The delivering of both good quality of service (QoS) and Grade of Service (GoS) in any competitive mobile
communication environment is a major factor to reducing subscribers’ churn rate. Therefore, it is
important for wireless mobile network operators to ensure stability and efficiency by delivering a
consistent, reliable and high-quality end user (subscriber) satisfaction. This can only be achieve by
conducting a regular network performance monitoring and optimisation as it directly impacts the quality of
the offered services and hence user satisfaction. In this paper, we present the results of network
performance evaluation and optimisation of a GSM network on cell cluster-basis, in Asaba region, South
East Nigeria. We employ a combination of essential key performance indicators such as dropped call rate,
call setup success rate and outage call rate to examine overall QoS and GoS performance of the GSM
network. Our results after network optimisation showed significant performance improvement in terms of
call drop rate, call set up success rate, and call block rate across. Specifically, the end user satisfaction
rate has increased from 94.45%, 87.74%, and 92.85% to 99.05%, 95.38% and 99.03% respectively across
the three GSM cell clusters. The GoS is reduced from 3.33%, 6.60% and 2.38% to 0.00%, 3.70% and
0.00% respectively. Furthermore, ESA, which correspond end points service availability, has improved
from 94.44%, 93.40% and 97.62% to 100%, 96.30% and 100% respectively. In addition, the average
throughput has improved from 73.74kbits/s, 85.06kbits/s and 87.54kbits/s to 77.07kbits/s, 92.38kbits/s and
102kbits/s respectively across the three GSM cell clusters.
Radio frequency optimization of mobile networks in abeokuta, nigeria for impr...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
In this paper, an application-based QoS evaluation approach for heterogeneous networks is proposed.It is possible to expand the network capacity and coverage in a dynamic fashion by applying heterogeneous wireless network architecture. However, the Quality of Service (QoS) evaluation of this type of network architecture is very challenging due to the presence of different communication technologies. Different communication technologies have different characteristics and the applications that utilize them have unique QoS requirements. Although, the communication technologies have different performance measurement parameters, the applications using these radio access networks have the same QoS requirements. As a result, it would be easier to evaluate the QoS of the access networks and the overall network configuration based on the performance of applications running on them. Using such applicationbased QoS evaluation approach, the heterogeneous nature of the underlying networks and the diversity of their traffic can be adequately taken into account. Through simulation studies, we show that the application performance based assessment approach facilitates better QoS management and monitoring of heterogeneous network configurations.
Application-Based QoS Evaluation of Heterogeneous Networks csandit
Heterogeneous wireless networks expand the network capacity and coverage by leveraging the
network architecture and resources in a dynamic fashion. However, the presence of different
communication technologies makes the Quality of Service (QoS) evaluation, management, and
monitoring of these networks very challenging. Each communication technology has its own
characteristics while the applications that utilize them have their specific QoS requirements.
Although, the communication technologies have different performance assessment parameters,
the applications using these radio access networks have the same QoS requirements. As a
result, it would be easier to evaluate the QoS of the access networks and the overall network
configuration depending on the performance of applications running on them. Using such
application-based QoS evaluation approach, the heterogeneous nature of the underlying
networks and the diversity of their traffic can be adequately taken into account. In this paper,
we propose an application-based QoS evaluation approach for heterogeneous networks.
Through simulation studies, we show that this assessment approach facilitates better QoS
management and monitoring of heterogeneous network configurations.
Improved quality of service and excellent signal coverage is the hallmark of any installed wireless mobile infrastructure. As technology evolve, the need to rely on seamless mobile services become crucial. For this reason, this paper investigates the performance of a wireless mobile network cluster of 27 base stations using call quality and drive test approach while proposing continual system optimization as the network system becomes more robust. The Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) were compared before and after base station tuning and results showed that the optimization approach resulted in better performance.
Evaluation of CSSR with Direct TCH Assignment in Cellular NetworksIJERA Editor
Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) operators make use of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) to appreciate the network performance and evaluate the Quality of Service (QoS) regarding end user perceived quality. KPIs are therefore becoming increasingly important in the context of network rollouts as well as within mature network optimization cycles. The performance of the mobile network is measured based on several counters describing the most important events over a measurement period. The KPIs are derived with the help of these counters using different formulations. Call Setup Success Rate (CSSR) is one of the most important KPIs used by all mobile operators. In Ouagadougou, Burkina-Faso, most of the active workers and remote area farmers rely largely on mobile communication services; the GPRS as data services remain highly competitive with GSM voice services. This paper presents a comparative evaluation of theoretically estimated CSSR to measured CSSR data on a real network with regard to GPRS services. The measured data was obtained from the Nokia Siemens Network (NSN) statistical tool. The results obtained showed significant improvements in areas where sharp drops in CSSR values were recorded for the measured CSSR. Significantly high R square values of close to 1 representing a high predictive ability from the regression analysis of the estimated CSSR were also recorded. It was concluded that the implementation of the CSSR formulation be extended to CSSR measurements to ensure increased subscriber satisfaction.
Radio frequency optimization of mobile networks in abeokuta, nigeria for impr...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
In this paper, an application-based QoS evaluation approach for heterogeneous networks is proposed.It is possible to expand the network capacity and coverage in a dynamic fashion by applying heterogeneous wireless network architecture. However, the Quality of Service (QoS) evaluation of this type of network architecture is very challenging due to the presence of different communication technologies. Different communication technologies have different characteristics and the applications that utilize them have unique QoS requirements. Although, the communication technologies have different performance measurement parameters, the applications using these radio access networks have the same QoS requirements. As a result, it would be easier to evaluate the QoS of the access networks and the overall network configuration based on the performance of applications running on them. Using such applicationbased QoS evaluation approach, the heterogeneous nature of the underlying networks and the diversity of their traffic can be adequately taken into account. Through simulation studies, we show that the application performance based assessment approach facilitates better QoS management and monitoring of heterogeneous network configurations.
Application-Based QoS Evaluation of Heterogeneous Networks csandit
Heterogeneous wireless networks expand the network capacity and coverage by leveraging the
network architecture and resources in a dynamic fashion. However, the presence of different
communication technologies makes the Quality of Service (QoS) evaluation, management, and
monitoring of these networks very challenging. Each communication technology has its own
characteristics while the applications that utilize them have their specific QoS requirements.
Although, the communication technologies have different performance assessment parameters,
the applications using these radio access networks have the same QoS requirements. As a
result, it would be easier to evaluate the QoS of the access networks and the overall network
configuration depending on the performance of applications running on them. Using such
application-based QoS evaluation approach, the heterogeneous nature of the underlying
networks and the diversity of their traffic can be adequately taken into account. In this paper,
we propose an application-based QoS evaluation approach for heterogeneous networks.
Through simulation studies, we show that this assessment approach facilitates better QoS
management and monitoring of heterogeneous network configurations.
Improved quality of service and excellent signal coverage is the hallmark of any installed wireless mobile infrastructure. As technology evolve, the need to rely on seamless mobile services become crucial. For this reason, this paper investigates the performance of a wireless mobile network cluster of 27 base stations using call quality and drive test approach while proposing continual system optimization as the network system becomes more robust. The Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) were compared before and after base station tuning and results showed that the optimization approach resulted in better performance.
Evaluation of CSSR with Direct TCH Assignment in Cellular NetworksIJERA Editor
Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) operators make use of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) to appreciate the network performance and evaluate the Quality of Service (QoS) regarding end user perceived quality. KPIs are therefore becoming increasingly important in the context of network rollouts as well as within mature network optimization cycles. The performance of the mobile network is measured based on several counters describing the most important events over a measurement period. The KPIs are derived with the help of these counters using different formulations. Call Setup Success Rate (CSSR) is one of the most important KPIs used by all mobile operators. In Ouagadougou, Burkina-Faso, most of the active workers and remote area farmers rely largely on mobile communication services; the GPRS as data services remain highly competitive with GSM voice services. This paper presents a comparative evaluation of theoretically estimated CSSR to measured CSSR data on a real network with regard to GPRS services. The measured data was obtained from the Nokia Siemens Network (NSN) statistical tool. The results obtained showed significant improvements in areas where sharp drops in CSSR values were recorded for the measured CSSR. Significantly high R square values of close to 1 representing a high predictive ability from the regression analysis of the estimated CSSR were also recorded. It was concluded that the implementation of the CSSR formulation be extended to CSSR measurements to ensure increased subscriber satisfaction.
