased throughput and coverage area.
New adaptation method based on cross layer and TCP over protocols to improve ...IJECEIAES
This document proposes a new adaptation method to improve quality of service in mobile ad hoc networks. The method uses a cross-layer approach combining modifications to the IEEE 802.11 MAC standard with a new version of TCP. It takes node mobility, signal strength, and routing protocols into account. Simulation results show the proposal achieves better TCP performance and throughput while improving energy efficiency compared to normal TCP, especially when using the OLSR routing protocol.
A NOVEL HYBRID OPPORTUNISTIC SCALABLE ENERGY EFFICIENT ROUTING DESIGN FOR LOW...IJCNCJournal
Opportunistic Routing (OR) scheme increases the transmission reliability despite the lossy wireless radio links by exploiting the broadcast nature of the wireless medium. However, OR schemes in low power Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) leads to energy drain in constrained sensor nodes due to constant
overhearing, periodic beaconing for Neighbourhood Management (NM) and increase in packet header length to append priority wise sorted Forwarding Candidates Set (FCS) prior to data transmission. The timer-based coordination mechanism incurs the least overhead to coordinate among the FCS that has successfully received the data packet for relaying the data in a multi-hop manner. This timer-based mechanism suffers from duplicate transmissions if the FCS is either not carefully selected or coordinated. The focus of this work is to propose a hybrid opportunistic energy efficient routing design for large scale, low power and lossy WSN. This design avoids periodic 'hello' beacons for NM, limits constant overhearing and increase in packet header length. There are two modes of operation i) opportunistic ii) unicast mode. The sender node adopts opportunistic forwarding for its initial data packet transmission and instead of pre-computing the FCS, it is dynamically computed in a completely distributed manner. The
eligible nodes to be part of FCS will be neighbour nodes at lower corona level than the sender with respect to the sink and remaining energy above the minimum threshold. The nodes part of FCS based on crosslayered multi-metrics and fuzzy decision logic determines its priority level to compute Dynamic Holding
Delay (DHD) for effective timer coordination. The differentiated back off implementation along with DHD enables the higher priority candidate that had received data packet to forward the packet first and facilitates others to cancel its timer upon overhearing. The sender node switches to unicast mode of
forwarding for successive transmissions by choosing the forwarding node with maximum trust value as it
denotes the stability of the temporally varying link with respect to the forwarder. The sender node will revert to opportunistic mode to increase transmission reliability in case of link-level transmission error or no trustworthy forwarders. Simulation results in NS2 show significant increase in Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR),decrease in both average energy consumption per node and Normalized Energy Consumption (NEC) per packet in comparison with existing protocols.
Novel Position Estimation using Differential Timing Information for Asynchron...IJCNCJournal
Positioning techniques have been a common objective since the early development of wireless networks. However, current positioning methods in cellular networks, for instance, are still primarily focused on the use of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), which has several limitations, like high power drainage and failure in indoor scenarios. This study introduces a novel approach employing standard LTE signaling in order to provide high accuracy positioning estimation. The proposed technique is designed in analogy to the human sound localization system, eliminating the need of having information from three spatially diverse Base Stations (BSs). This is inspired by the perfect human 3D sound localization with two ears. A field study is carried out in a dense urban city to verify the accuracy of the proposed technique, with more than 20 thousand measurement samples collected. The achieved positioning accuracy is meeting the latest Federal Communications Commission (FCC) requirements in the planner dimension.
Engineering Research Publication
Best International Journals, High Impact Journals,
International Journal of Engineering & Technical Research
ISSN : 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P)
www.erpublication.org
Resource Allocation in MIMO – OFDM Communication System under Signal Strength...Kumar Goud
Abstract: - Multiple Inputs and Multiple Output (MIMO) and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system have the potential to attain high capability on the propagation setting. The aim of this paper is that the adaptive resource allocation in MIMO-OFDM system uses the water filling formula. Water filling answer is enforced for allocating the ability so as to extend the data rate. The overall system capability is maximised subject to the constraints on total power, signal to noise quantitative relation, and proportionality. Channel is assumed as a flat attenuation channel and therefore the comparison is created for various 2×2, 2×3, 3×2 and 4×4 MIMO-OFDM systems and water filling formula with allotted power. Supported the capability contribution from the relaying terminal, a brand new parameter referred to as cooperation constant is introduced as an operate of the relaying sub channel. This parameter is employed to switch the target parameter of the subcarrier allocation procedure. Fairness-oriented [Fading Channel] and throughput-oriented [Near finish Channel] algorithms square measure elite from the literature to check the planned technique. Each algorithms square measure changed to use the mean of cooperation constant within the objective parameter of the subcarrier allocation procedure and shown to own a much better total turnout with none sacrifice.