Litrature Survey of Traffic Analysis and Congestion Modeling In Mobile Network iosrjce
Network congestion is one of the major problems of GSM service providers as the number of
subscribers increase and new services are introduced. All the proposed techniques in literatures for controlling
congestion are centered on two principles which are either to reject excessive traffic to prevent over-utilization
of network resources or diverting excess load if overload occurs. These techniques do not specify how network
resource can be provided to absorb rejected or diverted traffic so that revenue will not be lost during congestion
and hence, they do not really address congestion during busy hour. Real-time traffic analysis is required to
understand user traffic demand pattern on network resources for proper prediction of network congestion so
that resources can be provided to take care of rejected or diverted traffic. However, available literature survey
on mobile network congestion modeling showed that none of the existing literature: address congestion at the
three basic elements of GSM network to characterize end-to-end connection; use busy hour traffic data to
adequately dimension GSM network elements so that the network can cope with load B. Therefore, effective
congestion control mechanism that can take these research gaps into consideration for proper forecasting and
efficient dimension of the network resources to address busy hour congestion must be developed. This paper is a
preliminary report on development of such accurate congestion prediction model through an ongoing research
work using real live network data from one of the Service provider’s networks in Abuja, Nigeria as a case study
ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS FOR QOS EVALUATION OF MOBILE DATA NETWORKSIJCNCJournal
The widespread demand for data applications over mobile networks requires that service providers guarantee a well-defined quality of service (QoS) for subscribers. Evaluating the QoS provided by service providers within a geographical area to determine which network provides the best QoS is a challenging task. The complex nature of mobile networks with multi-criteria and conflicting factors makes good decision making difficult. This paper presents a measurement-based method called Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) for evaluating QoS in application-specific and user-centric data on 3G mobile networks. The evaluation problem is formulated as a multi-criteria decision problem. Latency, jitter, data loss, and throughput are the parameters collected as criteria in drive testing over the mobile network. Decision matrix is applied to solve the problem by reaching a final ranking of the network based on the collected measured values of the problem parameters. A case study of 3G mobile networks in Uyo metropolis is used to show how this approach can be effective in ranking the QoS in data applications to determine which network provides the best QoS based on users’ perception of quality. The implemented results in Java indicate that Etisalat network is the alternative that offers the best QoS for web browsing application based on measured criteria. This is followed by Airtel and then MTN, while Glo is ranked least. The result provides useful information to decision makers for performance improvement on service quality.
Stabilization of Variable Bit Rate Video Streams Using Linear Lyapunov Functi...ijait
Streaming videos over wireless networks suffers from low video quality due to network ability limitations. The quality of the channel and the characteristics of source play the major role in transmitting video stream over mobile environments. On failure of wireless video transmission, retransmission method was employed to improve the reliability of wireless link. However, retransmission of video leads to significant impact on energy consumption and bounded average waiting time is also increased. The longer waiting time on retransmission results in buffer starvation. Therefore, it is desirable to reduce the variable bit rate of transmitted video signal and increase the stability level when buffer starvation is occurs. In order to overcome such limitation, a technique named Response based Stabilization Analysis (RSA) using Distributed Optimality Bit Rate Allocation (RSA-DOBRA) is proposed in this paper. Initially, video stream is segregated into frames of different classes (i.e., size). Each frame is transmitted based on the variable bit rate response using Optimal Quantization process. Secondly, Linear Lyapunov Functions is employed with RSA to prove the stability of different bit rates on wireless video streaming. The application of Linear Lyapunov Function maintains the stability level of bit rate on different class of frame transmission on wireless link. Finally, Distributed Optimality Bit Rate Allocation uses the time slicing procedure to reduce the bounded average waiting time. RSA performs the time slicing based on multiplexed wireless video transmission on variable bit rate to avoid buffer starvation. RSA at the final stage reduces the energy consumption by improving the reliability of wireless link. Experiment is conducted on factors such as buffered starvation rate, waiting time on video frame transmission, and energy consumption rate.
Wireless Networks Performance Monitoring Based on Passive-active Quality of S...IJCNCJournal
Monitoring of the performance of wireless network is of vital importance for both users and the service provider which should be accurate, simple and fast enough to reflect the network performance in a timely manner. The aim of this paper is to develop an approach which can infer the performance of wireless ad hoc networks based on Quality of service (QoS) parameters assessment. The developed method considers the QoS requirements of multimedia applications transmitted over these kind of networks. This approach is based on the ideas of combination of both active and passive measurement methods. This approach uses an in-service measurement method in which the QoS parameters of the actual application (user) are estimated by means of dedicated monitoring packets (probes). Afterwards, these parameters are combined to produce and assess the application’s overall QoS using the fuzzy logic assessment and based on the measured QoS parameters estimated using the probe traffic. The active scheme is used to generate monitoring probe packets which are inserted between blocks of target application packets at regular intervals. While the passive monitoring is utilized to act as a traffic meter which performs as a counter of user packets (and bytes) that belong to the application (user) traffic flow that is subjected to monitoring. After simulating the developed technique, it offered a good estimation for the delay, throughput, packet losses and the overall QoS when using different probe rates.
Multimedia streaming over Mobile Ad Hoc networks has been a very challenging issue due to the dynamic
behavior and uncertain nature of the channels. Transmission of real time video has bandwidth, delay and
loss requirements. However there are no Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees for video transmission in
today’s network. There are many challenging issues that need to be addressed in designing mechanisms for
video transmission, which include end-to-end Quality of Service, Bandwidth, Delay, Loss, Congestion, and
Heterogeneity. The Challenges of delivering Multi-media signals are even pronounced in Wireless
Networks (Mobile Ad Hoc Networks, Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) and Cellular Networks) which are heavily
bandwidth constrained and have no fixed infrastructures. In this Research we provide a theoretical model
for minimum buffer size as a means of achieving smoother, higher quality streaming video. This Research
presents a general optimal video smoothing algorithm based on the concept of dynamically controlled
Coefficient of Variance (CV), which is the ratio of standard deviation of the end-to-end delay and the
expected value of the delay for each ensemble of packets being transmitted through the network. The results
discuss how the size of the “receive buffer” is affected by the allocated bandwidth for each source-pair end
users for supporting video streaming applications without any gaps. The simulation performance show that
the dynamic client buffer size based on measured bandwidth variation achieves negligible jitter in the video
streaming which is subjectively acceptable.
INVESTIGATION OF BEAM FORMING EFFECTIVENESS IN IEEE802.11AC INDOOR WIRELESS L...cscpconf
The strong demand for large capacity transmission due to an unprecedented growth in data traffic requires an enhancement in the quality of service in the medium access control. This
quality delivery features strongly in the IEEE802.11ac standard. Here, we have performed empirical measurements of an 802.11ac system based on the beam forming technology. In this
work, an empirical analysis was conducted to determine the effectiveness of Beamforming Technology as depicts in the quality of service (QoS) enhancement in the newest wireless
technology deployed on IEEE802.11ac standard. The experimental outcomes revealed the quality of service (QoS) enhancement in IEEE802.11ac. Although the realized throughput in real application scenario fell below designed specification. Nevertheless there is a considerable
data throughput improvement on the counterpart 802.11n. There remain opportunities for further enhancements in beam-forming technology.
A SURVEY ON CALL ADMISSION CONTROL SCHEMES IN LTEIJCSES Journal
The growing number of mobile users with diverse applications such as VoIP, video, internet surfing etc. has made LTE networks to adopt a CAC strategy in order to ensure the quality of service (QoS) requirements of these applications. Over the years, several CAC schemes have been proposed to either accept or reject service requests. This paper presents a survey of these schemes under four different classes. The classes are: Bandwidth Reservation (BR), Bandwidth Degradation (BD), BR and BD and Non-BR and Non-BD (NBR-NBD). In each of the classification, the operation procedure, strengths and weaknesses of each scheme has been discussed. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of these schemes is also presented. The analysis provides insight into the challenges in the design of CAC by highlighting open research issues for future directions.
A Grouped System Architecture for Smart Grids Based AMI Communications Over LTE ijwmn
A smart grid based Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI), is a technology that enables the utilities to
monitor and control the electricity consumption through a set of various smart meters (SMs) connected via
a two way communication infrastructure. One of the key challenges for smart grids is how to connect a
large number of devices. On the other hand, 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE), the latest standard for mobile
communications, was developed to provide stable service performance and higher data rates for a large
number of mobile users. Therefore, LTE is considered a promising solution for wide area connectivity for
SMs. In this paper, a grouped hierarchal architecture for SMs communications over LTE is introduced.
Then, an efficient grouped scheduling technique is proposed for SMs transmissions over LTE. The
proposed architecture efficiently solves the overload problem due to AMI traffic and guarantees a full
monitoring and control for energy consumption. The results of our suggested solution showed that LTE can
serve better for smart grids based AMI with particular grouping and scheduling scheme. In addition, the
presented technique can able to be used in urban areas having high density of SMs.
An efficient model for reducing soft blocking probability in wireless cellula...ijwmn
One of the research challenges in cellular networks is the design of an efficient model that can reduce call
blocking probability and improve the quality of service (QoS) provided to mobile users. Blocking occurs
when a new call cannot be admitted into the network due to channel unavailability caused by limited
capacity or when an ongoing call cannot be continued as it moves from one base station to another due to
mobility of the user. The proposed model computes the steady state probability and resource occupancy
distribution, traffic distribution, intra-cell and inter-cell interferences from mobile users. Previously
proposed models are reviewed through which the present model is built for use in emerging wireless
networks so as to obtain improved QoS performance. The developed model is validated through simulations
in MATLAB and its equations implemented using Java Programming Language. The results obtained
indicate reduced call blocking probability below threshold.
Wireless sensor nodes are usually deployed in not easily accessible places to provide solution to a wide
range of application such as environmental, medical and structural monitoring. They are spatially
distributed and as a result are usually powered from batteries. Due to the limitation in providing power
with batteries, which must be manually replaced when they are depleted, and location constraints in
wireless sensor network causes a major setback on performance and lifetime of WSNs. This difficulty in
battery replacement and cost led to a growing interest in energy harvesting. The current practice in energy
harvesting for sensor networks is based on practical and simulation approach. The evaluation and
validation of the WSN systems is mostly done using simulation and practical implementation. Simulation is
widely used especially for its great advantage in evaluating network systems. Its disadvantages such as the
long time taken to simulate and not being economical as it implements data without proper analysis of all
that is involved ,wasting useful resources cannot be ignored. In most times, the energy scavenged is directly
wired to the sensor nodes. We, therefore, argue that simulation – based and practical implementation of
WSN energy harvesting system should be further strengthened through mathematical analysis and design
procedures. In this work, we designed and modeled the energy harvesting system for wireless sensor nodes
based on the input and output parameters of the energy sources and sensor nodes. We also introduced the
use of supercapacitor as buffer and intermittent source for the sensor node. The model was further tested in
a Matlab environment, and found to yield a very good approach for system design.
Litrature Survey of Traffic Analysis and Congestion Modeling In Mobile Network iosrjce
Network congestion is one of the major problems of GSM service providers as the number of
subscribers increase and new services are introduced. All the proposed techniques in literatures for controlling
congestion are centered on two principles which are either to reject excessive traffic to prevent over-utilization
of network resources or diverting excess load if overload occurs. These techniques do not specify how network
resource can be provided to absorb rejected or diverted traffic so that revenue will not be lost during congestion
and hence, they do not really address congestion during busy hour. Real-time traffic analysis is required to
understand user traffic demand pattern on network resources for proper prediction of network congestion so
that resources can be provided to take care of rejected or diverted traffic. However, available literature survey
on mobile network congestion modeling showed that none of the existing literature: address congestion at the
three basic elements of GSM network to characterize end-to-end connection; use busy hour traffic data to
adequately dimension GSM network elements so that the network can cope with load B. Therefore, effective
congestion control mechanism that can take these research gaps into consideration for proper forecasting and
efficient dimension of the network resources to address busy hour congestion must be developed. This paper is a
preliminary report on development of such accurate congestion prediction model through an ongoing research
work using real live network data from one of the Service provider’s networks in Abuja, Nigeria as a case study
ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS FOR QOS EVALUATION OF MOBILE DATA NETWORKSIJCNCJournal
The widespread demand for data applications over mobile networks requires that service providers guarantee a well-defined quality of service (QoS) for subscribers. Evaluating the QoS provided by service providers within a geographical area to determine which network provides the best QoS is a challenging task. The complex nature of mobile networks with multi-criteria and conflicting factors makes good decision making difficult. This paper presents a measurement-based method called Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) for evaluating QoS in application-specific and user-centric data on 3G mobile networks. The evaluation problem is formulated as a multi-criteria decision problem. Latency, jitter, data loss, and throughput are the parameters collected as criteria in drive testing over the mobile network. Decision matrix is applied to solve the problem by reaching a final ranking of the network based on the collected measured values of the problem parameters. A case study of 3G mobile networks in Uyo metropolis is used to show how this approach can be effective in ranking the QoS in data applications to determine which network provides the best QoS based on users’ perception of quality. The implemented results in Java indicate that Etisalat network is the alternative that offers the best QoS for web browsing application based on measured criteria. This is followed by Airtel and then MTN, while Glo is ranked least. The result provides useful information to decision makers for performance improvement on service quality.
Stabilization of Variable Bit Rate Video Streams Using Linear Lyapunov Functi...ijait
Streaming videos over wireless networks suffers from low video quality due to network ability limitations. The quality of the channel and the characteristics of source play the major role in transmitting video stream over mobile environments. On failure of wireless video transmission, retransmission method was employed to improve the reliability of wireless link. However, retransmission of video leads to significant impact on energy consumption and bounded average waiting time is also increased. The longer waiting time on retransmission results in buffer starvation. Therefore, it is desirable to reduce the variable bit rate of transmitted video signal and increase the stability level when buffer starvation is occurs. In order to overcome such limitation, a technique named Response based Stabilization Analysis (RSA) using Distributed Optimality Bit Rate Allocation (RSA-DOBRA) is proposed in this paper. Initially, video stream is segregated into frames of different classes (i.e., size). Each frame is transmitted based on the variable bit rate response using Optimal Quantization process. Secondly, Linear Lyapunov Functions is employed with RSA to prove the stability of different bit rates on wireless video streaming. The application of Linear Lyapunov Function maintains the stability level of bit rate on different class of frame transmission on wireless link. Finally, Distributed Optimality Bit Rate Allocation uses the time slicing procedure to reduce the bounded average waiting time. RSA performs the time slicing based on multiplexed wireless video transmission on variable bit rate to avoid buffer starvation. RSA at the final stage reduces the energy consumption by improving the reliability of wireless link. Experiment is conducted on factors such as buffered starvation rate, waiting time on video frame transmission, and energy consumption rate.
Wireless Networks Performance Monitoring Based on Passive-active Quality of S...IJCNCJournal
Monitoring of the performance of wireless network is of vital importance for both users and the service provider which should be accurate, simple and fast enough to reflect the network performance in a timely manner. The aim of this paper is to develop an approach which can infer the performance of wireless ad hoc networks based on Quality of service (QoS) parameters assessment. The developed method considers the QoS requirements of multimedia applications transmitted over these kind of networks. This approach is based on the ideas of combination of both active and passive measurement methods. This approach uses an in-service measurement method in which the QoS parameters of the actual application (user) are estimated by means of dedicated monitoring packets (probes). Afterwards, these parameters are combined to produce and assess the application’s overall QoS using the fuzzy logic assessment and based on the measured QoS parameters estimated using the probe traffic. The active scheme is used to generate monitoring probe packets which are inserted between blocks of target application packets at regular intervals. While the passive monitoring is utilized to act as a traffic meter which performs as a counter of user packets (and bytes) that belong to the application (user) traffic flow that is subjected to monitoring. After simulating the developed technique, it offered a good estimation for the delay, throughput, packet losses and the overall QoS when using different probe rates.
Multimedia streaming over Mobile Ad Hoc networks has been a very challenging issue due to the dynamic
behavior and uncertain nature of the channels. Transmission of real time video has bandwidth, delay and
loss requirements. However there are no Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees for video transmission in
today’s network. There are many challenging issues that need to be addressed in designing mechanisms for
video transmission, which include end-to-end Quality of Service, Bandwidth, Delay, Loss, Congestion, and
Heterogeneity. The Challenges of delivering Multi-media signals are even pronounced in Wireless
Networks (Mobile Ad Hoc Networks, Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) and Cellular Networks) which are heavily
bandwidth constrained and have no fixed infrastructures. In this Research we provide a theoretical model
for minimum buffer size as a means of achieving smoother, higher quality streaming video. This Research
presents a general optimal video smoothing algorithm based on the concept of dynamically controlled
Coefficient of Variance (CV), which is the ratio of standard deviation of the end-to-end delay and the
expected value of the delay for each ensemble of packets being transmitted through the network. The results
discuss how the size of the “receive buffer” is affected by the allocated bandwidth for each source-pair end
users for supporting video streaming applications without any gaps. The simulation performance show that
the dynamic client buffer size based on measured bandwidth variation achieves negligible jitter in the video
streaming which is subjectively acceptable.
INVESTIGATION OF BEAM FORMING EFFECTIVENESS IN IEEE802.11AC INDOOR WIRELESS L...cscpconf
The strong demand for large capacity transmission due to an unprecedented growth in data traffic requires an enhancement in the quality of service in the medium access control. This
quality delivery features strongly in the IEEE802.11ac standard. Here, we have performed empirical measurements of an 802.11ac system based on the beam forming technology. In this
work, an empirical analysis was conducted to determine the effectiveness of Beamforming Technology as depicts in the quality of service (QoS) enhancement in the newest wireless
technology deployed on IEEE802.11ac standard. The experimental outcomes revealed the quality of service (QoS) enhancement in IEEE802.11ac. Although the realized throughput in real application scenario fell below designed specification. Nevertheless there is a considerable
data throughput improvement on the counterpart 802.11n. There remain opportunities for further enhancements in beam-forming technology.