Keywords - MIMO-OFDM; Water filling Algorithm; Subcarrier Resource Allocation
Network efficiency enhancement by reactive channel state based allocation sch...IJECEIAES
Now a day the large MIMO has considered as the efficient approach to improve the spectral and energy efficiency at WMN. However, the PC is a big issue that caused by reusing similar pilot sequence at cells, which also restrict the performance of massive MIMO network. Here, we give the alternative answer, where each of UEs required allotting a channel sequences before passing the payload data, so as to avoid the channel collision of inter-cell. Our proposed protocol will ready to determine the channel collisions in distributed and scalable process, however giving unique properties of the large MIMO channels. Here we have proposed a RCSA (Reactive channel state based allocation) scheme, which will very productively work with the RAP blockers at large network of MIMO. The position of time-frequency of RAP blocks is modified in the middle of the adjacent cells, because of this design decision the RAP defend from the hardest types of interference at inter-cell. Further, to validate the performance of our proposed scheme it will be compared with other existing technique.
Optimized Cluster Establishment and Cluster-Head Selection Approach in WSNIJCNCJournal
In recent years, limited resources of user products and energy-saving are recognized as the major challenges of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Clustering is a practical technique that can reduce all energy consumption and provide stability of workload that causes a larger difference in energy depletion among other nodes and cluster heads (CHs). In addition, clustering is the solution of energy-efficient for maximizing the network longevity and improvising energy efficiency. In this paper, a novel OCE-CHS (Optimized Cluster Establishment and Cluster-Head Selection) approach for sensor nodes is represented to improvise the packet success ratio and reduce the average energy-dissipation. The main contribution of this paper is categorized into two processes, first, the clustering algorithm is improvised that periodically chooses the optimal set of the CHs according to the speed of the average node and average-node energy. This is considerably distinguished from node-based clustering that utilizes a distributed clustering algorithm to choose CHs based on the speed of the current node and remaining node energy. Second, more than one factor is assumed for the detached node to join the optimal cluster. In the result section, we discuss our clustering protocols implementation of optimal CH-selection to evade the death of SNs, maximizing throughput, and further improvise the network lifetime by minimizing energy consumption.
A Cluster-Based Routing Protocol and Fault Detection for Wireless Sensor NetworkIJCNCJournal
The document proposes a new clustering and routing algorithm for wireless sensor networks that aims to extend network lifetime. Key points:
- The algorithm divides nodes into sensing nodes and relay nodes, with relay nodes responsible for forwarding data to reduce cluster head burden.
- It selects cluster heads and relay nodes based on residual energy to distribute load and avoid early node death.
- A routing tree is constructed among relay nodes to transmit data to the base station in a multi-hop manner, selecting next hops based on residual energy and number of child nodes to balance energy usage.
- The goal is to improve energy efficiency, extend network lifetime, and increase data accuracy through mechanisms like clustering, load balancing, and fault detection
To Get any Project for CSE, IT ECE, EEE Contact Me @ 09849539085, 09966235788 or mail us - ieeefinalsemprojects@gmail.co¬m-Visit Our Website: www.finalyearprojects.org
Quality of service adaptive modulation and coding scheme for IEEE 802.11acIJECEIAES
Nowadays, the rising demand for digital communication technologies has contributed to the increase in the volume of traffic. This continuous trend of internet traffic has led to the deterioration of the quality of service (QoS) with reduced throughput and increased latency. This also is due to the proliferation of new broadband applications which require low latency and high throughput such as virtual reality and real-time gaming. Therefore, considering the aforementioned challenge in QoS of wireless networks, a link adaptation method is suggested in this study, in order to enhance the performance of the QoS in IEEE 802.11ac amendment wireless local-area network (WLAN). The proposed technique adaptively changes the transmission data rate by increasing or decreasing the modulation and coding scheme (MCS) level according to the traffic conditions. With the use of an OMNeT++ computer-aided design (CAD)-based simulation model, the effectiveness of the suggested approach is examined. Simulated findings were compared with the link adaptation approach of the default condition. The results of the simulation demonstrate that the proposed technique significantly increases throughput (36.48%) and decreases latency in comparison to the default situation. These findings demonstrate the technique's potential to improve WLAN QoS efficiency, notably in regard to throughput and latency.
COMPARISON OF BIT ERROR RATE PERFORMANCE OF VARIOUS DIGITAL MODULATION SCHEME...ijasa
This document compares the bit error rate (BER) performance of different digital modulation schemes (BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM) over AWGN and Rayleigh fading channels using Simulink simulations. It finds that BPSK outperforms QPSK and 16-QAM in both channels. The BER is evaluated for these modulation schemes using two equalization techniques: constant modulus algorithm (CMA) and maximum likelihood sequence estimation (MLSE). According to the results, BPSK has better BER performance than QPSK and 16-QAM when using either equalizer, especially at lower SNR values. CMA equalization works better than MLSE equalization for all modulation schemes based on the BER values obtained.
Performance evaluation of VLC system using new modulation approachjournalBEEI
This document evaluates the performance of a new modulation scheme called catenated-OFDM for visible light communications (VLC) systems. Catenated-OFDM involves transmitting multiple OFDM signals simultaneously over different optical bands. The proposed system is simulated using Optisys software. Results show the system can achieve transmission distances of up to 12 meters for 2 dBm input power with 3 optical bands and a data rate of 10 Gbps. Higher data rates, up to 15 Gbps, are also possible. Increasing the number of optical bands or decreasing the data rate improves the receiver sensitivity. The catenated-OFDM approach shows potential for high-speed optical wireless communications.