A SURVEY ON CALL ADMISSION CONTROL SCHEMES IN LTEIJCSES Journal
The growing number of mobile users with diverse applications such as VoIP, video, internet surfing etc. has made LTE networks to adopt a CAC strategy in order to ensure the quality of service (QoS) requirements of these applications. Over the years, several CAC schemes have been proposed to either accept or reject service requests. This paper presents a survey of these schemes under four different classes. The classes are: Bandwidth Reservation (BR), Bandwidth Degradation (BD), BR and BD and Non-BR and Non-BD (NBR-NBD). In each of the classification, the operation procedure, strengths and weaknesses of each scheme has been discussed. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of these schemes is also presented. The analysis provides insight into the challenges in the design of CAC by highlighting open research issues for future directions.
A Grouped System Architecture for Smart Grids Based AMI Communications Over LTE ijwmn
A smart grid based Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI), is a technology that enables the utilities to
monitor and control the electricity consumption through a set of various smart meters (SMs) connected via
a two way communication infrastructure. One of the key challenges for smart grids is how to connect a
large number of devices. On the other hand, 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE), the latest standard for mobile
communications, was developed to provide stable service performance and higher data rates for a large
number of mobile users. Therefore, LTE is considered a promising solution for wide area connectivity for
SMs. In this paper, a grouped hierarchal architecture for SMs communications over LTE is introduced.
Then, an efficient grouped scheduling technique is proposed for SMs transmissions over LTE. The
proposed architecture efficiently solves the overload problem due to AMI traffic and guarantees a full
monitoring and control for energy consumption. The results of our suggested solution showed that LTE can
serve better for smart grids based AMI with particular grouping and scheduling scheme. In addition, the
presented technique can able to be used in urban areas having high density of SMs.
An efficient model for reducing soft blocking probability in wireless cellula...ijwmn
One of the research challenges in cellular networks is the design of an efficient model that can reduce call
blocking probability and improve the quality of service (QoS) provided to mobile users. Blocking occurs
when a new call cannot be admitted into the network due to channel unavailability caused by limited
capacity or when an ongoing call cannot be continued as it moves from one base station to another due to
mobility of the user. The proposed model computes the steady state probability and resource occupancy
distribution, traffic distribution, intra-cell and inter-cell interferences from mobile users. Previously
proposed models are reviewed through which the present model is built for use in emerging wireless
networks so as to obtain improved QoS performance. The developed model is validated through simulations
in MATLAB and its equations implemented using Java Programming Language. The results obtained
indicate reduced call blocking probability below threshold.
Wireless sensor nodes are usually deployed in not easily accessible places to provide solution to a wide
range of application such as environmental, medical and structural monitoring. They are spatially
distributed and as a result are usually powered from batteries. Due to the limitation in providing power
with batteries, which must be manually replaced when they are depleted, and location constraints in
wireless sensor network causes a major setback on performance and lifetime of WSNs. This difficulty in
battery replacement and cost led to a growing interest in energy harvesting. The current practice in energy
harvesting for sensor networks is based on practical and simulation approach. The evaluation and
validation of the WSN systems is mostly done using simulation and practical implementation. Simulation is
widely used especially for its great advantage in evaluating network systems. Its disadvantages such as the
long time taken to simulate and not being economical as it implements data without proper analysis of all
that is involved ,wasting useful resources cannot be ignored. In most times, the energy scavenged is directly
wired to the sensor nodes. We, therefore, argue that simulation – based and practical implementation of
WSN energy harvesting system should be further strengthened through mathematical analysis and design
procedures. In this work, we designed and modeled the energy harvesting system for wireless sensor nodes
based on the input and output parameters of the energy sources and sensor nodes. We also introduced the
use of supercapacitor as buffer and intermittent source for the sensor node. The model was further tested in
a Matlab environment, and found to yield a very good approach for system design.
Performance evaluation of different spectrum sensing techniques for realistic...ijwmn
In this paper, the performance assessment of five different detection techniques from spectrum sensing
perspective in cognitive radio networks is proposed and implemented using the realistic implementation
oriented model (R-model) with signal processing operations. The performance assessment of the different
sensing techniques in the existence of unknown or imprecisely known impulsive noise levels is done by
considering the signal detection in cognitive radio networks under a non-parametric multisensory detection
scenario. The examination focuses on performance comparison of basic spectrum sensing mechanisms as,
energy detection (ED) and cyclostationary feature detection (CSFD) along with the eigenvalue-based
detection methods namely, Maximum-minimum eigenvalue detection (MMED), Roy’s largest Root Test
(RLRT) which requires knowledge of the noise variance and Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test (GLRT)
which can be implemented as a test of the largest eigenvalues vs. Maximum-likelihood estimates a noise
variance. From simulation results it is observed that the detection performance of the GLRT method is
better than the other techniques in realistic implementation oriented model.
Performance analysis and implementation for nonbinary quasi cyclic ldpc decod...ijwmn
Non-binary low-density parity check (NB-LDPC) codes are an extension of binary LDPC codes with
significantly better performance. Although various kinds of low-complexity iterative decoding algorithms
have been proposed, there is a big challenge for VLSI implementation of NBLDPC decoders due to its high
complexity and long latency. In this brief, highly efficient check node processing scheme, which the
processing delay greatly reduced, including Min-Max decoding algorithm and check node unit are
proposed. Compare with previous works, less than 52% could be reduced for the latency of check node
unit. In addition, the efficiency of the presented techniques is design to demonstrate for the (620, 310) NBQC-
LDPC decoder.
S URVEY OF L TE D OWNLINK S CHEDULERS A LGORITHMS IN O PEN A CCESS S IM...ijwmn
he LTE/LTE-A has become a catchphrase for research
and lot of research are being conducted and
carried out in LTE in various issues by various peo
ple. New tools are developed and introduced in the
market to interpret the results of the new algorith
ms proposed by various people. Some tools are open
access which are free to use but some tools are pro
duced by the companies which are not open access. I
n
this paper some of the open access simulation tools
like LTE-Sim and NS-3 are analyzed and LTE downlin
k
scheduler algorithms are simulated using those tool
s. In LTE systems, the downlink scheduler is an
important component for radio resource management;
hence in the context of LTE simulation, a study
between the downlink scheduler models between the s
imulators are performed.
ROUTING PROTOCOLS FOR DELAY TOLERANT NETWORKS: SURVEY AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATIONijwmn
Delay Tolerant Networking (DTN) is a promising technology that aims to provide efficient communication
between devices in a network with no guaranteed continuous connectivity. Most existing routing schemes
for DTNs exploit the advantage of message replication to achieve high message delivery rate. However,
these schemes commonly suffer from large communication overhead due to the lack of efficient mechanisms
to control message replication. In this paper we give a brief survey on routing protocols designed for
DTNs, and evaluate the performance of several representative routing protocols including Epidemic, Spray
and Wait, PRoPHET, and 3R through extensive trace-driven simulations. Another objective of this work is
to evaluate the security strength of different routing schemes under common DTN attacks such as the black
hole attack. The results and analysis presented in this paper can provide useful guidance on the design and
selection of routing protocols for given delay-tolerant applications.
Cube satellite missions perform innovative scientific experiments on a low cost developmental platform but
have an inherent limitation of size and space. This restricts the total available solar power that can be
harnessed and as a result, the radio links operate on stringent power budgets. For improving the available
margins for communication in such satellites, it is desirable to improve upon the antenna system
performance at the ground station used for the establishment of the links with the satellite. This can be
achieved by improving the forward gain, the forward to backward ratio and the directivity of the antenna.
This paper describes the electrical simulations and the performance evaluation of the one unit, two unit and
four unit circularly polarized crossed Yagi-Uda antenna array designed for communication with amateur
radio (HAM) satellites operating over the 434 MHz to 438 MHz Amateur UHF band. The electro-magnetic
model has been developed using the 4NEC2 software. The simulations have been validated with the
practical field testing performed for estimating the SWR, antenna gain, the forward to backward ratio and
radiation pattern for the antenna system.
Design and analysis of high gain diode predistortionijwmn
This paper presents the design and analysis of a high gain, broadband Schottky and PIN diode based RF
pre-distortion linearizer for TWTA. The circuit is using ABCD matrix approach. The simulation is
performed using Agilent ADS software. We have proposed a new linearizer circuit which can achieve a
high gain compared to existing linearizer designs.
DYNAMIC OPTIMIZATION OF OVERLAP-AND-ADD LENGTH OVER MIMO MBOFDM SYSTEM BASED ...ijwmn
An important role performed by Zero Padding (ZP) in multi-band OFDM (MB-OFDM) System. This role
show for low-complexity in résistance against multipath interference by reducing inter-carrier interference
(ICI) and eliminating the inter-symbol interference (ISI) Also, zero-padded suffix can be used to eliminate
ripples in the power spectral density in order to conform to FCC requirements. At the receiver of MB-OFDM system needs to use of a technique called as overlap-and-add (OLA). Which maintain the circular convolution property and take the multipath energy of the channel.In this paper, we proposed a method of performing overlap-and-add length for zero padded suffixes. Then,we studied the effect of this method, dynamic optimization of overlap-and-add (OLA) equalization, on the performance of MIMO MBOFDM system on Bit Error Rate (BER) with AWGN channel and SalehValenzuela (S-V) Multipath channel Model.In the dynamic optimization OLA, the Length of ZP depends on length of channel impulse response (CIR).