BROADBAND POWER LINE COMMUNICATION: THE CHANNEL AND NOISE ANALYSIS FOR A POWE...IJCNCJournal
The scope for broadband powerline Communication is considered as a retrofit technology for wide geographical coverage wherever the human habitation exists. So during the last decade, it has drawn an enormous quantity of research work for improving communication performance and this system being standardized all over the world. The broadband power line Communication channel modelling is essential in the design of a reliable communications system. An analysis on the proposed channel model is conducted in this paper; also the paper studied the noises in Broadband powerline Communication network and its mathematical model. The channel Transfer function and Error Performance of Proposed powerline
communication System noise is evaluated with various digital modulation techniques Bit error rate (BER) and signal to noise ratio (SNR) curve by using simulation software. The results indicated that the noise analysis is effective for modelling the power line communication channel. Also, we have presented the various studies on the channel performance based on Orthogonal frequency-division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems for an efficient design of a Broadband Powerline Communication (BPLC) system.
Enhancing Performance for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing in Wirel...IRJET Journal
The document discusses enhancing the performance of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) in wireless systems. It proposes using a technique called Selective Level Mapping (SLM) to reduce the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of OFDM signals. PAPR reduction is important for OFDM systems to improve power amplifier efficiency. The document describes a "Class-III SLM scheme" that can generate multiple alternative OFDM signal sequences using only one inverse fast Fourier transform, helping to reduce complexity. It proposes a selection method for rotation values that can achieve optimal PAPR reduction while balancing the load across components. Simulation results show the proposed method achieves better PAPR reduction performance than conventional methods
Performance Enhancement in SU and MU MIMO-OFDM Technique for Wireless Communi...IJECEIAES
The consistent demand for higher data rates and need to send giant volumes of data while not compromising the quality of communication has led the development of a new generations of wireless systems. But range and data rate limitations are there in wireless devices. In an attempt to beat these limitations, Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) systems will be used which also increase diversity and improve the bit error rate (BER) performance of wireless systems. They additionally increase the channel capacity, increase the transmitted data rate through spatial multiplexing, and/or reduce interference from other users. MIMO systems therefore create a promising communication system because of their high transmission rates without additional bandwidth or transmit power and robustness against multipath fading. This paper provides the overview of Multiuser MIMO system. A detailed review on how to increase performance of system and reduce the bit error rate (BER) in different fading environment e.g. Rayleigh fading, Rician fading, Nakagami fading, composite fading.
The improvement of end to end delays in network management system using netwo...IJCNCJournal
The document summarizes research on improving end-to-end delays in a network management system using network coding. Specifically, it applies network coding to manage radio and television broadcast stations in a wireless network. The study shows that a proposed "Fast Forwarding Strategy" using network coding outperforms a classical routing strategy in reducing end-to-end delays from source to destination. It analyzes end-to-end delays theoretically using network calculus and conducts a practical study on a network of broadcast stations, finding the proposed strategy reduces delays compared to the classical strategy.
Performance enhancement of audio transmission based on LMMSE methodnooriasukmaningtyas
The research in wireless communication has developed rapidly for the last
decades as a result of raising the demand for efficient data transmission with
more security and accuracy. This paper proposed a system based on the
special multiplexing (SM) technique and linear minimum mean square error
(LMMSE) detection method with the assistance of the hamming code as well
as the interleaving techniques for a better enhanced performance of an audio
transmission. Moreover, the comparison was done between the two systems
for different antenna configurations and with the presence of two types of
modulation: binary phase shift key and quateradure phase shift key. These
systems are employed by Matlab simulation to show significant results in
terms of enhancing the Rayleigh fading channel capacity, bit error rate
(BER) and security as well as in recovering the transmitting audio signals.
Each system has advantages than the others in one performance term respect
to the other terms. The simulation results have provided to prove and discuss
our analysis.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new cooperative channel load aware VoIP routing topology for 802.11 WLAN networks. It introduces the concept of cooperative channel transmitting technology for 802.11 WLAN networks and discusses some of the challenges in providing quality of service guarantees. It then presents a linear programming model and scheduling algorithm to implement cooperative channel transmissions while considering queue status and transitive node relationships to maximize throughput. Simulation results show that the proposed scheduling algorithm improves throughput and fairness compared to alternatives.