These measures, based on SNR, insert the ZP according to the measurement.Dynamic optimization of length of ZP improves the Performance of MIMO MBOFDM system. In fact wedeveloped a technique to select the length of ZP as function of SNR and CIR estimate. In our simulation
this technique improve to 0.6 dB at BER=10-2 with a multipath channels CM4
A COGNITIVE RADIO SCHEME FOR DYNAMIC RESOURCE ALLOCATION BASED ON QOEijwmn
This paper introduces a cognitive radio scheme based on quality of experience (QoE). QoE involves the
mobile end user’s preferences. Considering QoE can lead to an improved cognitive radio resource
management strategy. The cognitive radio scheme aims to manage the traffic flow in dynamic systems; it is
a new way of thinking about dynamic resource management in cellular systems. The Use of the cognitive
radio techniques in cellular systems will improve the resource assignment in wireless communication. The
cognitive radio is a self-aware communication system that aims to use the resource assignment in an
efficient way. The proposed algorithm is very successful at handling the call-blocking rate based on QoS
and QoE.
Performance of the IEEE 802.15.4a UWB System using Two Pulse Shaping Techniqu...ijwmn
In Cognitive radio (CR) applications Ultra-wideband (UWB) impulse radio (IR) signals can be designed
such as they can co-exist with licensed primary users. The pulse shape should be adjusted such that the
power spectral characteristics not only meet the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) constrains,
but also mitigate multiple narrow-band interference at the locations of existing primary users. In this
paper, the Parks-McClellan (PM) Algorithm and the Eigen Value Decomposition (EVD) approach for
UWB impulse radio waveform shaping are considered. The power spectral density (PSD) and the bit-errorrate
(BER) performance of the two methods are compared in the presence of single and double narrowband
interference (NBI). The interference rejection capabilities of the two methods are evaluated and
compared for different interference and additive noise levels. In particular, the simulations consider the
coexistence of practical IEEE 802.15.4a UWB systems with both IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN systems
operating at 5.2 GHz and radio location services operating at 8.5 GHz.
SELECTION OF SPECTRUM SENSING METHOD TO ENHANCE QOS IN COGNITIVE RADIO NETWORKSijwmn
The massively increasing number of wireless communication devices has led to considerable growths in
radio traffic density, resulting in a predictable shortage of the available spectrum. To address this potential
shortage, the Cognitive Radio (CR) technology offers promising solutions that aim to improve the spectrum
utilization. The operation of CR relies on detecting the so-called spectrum holes, i.e., the frequency bands
when they are unoccupied by their licensed operators. The unlicensed users are then allowed to
communicate using these spectrum holes. Consequently, the performance of CR is highly dependent on the
employed spectrum sensing methods. Several sensing methods are already available or literarily proposed.
However, no individual method can accommodate all possible CR operation scenarios. Hence, it is fair to
ascertain that the performance of a CR device can be improved if it is capable of supporting several
sensing methods. Then it should be able to effectively select the most suitable method. In this paper, several
spectrum sensing methods are compared and analyzed, aiming to identify their advantages and
shortcomings in different CR operating conditions. Furthermore, it identifies the factors that need to be
considered while selecting a proper sensing method from the catalog of available methods.
Long term evolution (LTE) is replacing the 3G services slowly but steadily and become a preferred choice
for data for human to human (H2H) services and now it is becoming preferred choice for voice also. In
some developed countries the traditional 2G services gradually decommissioned from the service and
getting replaced with LTE for all H2H services. LTE provided high downlink and uplink bandwidth
capacity and is one of the technology like mobile ad hoc network (MANET) and vehicular ad hoc network
(VANET) being used as the backbone communication infrastructure for vehicle networking applications.
When Compared to VANET and MANET, LTE provides wide area of coverage and excellent infrastructure
facilities for vehicle networking. This helps in transmitting the vehicle information to the operator and
downloading certain information into the vehicle nodes (VNs) from the operators server. As per the ETSI
publications the number of machine to machine communication (MTC) devices are expected to touch 50
billion by 2020 and this will surpass H2H communication. With growing congestion in the LTE network,
accessing the network for any request from VN especially during peak hour is a big challenge because of
the congestion in random access channel (RACH). In this paper we will analyse this RACH congestion
problem with the data from the live network. Lot of algorithms are proposed for resolving the RACH
congestion on the basis of simulation results so we would like to present some practical data from the live
network to this issue to understand the extent RACH congestion issue in the real time scenario.
EFFECTS OF FILTERS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF DVB-T RECEIVERijwmn
Digital Video Broadcasting-Terrestrial (DVB-T) is an international standard for digital television
services. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is the core of this technology. OFDM
based system like DVB-T can handle multipath fading and hence it can minimize Inter Symbol
Interference (ISI). DVB-T has some limitations too namely large dynamic range of the signals and
sensitivity to frequency error. In order to overcome these limitations DVB-T receivers should be optimally
designed. In this paper we address the issues related to optimal DVB-T receiver design. There of several
signal processing units in a DVB-T receiver. A low-pass filter is one of them. In this paper, we consider
some classic filters namely Butterworth, Chebyshev, and elliptic in the DVB-T receiver. The effects of
different filters on the performances of DVB-T receiver have been investigated and compared in this
paper under AWGN channel condition
DISCRETE COSINETRANSFORM-II FOR REDUCTION IN PEAK TO AVERAGE POWER RATIO OF O...ijwmn
Orthogonal frequency Division multiplexing (OFDM) is the most familiar word in telecommunication
and wireless communication systems as it provides enhanced spectral efficiency than Frequency division
multiplexing (FDM).Although it is sustaining an orthogonal relation betweencarriers but high peak to
average power ratio (PAPR) is one of the main disadvantages of OFDM system.Various PAPR reduction
techniques have been used, including techniques based on companding. Incompanding, -Law
companding has potential to reduce the PAPR of OFDMsignals. -Law Companding technique
preserves the dynamic range of samples at low amplitudes.A new method named as precoding which is
having less complexity compared to the other power reduction techniques is proposed to reduce PAPR.
This paper put forward combination of two existing techniques namely -Law Companding Transform
and Discrete Cosine Transform-II precoding technique. The simulation results show that, the proposed
combinedscheme gives better result for PAPR Reduction and results in no distortion.
A novel energy efficient routing algorithm for wireless sensor networks using...ijwmn
There are numerous applications for wireless sensor networks which are inevitable now a day in our daily
life. Majority of such applications which use wireless sensor networks will be in areas where the direct
human intervention is impossible. So the limited energy available in such sensors is a threat for prolonging
the life of the entire network. The need of energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks is a hot research
topic in which lot of new strategies for improvement in energy efficiency has been sought after. As
communication process consumes more energy, an energy efficient routing strategy can probably reduce
the energy consumption to a great extend. This paper gives an overview of the different routing techniques
in which mobile sinks are used to facilitate the routing process which can effectively reduce the energy use.
A new routing strategy with mobile sinks and a static sink is proposed and is compared based on the
matrices life time and average energy of the nodes with the existing Shortest Hop path (SH) algorithm. The
simulation results shows the proposed algorithm is more energy efficient than the existing one.
APPLICATION-BASED QOS EVALUATION OF HETEROGENEOUS NETWORKS cscpconf
Heterogeneous wireless networks expand the network capacity and coverage by leveraging the network architecture and resources in a dynamic fashion. However, the presence of different communication technologies makes the Quality of Service (QoS) evaluation, management, and monitoring of these networks very challenging. Each communication technology has its own characteristics while the applications that utilize them have their specific QoS requirements. Although, the communication technologies have different performance assessment parameters, the applications using these radio access networks have the same QoS requirements. As a result, it would be easier to evaluate the QoS of the access networks and the overall network configuration depending on the performance of applications running on them. Using such application-based QoS evaluation approach, the heterogeneous nature of the underlying networks and the diversity of their traffic can be adequately taken into account. In this paper, we propose an application-based QoS evaluation approach for heterogeneous networks. Through simulation studies, we show that this assessment approach facilitates better QoS management and monitoring of heterogeneous network configurations.
CHARACTERIZATION OF USER-PERCEIVED QUALITY OF SERVICE (QOS) IN MOBILE DEVICES...ijwmn
This paper presents a user-centric and application-specific QoS assessment methodology for cellular
communication networks. Specifically, it uses the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to evaluate QoS as a
multi-criteria decision problem that represents how well cellular networks’ data services are perceived
given particular sets of application classes and relative to other networks servicing in the same area. As
part of the methodology, drive testing is performed to collect objective measurements associated with
identified QoS criteria for data services. Once drive testing is performed and data collected, multiple
networks are compared to determine the network that provides higher QoS based on users’ perception of
quality. The selection of the best performing network is based on the output provided by the AHP
approach, which is used as unified measurement of the perceived QoS by users on different networks. In
order to determine application-specific priorities, the approach presented uses three different application
classes, including Emergency, Business, and Personal. For each class, the relative importance of each
quality evaluation criteria is adjusted in the AHP procedure to reflect the priorities of the services
expected. Through several case studies, the approach is proven successful in providing a way for
analyzing user-centric QoS for application-specific scenarios.
Fuzzy Based Vertical Handoff Decision Controller for Future NetworksIJAEMSJORNAL
Abstract— In Next generation wireless Networks, the received signals (RSS) from different networks do not have a same meaning since each network is composed of its specific characteristics and there is no common pilot signal. Then, RSS comparisons are insufficient for handoff decision and may be inefficient and impractical. A more complex decision criterion that combines a large number of parameters or factors such as monetary cost, bandwidth, and power consumption and user profile is necessary. Though there are a lot works available for vertical handoff decision (VHD) for wireless networks, the selection of best network is still challenging problem. In this paper we propose a Fuzzy based vertical handoff decision controller (FVHDC) Which performs handover decision based on the output of fuzzy based rules.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This white paper introduces the opportunity for Communication Service Providers to optimize the existing network to reduce costs, thereby freeing up cash flow for re-investment, to improve end-to-end QoE to reach network performance KPIs, and to do more with their existing asset base in order to improve utilization and performance to address explosive data growth.
ASSESSING PERCEPTUAL VIDEO QUALITY IN WIMAX NETWORKS AEIJjournal2
This paper presents an approach for assessing the perceptual quality of wireless video networking
applications transmitted via WiMAX, the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access air interface
standard. The Video Quality Model developed by Information Administration’s Video Quality Expert
Group is used to benchmark perceptual video quality.
ASSESSING PERCEPTUAL VIDEO QUALITY IN WIMAX NETWORKS ijujournal
This paper presents an approach for assessing the perceptual quality of wireless video networking
applications transmitted via WiMAX, the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access air interface
standard. The Video Quality Model developed by Information Administration’s Video Quality Expert
Group is used to benchmark perceptual video quality
Assessing perceptual video quality in wimax networksijujournal
This paper presents an approach for assessing the perceptual quality of wireless video networking applications transmitted via WiMAX, the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access air interface
standard. The Video Quality Model developed by Information Administration’s Video Quality Expert Group is used to benchmark perceptual video quality.
ASSESSING PERCEPTUAL VIDEO QUALITY IN WIMAX NETWORKSijujournal
This paper presents an approach for assessing the perceptual quality of wireless video networking
applications transmitted via WiMAX, the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access air interface
standard. The Video Quality Model developed by Information Administration’s Video Quality Expert
Group is used to benchmark perceptual video quality.
ASSESSING PERCEPTUAL VIDEO QUALITY IN WIMAX NETWORKS ijujournal
This paper presents an approach for assessing the perceptual quality of wireless video networking applications transmitted via WiMAX, the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access air interface standard. The Video Quality Model developed by Information Administration’s Video Quality Expert Group is used to benchmark perceptual video quality.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdf
A practical optimisation method to
1. International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 6, No. 5, October 2014
A PRACTICAL OPTIMISATION METHOD TO
IMPROVE QOS AND GOS-BASED KEY
PERFORMANCE INDICATORS IN GSM
NETWORK CELL CLUSTER ENVIRONMENT
Joseph Isabona1 and Kingsley Obahiagbon2
1Department of Basic Sciences Benson Idahosa University, PMB.1100, Benin City,
Nigeria
2Department of Mathematics and Computer Sciences, Idahosa University, PMB.1100,
Benin City, Nigeria
ABSTRACT
The delivering of both good quality of service (QoS) and Grade of Service (GoS) in any competitive mobile
communication environment is a major factor to reducing subscribers’ churn rate. Therefore, it is
important for wireless mobile network operators to ensure stability and efficiency by delivering a
consistent, reliable and high-quality end user (subscriber) satisfaction. This can only be achieve by
conducting a regular network performance monitoring and optimisation as it directly impacts the quality of
the offered services and hence user satisfaction. In this paper, we present the results of network
performance evaluation and optimisation of a GSM network on cell cluster-basis, in Asaba region, South
East Nigeria. We employ a combination of essential key performance indicators such as dropped call rate,
call setup success rate and outage call rate to examine overall QoS and GoS performance of the GSM
network. Our results after network optimisation showed significant performance improvement in terms of
call drop rate, call set up success rate, and call block rate across. Specifically, the end user satisfaction
rate has increased from 94.45%, 87.74%, and 92.85% to 99.05%, 95.38% and 99.03% respectively across
the three GSM cell clusters. The GoS is reduced from 3.33%, 6.60% and 2.38% to 0.00%, 3.70% and
0.00% respectively. Furthermore, ESA, which correspond end points service availability, has improved
from 94.44%, 93.40% and 97.62% to 100%, 96.30% and 100% respectively. In addition, the average
throughput has improved from 73.74kbits/s, 85.06kbits/s and 87.54kbits/s to 77.07kbits/s, 92.38kbits/s and
102kbits/s respectively across the three GSM cell clusters.
KEY WORDS
Quality of Service, Grade of Service, Network Optimisation, End user Satisfaction
INTRODUCTION
In recent time, mobile telephony has become one of the fastest growing and most demanding
telecommunications applications especially since the introduction of the second generation (2G)-
based Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) [1]. The GSM group was founded in
1982 and till today, it remains one of the leading mobile communication systems with over a
billion end users and a market share of 70% [2]. However, this has not also be without the
provision of good service quality changes. Therefore, to maintain the above growth and retain
existing customers, as well as attracting new ones, the GSM service providers need to deliver its’
services, consistently, reliably and economically , as the customer satisfaction on the service is
DOI : 10.5121/ijwmn.2014.6508 93
2. International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 6, No. 5, October 2014
directly dependent on the quality and the performance of the network. More importantly, mobile
telephony service providers must be ready to continue to maintain the highest quality of service
(QoS) to both residential and industrial subscribers. Therefore, once a radio telephone network is
designed and operational, its performance should be monitored to improve overall service quality.
That is where network performance monitoring for QoS assessment, analysis of faults and
corrective actions comes in. In addition to monitoring network faults, the operator also needs
immediate information on how the network performs, especially from the end user perspective.
The end user network performance report can be used as source of information for corrective
actions or for evaluating the utilization of resources. This in turn enables the mobile telephone
operators to optimize traffic and investigate critical areas where the network performance could
require adequate changes. Also, network optimization engineers should make effort on regular
basis to improve the service quality and capacity of operational networks, as well as developing
and deploying new ones in order to meet customer demands. Moreover, carrying out regular
optimization remain essentially the only way to keep track of the network by looking deep into
network operation statistics and collecting/analyzing drive test data.
94
Problem Statement
In recent times, it has been observed that not all the telecom operators are giving due attention to
the quality of service (QoS) in Nigeria. Service quality of some mobile telephone networks
instead of being improved has been following a deteriorating trend (e.g. see our previous work in
[3]). With the increase of the subscriber base, customers’ complain has also increased. Today,
some of the common issues being faced by the subscribers are recurrent call drop, poor network
coverage and unsatisfactory customer care support. As a result, customer's dissatisfaction is
increasing and complains against the network are also increasing, which in turn leads to low
customers loyalty and high churn rate. In some cases, operators are implementing new features in
their networks without performing proper pre-trial which is also a reason for poor QoS.
Consequently, how to carry out a proper network optimization to resolve the above mentioned
problems and improve the end users satisfaction rate with the good quality and grade of service
(GoS) is the real challenge.
Research Methodology
Generally, network optimization can be seen as a very involving process as a large number of
variable are available for tuning impacting different aspect of the network performance. The
process involves the use of various methods to maximize the system performance by optimally
configuring the network and utilizing its resources. To simplify this process, a step by step
method is required. In this study, the following methods are adopted to achieve our goal:
1. Single site verification exercise
2. Pre Swap Drive Test
3. log-file analysis
4. Implementation of recommendation proffered for optimization
5. Post Swap Drive Test
6. Post Swap Drive Test Report and Analysis
In the first place, Single site verification exercise enables one to verify the status of the base
stations within the cluster to be optimized. Here, the individual sites are verified to make sure
they are free of critical hardware problems before the optimization process is kick off. Also, in
this exercise, some key engineering parameters like antenna height, antenna tilt, transmit power,
3. International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 6, No. 5, October 2014
among others, are properly checked in each of the cell sites for errors and inconsistency with that
in the site data obtained before the optimization exercise.