This document analyzes the capacity of MIMO wireless channels when accounting for impairments from physical transceiver hardware limitations. It is shown that when including the effects of transceiver impairments like non-linearities, phase noise, and quantization noise, the capacity of MIMO channels reaches a finite limit as SNR increases, rather than increasing without bound. This results in a zero multiplexing gain, unlike the ideal case without impairments. However, the relative capacity increase from MIMO over single-antenna channels remains at least as large when including impairments. Various figures are presented showing the capacity and multiplexing gain for different channel models and transceiver configurations. The document concludes by stating the analysis provides insights into understanding
Estimation of bit error rate in 2×2 and 4×4 multi-input multioutput-orthogon...IJECEIAES
Multiple-input, multiple-output orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) systems with multiple input antennas and multiple output antennas in dynamic environments face the challenge of channel estimation. To overcome this challenge and to improve the performance and signal-tonoise ratio, in this paper we used the Kalman filter for the correct estimation of the signal in dynamic environments. To obtain the original signal at the receiver end bit error rate factor plays a major role. If the signal to noise ratio is high and the bit error rate is low then signal strength is high, the signal received at the receiver end is almost similar to the i th transmitted signal. The dynamic tracking characteristic of Kalman filter is used to establish a dynamic space-time codeword and a collection of orthogonal pilot sequences to prevent interference among transmissions in this paper. Using the simulation, the Kalman filter method can be compared to the other channel estimation method presented in this paper that can track timevarying channels rapidly.
POWER LINE COMMUNICATION APPLICATIONS FOR SMART GRIDSIRJET Journal
This document discusses power line communication (PLC) applications for smart grids. It begins by outlining the need for improved communication networks in electrical grids to address capacity issues and enable remote control. It then reviews various wired and wireless communication technologies that could be applied to smart grids, including fiber optics, wireless, and PLC. The potential for using PLC is investigated through modeling a PLC system in MATLAB. The results show attenuation is lowest for medium voltage transmission and indicate PLC is well-suited for smart grid applications. The document concludes PLC can help enhance grid reliability, efficiency and resilience when applied to smart grids.
ESTIMATION AND COMPENSATION OF INTER CARRIER INTERFERENCE IN WIMAX PHYSICAL L...ijngnjournal
WiMAX is Wireless Interoperability for Microwave Access has emerged as a promising solution for transmission of higher data rates for fixed and mobile applications. IEEE 802.16d and e are the standards proposed by WiMAX group for fixed and mobile. As the wireless channel have so many limitation Such as Multipath, Doppler spread, Delay spread and Line Of Sight (LOS)/Non Line Of Sight (NLOS) components. To attain higher data rates the Multi Carrier System with Multiple Input and Multiple Output (MIMO) is incorporated in the WiMAX. The Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a multi carrier technique used with the WiMAX systems. In OFDM the available spectrum is split into numerous narrow band channels of dissimilar frequencies to achieve high data rate in a multi path fading environment. And all these sub carriers are considered to be orthogonal to each other. As the number of sub carriers is increased there is no guarantee of sustained orthogonality, i.e. at some point the carriers are not
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International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
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Link Adaptation for Microwave Link using both MATLAB and Path-Loss Tool
1. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Informatics (IJEEI)
Vol. 4, No. 4, December 2016, pp. 281~291
ISSN: 2089-3272, DOI: 10.11591/ijeei.v4i4.245 281
Received September 10, 2016; Revised October 25, 2016; Accepted November 13, 2016
Link Adaptation for Microwave Link using both
MATLAB and Path-Loss Tool
Jide Julius Popoola*
1
, Damian E. Okhueleigbe
1
, Isiaka A. Alimi
1,2
1
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
2
Instituto de Telecomunicações, DETI, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
e-mail: jidejulius2001@gmail.com*; damianeee2008@yahoo.com; compeasywalus2@yahoo.com
Abstract
The inherent multipath transmission on wireless channels usually leads to signal fading which
eventually degrades the system performance. In mitigating this problem, link adaptation has been
identified as a promising scheme that helps in maximizing the system spectral efficiency (SE) in dispersive
wireless channels. In this paper, link adaptation based on adaptive modulation and coding was used to
study the performance of M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation radio system subjected to multipath
fading. MATLAB® scripts and Simulink model were developed to compare the effect of wireless channel
on different constellation sizes. Also, transmission link on Federal University of Technology Akure campus’
path terrain was designed with the aid of path-loss® tool software in order to further analyze the effect of
using different modulation formats on the system performance. The results show that, employment of link
adaptation scheme offers better performance regarding the system availability and SE.
Keywords: wireless channels, multipath transmission, link adaptation, spectral efficiency, constellation
sizes
1. Introduction
In recent years, radio or wireless communication system has replaced almost all wired
communication systems in telecommunications. This is as a result of tremendous advantages
that wireless communication systems have over the fixed-wired communication systems. Two of
these major advantages are its ability to be rolled out rapidly and its mobility capability. With this
shift from wired connection to wireless connection, it is obvious that an acceptable quality of
service (QoS) on wireless channels can only be achieved through higher information transfer
rates than the currently available rates in today’s wireless system. In order to increase the
current information or data transfer rates to the next level, a simple approach is to increase the
allocated bandwidth. However, this approach is practically infeasible due to the fact that radio
spectrum is extremely scarce due to proliferation of wireless services, devices and application.