This is followed by collecting and analyzing data from Pre Swap Drive Test carried out on the
selected routes and also data from networks nodes by using customized software.
After collection, the log-file is analyzed to identify possible problems within the networks. This is
done to improve the network performance.
Implementation of recommendation involves tuning the engineering antenna parameters such as
the antenna tilt, and parameter auditing.
This followed by carrying out another drive test ( i.e Post swap drive test) exercise to ascertain the
effect of the changes in the network parameters. The Post Swap drive test report will include the
same reports as the Pre Swap Drive Test.
After each optimization exercise, the Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) obtained are analyse and
checked against the desired threshold. See figure 1 for a summary of network optimization
process.
In this paper, we specifically engaged a combination of essential KPIS such as dropped call rate,
call setup success rate and outage call rate to examine overall QoS and GoS performance of the
investigated GSM network. This in turn allowed us to determine the end user satisfaction rate and
the general network performance. This exercise took place after some key problems such as poor
transmission line performance, reduced power output, cell coverage degradation, coverage hole,
over shooting, cell imbalance, poorly connected feeders, Increased interference and among others
were identified across the studied GSM cell clusters, the following recommendations were made
and implemented on the network to optimise its performances:
95
• Addition of missing adjacent cells in each cell cluster
• antenna azimuth and tilt changes
• BTS Equipment/Filter change
• Re–tuning of interfered frequencies
• Adjustment accessibility parameters
• power parameters changes
• Increase the reuse distance between the co-frequency and adjacent frequencies.
4. International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 6, No. 5, October 2014
96
Figure 1: Network Optimization flowchart.
The Investigated Environments
This study was carried out with the need to enhanced end user satisfaction as desired by one of
the leading cellular network service providers in South East, Nigeria. The operator recently
engaged one of the equipment vendors in the country for BTS swapping across so some selected
cities in Asaba Area, South East Nigeria. To carry out the swap drive test experiment, the study
area was divided into three clusters. Each cluster has 26-40 sites on Air.
In order to find swapped feeders, a test was performed by driving round the cell sites to secure
that the planned physical cells’ identities are in order. The lists of the sites ID are given in table 1-
3.
Performance Measures
In telecommunication engineering, and in particular teletraffic engineering, the quality of voice
service is specified by two measures (Jang-Sub et al, 2008) [4]: the Grade of Service (GoS) and
the Quality of Service (QoS). In the ITU-T Recommendation E.800 [5], QoS is defined as the
collective effect of service performance, which determines the degree of satisfaction of a user of
the service. How the end-user perceives the service quality, i.e. his satisfaction with the service
as a function of the measured parameters, is highly dependent on the service level (QoS–
parameters) he is accustomed to. QoS is a measure of the Key Performance Indicators (KPIs).
GoS is a subset of QoS and it is the mechanism for controlling the performance, reliability and
usability of a telecommunications service. The smaller the value of GoS, the better is the service.
A telephone service is available if the GoS is better than a specified percentage. Availability is the
QoS characteristic that represents the proportion of time when satisfactory service is available.
QoS-Based Key Performance Indicators (KPIs)
According to ETSI’s standards [6] QoS KPIs can be categorized in five phases during service use
from the customer's point of view:
1. Network Availability: The probability that a service is available when the end user requires it,
is called availability.
2. Network Accessibility: Probability that the user performs a successful registration on the
network.
3. Service Accessibility: Accessibility has to do with the end users being able to set up a call and
access radio resources. If the user wants to use a service, the network operator should provide
him as fast as possible access to the service. Includes KIP’s that describe how successful is
the service access (e.g, call setup rate) as well as KPI’s that describe setup time ( i.e, call
setup time).
4. Service Integrity: This describes the QoS during service use. Includes KPI’s that describe the
quality of the service.
5. Service Retainability: Retainability covers the ability to keep up a call; either in accordance
with or against the will of the user. It Includes KPI’s that count the time that a service can
retain (Drop Call Rate or call holding time).
The service quality performance indicators we will consider in this paper cover the different
phases of QoS [6] aspects during service use from the customer's point of view. They are here
defined by:
5. International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 6, No. 5, October 2014
• Call Setup success rate (CSSR): The measure of the service accessibility provided by
GSM network is the call set-up rate (CSSR). This indicator measures the ease in which
calls are established or set up. It analyses the ability to successfully establish voice
communications between two ends, a mobile network terminal and a fixed network
terminal, and the ability of networks to maintain this call during a pre-established period
of time. Mathematically, CSSR describes the ratio between the calls successfully
connected to the system and the overall number of call attempts:
97
6. (1)
where Nattempt is the number of call attempts and Nblock is the number of blocked calls.
• Drop Call rate (DCR): The measure of the service retainability, which describes the
termination of services in accordance with or against the will of the end user is the CDR.
It is defined by the ratio between the number of dropped calls and the overall number of
call releases:
7. (2)
where Ndrop is the number of dropped calls and Nrelease is the overall number of call
releases.
• Outage rate (OutR): This indicator measures service integrity, which is the QoS during
service use. OutR describes the ratio between the number of calls which, although
normally released, perceived an unacceptable outage time lasting more than 5% of the
duration of the call, and the overall number of call releases (that is both the normal and
the abnormal releases) [7]:
8. (3)
where Noutage is the number of calls with unacceptable outage time.
• End points Service Availability (ESA): This indicator measures service availability,
which is the QoS during service use and it is appraise from the view point of what the
customer get from their end. Endpoints are defined as the interface between the customer
and the equipment providing access to the service. ESA is defined as the percentage of
time a usable call can be established and maintained between two end points. The
measurement of ESA is described by the ratio:
!
9. (4)
• Satisfaction rate (SatR): it summarises the degree of voice user satisfaction, by
considering altogether service accessibility, service retainability and service integrity. A
call is considered satisfied if it isn't blocked, nor dropped, nor it didn't feel outage [7]:
SatR = [CSSR (1 - (DCR + OutR)] (5)
12. X
#
(7)
where Nsat is the number of satisfied users, that is the calls which were successfully connected to
the network and were normally released without perceiving significant outage during the call.
13. International Journal of Wireless Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 6, No. 5, October 2014
98
GoS-Based Key performance Indicators (KPIs)
In GSM networks handle both voice and data traffic requirements of the mobile communication
by providing two modes of operation:
• Circuit switched (which caters for voice based traffic) or
• Packet switched (which caters for data traffic)
Circuit switching provides the customer with a dedicated channel all the way to the destination.
For circuit switch services in GSM, blocking probability can be successively used as a
performance indicator for the evaluation of GoS. It expressed by the formula:
'$()'*+,-./0'(1(,),2%
14. #
(8)
The above expression provides a measure of the ability of a user to access the system during the
busiest hour which is specified as the probability of a call being blocked.
Here, the GoS for packet switch services is expressed in terms of throughput which represents the
long-run throughput per service. The throughput is derived by considering the long-run rate at
which the user enters the air interface and the data rate per user by employing the following
formula [8]:
340'.4/ 5$6 7 ()'*+,-./0'(1(,),2% (9)
where
R, is the data rate of service blocking probability and the call arrival rate, 8 refers to the traffic
offered expressed as the number of call attempts per unit time which is given by [9], [10]:
5
9:;;
(10)
With packet switching, the operator assigns one or more dedicated channels specifically for
shared use. These channels are up and running 24 hours a day, and when you need to transfer
data, you access a channel and transmit your data. The standard data rate of a GSM channel is
22.8 kbps.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Tables 1-3 and figures 2-4 shows the network performances at studied three cell cluster
environments using the basic KPIs. It can be clearly seen from the tables that performance of the
network before and after optimisation showed significant performance improvement in terms of
call drop rate, call set up success rate, and call block rate.
Figures 6a and 6b show the radar and the bar plots of end user satisfaction rate performance at
various GSM cell clusters. The distribution of end user satisfaction rate before optimisation shows
an increased in performance from 94.45%, 87.74%, and 92.85% to 99.05%, 95.38% and 99.03%
respectively after optimisation across the three GSM cell clusters. In addition, the GoS as shown
in the plots of figure 8 is reduced from 3.33%, 6.60% and 2.38% to 0.00%, 3.70% and 0.00%
before and after optimisation respectively. Furthermore, in figure 7, ESA performance, which
correspond end points service availability, has improved from 94.44%, 93.40% and 97.62% to
100%, 96.30% and 100% before and after optimisation respectively. Also, the average throughput
has improved from 73.74kbits/s, 85.06kbits/s and 87.54kbits/s to 77.07kbits/s, 92.38kbits/s and
15. International Journal of Wireless Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 6, No. 5, October 2014
102kbits/s respectively across the three GSM cell clusters as showed in figures 9-11 before and
after optimisation across the investigated GSM cell clusters.