In addition, the growth in information transmission via wireless technologies has led to increase
in both the demand for the radio spectrum and consumption of more bandwidth for services
such as video-on-demand, high-speed Internet access, video conferences and applications with
multimedia contents.
Furthermore, the fact that wireless channels is currently the most commonly used
channel for signal transmission, observations show that signals transmitted over wireless
channels are often being impaired due to undesirable effects on wireless channels [1]. This
makes wireless channels to be characterized by multipath transmission of signal. Thus, results
in the variation of the signal strength which leads to signal fading when replicas are combined at
the receiver (Rx). With signal fading, there is high degradation in the link carrier-to-noise ratio
(CNR) as well as high bit error rate (BER) in the radio link [2].
These detrimental effects of signal fading call for an appropriate measure that can
mitigate it. Different measures such as space diversity [3-5], automatic transmit power control
(ATPC) [6], adaptive equalization, multilevel coded modulation (MLCM) [7,8], forward error
correction (FEC), and cross-polarization interference cancellers (XPICs) [9] have been
proposed in the literature to address the challenges of signal fading. However, aiming at the
inherent capacity of wireless channel, it is obvious that technology which adapt and adjust
transmission parameters in real-time based on the link quality will be the appropriate solution to
both the problems of channel impairments and bandwidth in wireless communication. Thus, the
primary objective of the study presented in this paper is to investigate the effectiveness of
2. ISSN: 2089-3272
IJEEI Vol. 4, No. 4, December 2016 : 281 – 291
282
adaptive modulation scheme in enhancing both the transmission rates and SE in wireless
communication.
For sequential and logical presentation of the study presented in this paper, the
remaining parts of this paper are organized as follows. Section 2 presents a brief overview on
link adaptation scheme and SE. Section 3 focuses on methodology involved in carrying out the
study with emphasis on different simulation and link design parameters using FUTA as case
study. In Section 4, the results of the study are presented and discussed while the conclusion is
presented in Section 5.
2. Link Adaptation
Link adaptation, also known as adaptive modulation (AM) or adaptive modulation and
coding (AMC), is a technique employed in wireless communication system to denote the
matching of the modulation coding as well as the signal and protocol parameters to the
conditions on the radio link. Thus, the process of link adaptation is a dynamic technique that
brings about changes in both the signal and protocol parameters as the link conditions change.
According to [10], link adaptation is a powerful technique for improving the SE in wireless
transmission over fading channels. It works by exploiting the channel state information (CSI) at
the transmitter. This capability enhances its performance when compared with systems that do
not exploit channel knowledge at the transmitting end.
Link adaptation based on AMC as reported in [11] is one of the promising adaptive
schemes to counteract fading and enhance the performance of wireless system. It is an efficient
link adaptation technique in which transmission parameters such as modulation format, code-
rate, and power are regulated in accordance with the CSI. The concept of the scheme is based
on monitoring the channel variations in order to determine the error rate at the receiver (Rx).
When the error rate increases, the Rx sends feedback information about the nature of the CSI
to the transmitter (Tx). Consequently, the Tx dynamically changes the modulation and coding
formats in order to achieve better throughput by transmitting higher information rates in good
CSI conditions. However, in poor CSI conditions, the Tx automatically shifts its transmission to a
more robust but less efficient modulation and coding formats in response to the channel
degradation [12]. In essence, in a good CSI condition, highest sustainable data rate is
transmitted; whereas, when the CSI is poor, lower data rate is transmitted [13]. The activities
involve in both the Tx and Rx in an AMC scheme using an additive white Gaussian noise
(AWGN) channel is shown in Fig. 1. Fig. 1 shows the interaction involves in both the Tx and Rx
in order to achieve the desired SE and high transmission that AMC scheme offers in wireless
communication system [14].
Figure 1. Block Diagram of Adaptive Modulation and Coding Scheme (Adapted from
[13])
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Spectral efficiency, SE, by simple definition is the amount of information or data that can
be transmitted over a given bandwidth in a specific communication system. It is also defined as
the ratio of the data rate to the bandwidth of the modulation signal. Thus, SE means getting
more bits per hertz and being expressed in bps/Hz. It is the optimized use of the spectrum such
that the maximum amount of data can be transmitted with minima transmission errors. It is one
of the major factors in the design of wireless communication system [15]. As reported in [15],
frequency re-use is one of the ways of achieving SE. However, according to [16-18], application
of frequency re-use usually introduces unavoidable co-channel interference in wireless
communication system. However, as reported by [15], another technique of increasing spectral
efficiency in wireless communication systems is the application of multilevel or M-ary quadrature
amplitude modulation (M-QAM) schemes. This is because M-QAM increases the link SE by
sending multiple bits per symbol as reported in [15]. QAM is able to achieve this because the
two carrier waves in it,
tfc2cos and
tfc2sin , which are out of phase with each other by
0
90 called quadrature carriers or quadrature components are algebraically summed [19]. The
algebraic sum of these modulated waves gives a single signal to be transmitted, containing the
in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) information [20]. Thus, the resulting M-QAM signal is defined
mathematically in [19] as;
tftgAtftgA
tftQtftIts
c
Q
mc
I
m
cc
2sin..2cos..
2sin.2cos.
Mm ,,3,2,1 (1)
where
tI and
tQ are the modulating signals,
I
mA and
Q
mA are the sets of the
amplitude levels for the in-phase and quadrature phase respectively, and
tg is the real
valued signal pulse, whose shape influences the spectrum of the transmitted signal .
In digital formats of M-QAM, two or more bits are usually grouped together to form
symbols and one of M possible signals is transmitted during each symbol period. Normally, the
number of possible signals is expressed mathematically in [19] as;
n
M 2 (2)
where n is an integer. Therefore, possible M-QAMs are: 4-QAM, 8-QAM, 16-QAM, 32-
QAM, 64-QAM, and so on. The number of 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64 is corresponding to
,22
,23
,24
5
2 and
6
2 in which the superscript number 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 is the bits per symbol respectively.
Similarly, survey literature reviews that SE achievable is considerably high when a low order
constellation such as quaternary phase shift keying (QPSK) is employed in wireless
communication system. Mathematically, QPSK signal can be represented as:
4,3,2,1212cos iitfAts cc
(3)
Using trigonometric identity,
yxyxyx sinsincoscoscos , (3) can be re-
written as:
4,3,2,121sin2sin21cos2cos iitfAitfAts cccc
(4)
In microwave radio systems, adaptive modulation is employed for point to point digital
communication in order to offer better capacity to the user. This is based on the CSI feedback
that enables dynamic radio link adaption. An example of adaptive technique being implemented
in the microwave radio links to combat fading is ATPC which is also known as power diversity
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[6]. Conceptually, a threshold power is set to achieve a given BER under good channel
conditions. The Tx power can be adjusted (increased or decreased) dynamically according to
the link condition. However, the increase in power when the CSI is poor should not exceed the
set threshold value so as to prevent co-channel interference (CCI) [6,22]. Moreover, an
alternative approach of achieving a desired QoS is by the use of adaptive modulation scheme in
which the power and modulation level can be dynamically altered in order to regulate the link
ability to conform to the set transmission conditions [22]. This simulation and link design carried
out in achieving the objectives of the study presented in this paper is presented in the next
section.
3. Methodology
In this section, the methodology involved in carrying out this study is presented. This
section presents the simulation, design, and analysis of the adaptive modulation system for the
microwave transmission link. The simulation and modeling are implemented in
MATLAB
®
/Simulink
®
. The Simulink for the microwave transmission link is shown in Fig. 2.
Furthermore, the design of transmission link on FUTA path terrain is achieved with the aid of
PATHLOSS
®
4.0 simulation tool. This is done using factors and parameters such as the
geographical coordinates of the terrain, path profile from Shuttle Radar Topography Mission
database, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) recognized transmit and receive
frequency, a standard Microwave Networks radio model, AMT/07/16E1/14M, an antenna code
model, a traffic code of 16E1-16QAM and 16E1-QPSK with horizontal polarization for worst
condition in the path design modules of the program.
Figure 2. Simulink for Microwave Transmission Link Model
4. Results and Discussion
This section is divided into two subsections. The first subsection presents the effect of
link adaptation or adaptive modulation on FUTA wireless link. This was done by presenting the
results of MATLAB
®
scripts and Simulink model that were developed to compare the effect of
wireless channel on different constellation sizes. On the other hand, the second subsection
presents results of transmission link on FUTA path terrain that was designed with the aid of
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Pathloss® tool application software. The results obtained and the discussions are presented as
follows in the following sub-sections.
4.1. Effect of Link Adaptation on different Constellation Sizes
This subsection presents results of the link adaptation on both the data or information
transmission rate and the SE. Simulink model was employed in varying the constellation sizes
and SNR in order to study the effects of adaptive modulation by varying the constellation
parameters on the microwave transmission system. In the analysis, the effect of additive white
Gaussian noise (AWGN) is observed at a symbol rate of 50 MHz and transmits frequency of
5.29 GHz. The BER generated and number of bits received for different M-ary quadrature
amplitude modulation (M-QAM) and SNR are illustrated in Table 1. The results of the study
show that out of all constellation sizes considered, 16-QAM has the least BER while 256-QAM
has the highest BER. Moreover, for all constellation sizes considered, the number of bits
received increase with increase in SNR on the AWGN channel employed. This shows that with
the adaptive modulation and coding more bits are transmitted with increase in SNR. The result
of the study thus shows that with adaption of link adaptation on wireless link results in more data
or information transmission and high SE.