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Cluster ID: CLUSTER 1
Indicators Swap Before Swap After
% Blocked calls 3.33 0.00
% Dropped calls 2.30 0.95
% Established calls 96.67 100
% Good calls 97.70 99.50
% Call Set-up Success 96.67 100.0
Outage calls 0.00 0.00
Average
73.74 77.06
Throughput(kbits/s)
Table 1: 1st Cell Cluster, Unoruka Road, Akwa Etiti and environs.
Table 2: 2nd Cell Cluster, Awada Onitsha and environs
Cluster ID: CLUSTER 2
Indicators Swap Before Swap After
% Blocked calls 6.60 3.70
% Dropped calls 6.06 0.96
% Established calls 93.40 96.30
% Good calls 93.94 99.04
% Call Set-up Success 93.40 96.30
Outage calls 0.00 0.00
Average
85.06 92.38
Throughput(kbits/s)
Table 3: 3rd Cell Cluster, Palobis Place Onitsha and environs
Cluster ID: CLUSTER 3
Indicators Swap Before Swap After
% Blocked calls 2.38 0.00
% Dropped calls 4.88 0.97
% Established calls 97.62 100
% Good calls 95.12 99.02
% Call Set-up Success 97.62 100
Outage calls 0.00 0.00
Average
87.54 102.65
Throughput(kbits/s)
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100
90 92 94 96 98 100 102
Cluster 3
Cluster 2
Cluster 1
Call set up rate (%)
After Opt
Before Opt
Figure 2: CSSR Distribution Chart of the network before and after Optimization.
90 92 94 96 98 100 102
Cluster 3
Cluster 2
Cluster 1
Call Block Rate (%)
After Opt
Before Opt
17. International Journal of Wireless Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 6, No. 5, October 2014
101
Figure 3: Call Blocking Rate Distribution Chart of the network before and after Optimization.
90 92 94 96 98 100 102
Cluster 3
Cluster 2
Cluster 1
Call drop rate (%)
After Opt
Before Opt
Figure 4: Call drop Rate Distribution Chart of the network before and after Optimization.
90 92 94 96 98 100 102
Cluster 3
Cluster 2
Cluster 1
Success call rate (%)
Success call rate (%)
After Opt
Before Opt
Figure 5: Call Success Rate Distribution Chart of the network before and after Optimization.
18. International Journal of Wireless Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 6, No. 5, October 2014
102
Cluster 1
100
98
96
94
92
90
Cluster 3 Cluster 2
Before Opt
After Opt
Figure 6 (a) Radar plot of end user SATR as a function of the cell clusters
102
100
98
96
94
92
90
Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3
Figure 6 (b) Bar chart plot of end user SATR as a function of the cell clusters
End user SATR (%)
Cell Cluster
Before Opt
After Opt
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103
Cluster 1
100
98
96
94
92
90
Cluster 3 Cluster 2
Before Opt
After Opt
Figure 7 (a) Radar plot of ESA as a function of the cell clusters
102
100
98
96
94
92
90
Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3
Figure 7 (b) Bar chart plot of ESA as a function of the cell clusters
End point service Availability (%)
Before Opt
After Opt
20. International Journal of Wireless Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 6, No. 5, October 2014
104
Cluster 1
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
Cluster 3 Cluster 2
Figure 8: Radar plot of GoS as a function of the cell clusters
Before Opt
After Opt
80.00%
70.00%
60.00%
50.00%
40.00%
30.00%
20.00%
10.00%
0.00%
-10.00%
0 100 200 300 400 500
Figure 9: Average Throughput performance before and Optimization in cluster1
Throughput (%)
Throughput ranges
Throughput before opt
Throughput after opt
21. International Journal of Wireless Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 6, No. 5, October 2014
105
60.00%
50.00%
40.00%
30.00%
20.00%
10.00%
0.00%
Throughput before opt
Throughput after opt
0 100 200 300 400 500
Throughput (%)
Throughput ranges
Figure 10: Average Throughput performance before and Optimization in cluster2
60.00%
50.00%
40.00%
30.00%
20.00%
10.00%
0.00%
Throughput before opt
Throughput after opt
0 100 200 300 400 500
Throughput (%)
Throughput ranges
Figure 11: Average Throughput performance before and Optimization in cluster3
CONCLUSION
Mobile communications has become an indispensible element of modern lifestyle. The wide
adoption of smart phones and other mobile devices such as smart tablets and e-readers has
spurred rapid growth in wireless mobile communication. In order to meet user performance
expectations and enhance user experiences, effectively managing the wireless mobile
communication networks is imperative. In this paper, we presented an empirical case study on the
focus of the performance evaluation and optimisation of GSM mobile network in Asaba Region,
Nigeria. We specifically employ a combination of essential KPIS such as dropped call rate, call
setup success rate and outage call rate to examine overall QoS and GoS performance of the
22. International Journal of Wireless Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 6, No. 5, October 2014
investigated GSM network. Our results after network optimisation showed significant
performance improvement in terms of call drop rate, call set up success rate, and call block rate
across. Specifically, the end user satisfaction rate has increased from 94.45%, 87.74%, and
92.85% to 99.05%, 95.38% and 99.03% respectively across the three GSM cell clusters. The GoS
is reduced from 3.33%, 6.60% and 2.38% to 0.00%, 3.70% and 0.00% respectively. Furthermore,
ESA, which correspond end points service availability, has improved from 94.44%, 93.40% and
97.62% to 100%, 96.30% and 100% respectively. In addition, the average throughput has
improved from 73.74kbits/s, 85.06kbits/s and 87.54kbits/s to 77.07kbits/s, 92.38kbits/s and
102kbits/s respectively across the three GSM cell clusters.
106
REFERENCES
[1] 3GPP. Functionality in early GSM releases, 2009. http://www.3gpp.org, [Online; accessed 21-June-
2014].
[2] Wikipedia, “Global System for Mobile communications”, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM
[3] Isabona, J and Peter I. G. Benchmarking Mobile Network Quality of Service with Essential Key
Performance Indicators: A Case Study of Operational GSM Telecom Operators in Nigeria.
Conference Proceedings of Nigerian Institute of Physics, 2014.
[4] Jang-Sub, K., Erchin, S., Dong-Ryeol, S., and Khalid, Q., Handoff Triggering and Network Selection
Algorithms for Load-Balancing Handoff in CDMA-WLAN Integrated, 2008.
Networks, EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, vol. 2008, pp 1-14.
[5] ITU-T Rec. E.800, “Terms and Definitions Related to Quality of Service and Network Performance
Including Dependability,” Aug. 1993.
[6] ETSI TS 102 250-1, “Speech Processing, Transmission and Quality Aspects (STQ); QoS aspects for
popular services in GSM and 3G networks; Part 1: Identification of Quality of Service aspects”,
V1.2.1, Technical Specification, 2007.
[7] Gambetti, I.C (2007). Wireless Heterogeneous Networks, Ph.D Thesis (Unpublished), University of
Bologna, Alberto Zanella.
[8] Moner, J, Syed, A.H and Adel, R (2002) Modified Stochastic Knapsack for UMTS Capacity Analysis,
Fujitsu Science Technical Journal, 38, 2 pp 183-191.
[9] Dajab D.D., Tarka S.N., Bajoga B.G., “Simulation and Analysis of Drop-call Probability Model: A
case Study of MTEL”, Nigerian Journal of Engineering, Vol. 16, No.1, 2009.
[10] Tarka S. Nathaniel, “Effects of Network characteristics on Conditional Drop Probability: A case
Study of MTEL”, MSc Thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University,
Zaria, 2009.
OUR PROFILE
Dr. Kingsley Obahiagbon is a Head of Department and a lecturer in the Department of
Mathematics and Computer Science, Benson Idahosa University, Benin City, Nigeria. He
received PhD degree in Informatics, 1988 from Milan State University (Italy) and B.Sc. in
Mechanical Engineering in 1983, from Carpi Institute of Technology, Italy. He has tau ght in
various Higher and Post Primary Institutions both in United Kingdom and Italy. He is a
member of various professional bodies in United Kingdom, which includes: Member of
British Computer Society (MBCS), Member of British Engineering Council (CEng), Chartered Institute of
Information Scientist (CITP) General Teaching Council for England. He has published nationally and
internationally. His research interests are in Computer Modelling, Simulation, Computer Network and
Communications.
23. International Journal of Wireless Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 6, No. 5, October 2014
Dr. Joseph Isabona is a Senior lecturer in the department of Basic Sciences (Physics Unit),
Benson Idahosa University, Benin City, Nigeria. He received Ph.D and M.Sc. degrees in
Physics Electronics, 2013 and 2007 from the University of Benin and Uyo respectively, and
a B.Sc in Physics in 2003, from Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State. He is a
member of the Nigerian Association of Mathematical Physics (NAMP) and Nigeria
Institute of Physics. He has published both nationally and internationally in the area of
wireless communications. His area of interest is signal processing and radio resource management in wire-less
107
networks. My mails are: jisabona@biu.edu.ng