Table 1. BER Values and Number of Bits at Different SNR and M-QAM
SNR
MODULATTION SCHEMES
16-QAM 32-QAM 64-QAM 128-QAM 256-QAM
BER No of Bit BER No of Bit BER No of
Bit
BER No of
Bit
BER No of
Bit
0 0.0208 1504 0.125 920 0.1495 1104 0.1929 840 0.2411 448
3 0.0208 5088 0.0673 1560 0.0847 1488 0.0286 840 0.1563 960
6 0.0034 29664 0.0212 4760 0.051 2256 0.0947 1288 0.0505 960
9 0.0001 883936 0.0036 28120 0.0162 6480 0.0495 3184 0.0734 1472
12 1.9E-07 10000020 0.0001 818200 0.0032 31440 0.0146 7112 0.0382 3008
Furthermore, MATLAB
®
scripts were used to analyse the relationship between SNR and
the BER for the five M-QAM schemes considered. The result obtained, as shown in Fig. 3,
shows that increase in the constellation size led to corresponding increase in the BER.
Therefore, to maintain high transmission quality in a given channel condition, an effective
modulation format was employed. For instance, to achieve a BER of 4
10 , with M=16, 32, and
128, about 13 dB, 15 dB, and 20 dB are required, respectively. This illustrates that, reducing the
constellation size is a good option for reducing the effect of impairments caused by both fading
and noise.
Figure 3. Plot of BER against SNR for Different Constellation Sizes
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In an attempt to study the implementation of adaptive modulation in microwave radio
system, threshold levels were set in the scripts to achieve a system BER that is less than 4
10
for each modulation formats. This allows an automatic switching between modulation formats
based on the SNR. In general, for fixed radio-link, modulation formats such as 64, 128, 256,
and 512-QAM are normally employed whereas low-order constellations such as 4, 16, and 32-
QAM, are implemented in adaptive links [23].
Furthermore, in evaluating the performance of the adaptive modulation, the switching
results for 16-QAM and 32-QAM were compared. The compared results include the scatter
plots, power spectral density, and in-phase components of the eye diagrams of the analysed
signal. Also, the results of the channel impairment effects on the received signal that lead to the
switching for the two modulation formats were presented for comparison. The scatter plot and
the eye diagrams for the transmitted and received signal for 16-QAM and 32-QAM are shown in
Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 respectively for the switching. The eye diagrams confirm that there is
significant difference between the received signal and the transmitted signal. The difference is
due to the channel impairments on the signal which make the eye to be constrained. Also, the
power spectral density of transmit and received signal for 16-QAM and 32-QAM are shown in
Fig. 6 and Fig. 7, respectively. The effect of channel impairments is clearly shown on each
received signal with 16-QAM having high power efficiency compared with the 32-QAM.
Figure 4. Plot for 16-QAM (a) scatter plot (b) eye diagram for the transmit signal (c) eye diagram
for the received signal
Figure 5. Plot for 32-QAM (a) scatter plot (b) eye diagram for the transmit signal (c) eye diagram
for the received signal
(a) (b) (c)
(a) (b) (c)
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287
(a) (b)
Figure 6. Power Spectral Density of (a) Transmit and (b) received signal for 16-QAM.
(a) (b)
Figure 7. Power Spectral Density of (a) Transmit and (b) received signal for 32-QAM.
4.2. Performance of the Transmission Link Budget
This subsection presents results of design of link budget with respect to the microwave
transmission link being designed for Site 1 and Site 2. The effects of using modulation schemes
such as 16E1- QPSK and 16E1-16QAM on the link budget are analysed. Table 2 and Table 3
show the link budget designed for 16E1-16-QAM and 16E1-QPSK modulation schemes
respectively. The effective isotropic radiated powers (EIRPs) of 51.27dBm and 55.27dBm are
obtained for 16-QAM and QPSK modulation schemes respectively. This shows that, lesser
power is transmitted with16-QAM so as to meet the transmit mask criterion. Moreover, the fade
margins of 44.14dBm and 52.14dBm are achieved for 16-QAM and QPSK modulation schemes,
respectively. This result indicates that, the link availability is higher when QPSK is employed.
This is due to the fact that the percentage of link availability increases with the fade margin
value.
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Table 2. Designed Link Budget of 16E1-16QAM Modulation Scheme
Parameter Site 1 Site 2
Elevation (m)
Latitude
Longitude
True azimuth (0
)
Vertical angle (0
)
371.00
07 18 00.00 N
005 08 00.00 E
63.40
-0.04
373.00
07 18 00.00 N
005 09 00.00 E
243.40
0.02
Antenna model
Antenna height (m)
Antenna gain (dBi)
TX line type
TX line length (m)
TX line unit loss (dB/100 m)
TX line loss (dB)
VHP4-71
22.32
36.40
EWP77
100.00
6.13
6.13
VHP4-71
19.21
36.40
EWP77
100.00
6.13
6.13
Frequency (MHz)
Polarization
Path length (km)
Free space loss (dB)
Atmospheric Absorption loss (dB)
Net path loss (dB)
7200.00
Horizontal
2.06
115.88
0.02
55.36
7200.00
Horizontal
2.06
115.88
0.02
55.36
Radio model
TX power (watts)
TX power (dBm)
EIRP (dBm)
Emission designator
TX Channels
RX threshold criteria
RX threshold level (dBm)
AMT/07/16E1/14M
0.13
21.00
51.27
14MOD7W
4h 7310.0000H
41 7149.0000H
BER 10-6
-78.50
AMT/07/16E1/14M
0.13
21.00
51.27
14MOD7W
41 7149.0000H
4h 7310.0000H
BER 10-6
-78.50
RX signal (dBm)
Thermal fade margin (dB)
Dispersive fade margin (dB)
Dispersive fade occurrence factor
Effective fade margin (dB)
-34.36
44.14
52.00
1.00
43.48
-34.36
44.14
52.00
1.00
43.48
Geoclimatic factor
Path inclination (mr)
Fade occurrence factor (Po)
Average annual temperature (0
C)
1.98E-04
0.54
8.46E-05
24.00
1.98E-04
0.54
8.46E-05
24.00
Worst month - multipath (%)
(sec)
Annual - multipath (%)
(sec)
(% - sec)
100.00000
9.98E-03
100.00000
0.04
100.00000 – 0.09
100.00000
9.98E-03
100.00000
0.04
100.00000 – 0.09
Rain region
0.01% rain rate (min/hr)
Flat fade margin – rain (dB)
Rain rate (mm/hr)
Rain attenuation (dB)
Annual rain (%-sec)
Annual multipath + rain (%-sec)
ITU Region F
28.00
44.14
8268.82
44.14
100.00000 – 0.00
100.00000 – 0.09
ITU Region F
28.00
44.14
8268.82
44.14
100.00000 – 0.00
100.00000 – 0.09
futa sites_16QAM.p14
Reliability Method – ITU-R P.530-7/8
Rain – ITU-R P530-7
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Table 3. Designed Link Budget of 16E1-QPSK Modulation Scheme
Parameter Site 1 Site 2
Elevation (m)
Latitude
Longitude
True azimuth (0
)
Vertical angle (0
)
371.00
07 18 00.00 N
005 08 00.00 E
63.40
-0.04
373.00
07 18 00.00 N
005 09 00.00 E
243.40
0.02
Antenna model
Antenna height (m)
Antenna gain (dBi)
TX line type
TX line length (m)
TX line unit loss (dB/100 m)
TX line loss (dB)
VHP4-71
22.32
36.40
EWP77
100.00
6.13
6.13
VHP4-71
19.21
36.40
EWP77
100.00
6.13
6.13
Frequency (MHz)
Polarization
Path length (km)
Free space loss (dB)
Atmospheric Absorption loss (dB)
Net path loss (dB)
7200.00
Horizontal
2.06
115.88
0.02
55.36
7200.00
Horizontal
2.06
115.88
0.02
55.36
Radio model
TX power (watts)
TX power (dBm)
EIRP (dBm)
Emission designator
TX Channels
RX threshold criteria
RX threshold level (dBm)
AMT/07/16E1/28M
0.32
25.00
55.27
28MOG7W
4h 7310.0000H
41 7149.0000H
BER 10-6
-82.50
AMT/07/16E1/28M
0.32
25.00
55.27
28MOG7W
41 7149.0000H
4h 7310.0000H
BER 10-6
-82.50
RX signal (dBm)
Thermal fade margin (dB)
Dispersive fade margin (dB)
Dispersive fade occurrence factor
Effective fade margin (dB)
-30.36
52.14
49.00
1.00
47.28
-30.36
52.14
49.00
1.00
47.28
Geoclimatic factor
Path inclination (mr)
Fade occurrence factor (Po)
Average annual temperature (0
C)
1.98E-04
0.54
8.46E-05
24.00
1.98E-04
0.54
8.46E-05
24.00
Worst month - multipath (%)
(sec)
Annual - multipath (%)
(sec)
(% - sec)
100.00000
4.16E-03
100.00000
0.02
100.00000 – 0.04
100.00000
4.16E-03
100.00000
0.02
100.00000 – 0.04
Rain region
0.01% rain rate (min/hr)
Flat fade margin – rain (dB)
Rain rate (mm/hr)
Rain attenuation (dB)
Annual rain (%-sec)
Annual multipath + rain (%-sec)
ITU Region F
28.00
52.14
9844.15
52.14
100.00000 – 0.00
100.00000 – 0.04
ITU Region F
28.00
52.14
9844.15
52.14
100.00000 – 0.00
100.00000 – 0.04
futa sites_QPSK.p14
Reliability Method – ITU-R P.530-7/8
Rain – ITU-R P530-7
5. Conclusion
This paper presents microwave transmission model employed in simulating the effects
of different constellation sizes and the SNR on the implementation of adaptive modulation
scheme. The symbol rate of 50 MHz and transmit frequency of 5.29 GHz are employed in the
analysis. In addition, the paper presents designs for transmission link on FUTA path terrain in
which the effect of using different modulation schemes are analyzed. The results obtained show
that implementation of adaptive modulation scheme offers better performance with regard to
system availability as well as spectral efficiency. Furthermore, the overall result of this study has
shown clearly that adaptive modulation scheme as a technology that adapts and adjusts
transmission parameters in real-time based on the link quality is the appropriate solution to both
the problems of channel impairments and bandwidth in wireless communication.
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