Heterothallic species have sexes that reside in different individuals. . The term is applied particularly to distinguish heterothallic fungi, which require two compatible partners to produce sexual spores, from homothallic ones, which are capable of sexual reproduction from a single organism.
Heterothallic species have sexes that reside in different individuals. . The term is applied particularly to distinguish heterothallic fungi, which require two compatible partners to produce sexual spores, from homothallic ones, which are capable of sexual reproduction from a single organism.
Embyrology in relation to Taxonomy. It is one of the concepts in Modern Taxonomy.in which embryological data is used to strengthen existing classification system.
Detail about Basidiomycetes.In this detail about its Ecosystem Relationship,Symbiotic Relationships,General characters,Basidiospores,Life cycle and its Fruiting body.
Contact Email: mzeeshan_93@yahoo.com
Introduction of Phylum Deuteromycota
Characteristics of Phylum Deuteromycota
Economical importance of members of phylum Deuteromycota
Trichophyton interdigidale ( cause Athlete’s foot disease)
Monilinia fructigena (brown rots)
Penicillium roquefortii ( manufacture of blue chesses)
Penicillium chrysogenum - Antibiotic penicillin
Plant pathogens
Human pathogens - Candida species
Human/Animal pathogens -Dermatomycosis
Biological control of soil-borne diseases.
INTRODUCTION
Phylum Deuteromycota is a polyphyletic group of asexually-reproducing fungi that do not display a sexual phase; they are known as imperfect.
They do not fit into the commonly established taxonomic classifications of fungi that are based on biological species concepts or morphological characteristics of sexual structures because their sexual form of reproduction has never been observed , hence the name imperfect fungi. It has 04 orders. Such as:
Moniliales
Sphaeropsidales
Melanconiales
Mycelia Sterlia
Characteristics:
Most Deuteromycota live on land with a few aquatic exceptions.
They form visible mycelia with a fuzzy appearance called ‘mold’.
Deuteromycota don’t possess the sexual structures that are used the classify other fungi. They are strictly asexual reproduction and conidial spores are produced.
Most Deuteromycota have a well-developed, septate mycelium with distinct conidiophores. but some have a unicellular thallus.
With the exception of one group, all members reproduce by means of special spores known as conidia. A few imperfect fungi lack conidia and form only sclerotia.
Recombination of genetic material is known to take place between the different nuclei after some hyphae recombine.
Introduction
Class Zygomycetes
General characters of Zygomycetes
Order Mucorales
Order Entomophthorales
Order Zoopagales
Life cycle of zygomycetes in Rhizopus stolonifer
Embyrology in relation to Taxonomy. It is one of the concepts in Modern Taxonomy.in which embryological data is used to strengthen existing classification system.
Detail about Basidiomycetes.In this detail about its Ecosystem Relationship,Symbiotic Relationships,General characters,Basidiospores,Life cycle and its Fruiting body.
Contact Email: mzeeshan_93@yahoo.com
Introduction of Phylum Deuteromycota
Characteristics of Phylum Deuteromycota
Economical importance of members of phylum Deuteromycota
Trichophyton interdigidale ( cause Athlete’s foot disease)
Monilinia fructigena (brown rots)
Penicillium roquefortii ( manufacture of blue chesses)
Penicillium chrysogenum - Antibiotic penicillin
Plant pathogens
Human pathogens - Candida species
Human/Animal pathogens -Dermatomycosis
Biological control of soil-borne diseases.
INTRODUCTION
Phylum Deuteromycota is a polyphyletic group of asexually-reproducing fungi that do not display a sexual phase; they are known as imperfect.
They do not fit into the commonly established taxonomic classifications of fungi that are based on biological species concepts or morphological characteristics of sexual structures because their sexual form of reproduction has never been observed , hence the name imperfect fungi. It has 04 orders. Such as:
Moniliales
Sphaeropsidales
Melanconiales
Mycelia Sterlia
Characteristics:
Most Deuteromycota live on land with a few aquatic exceptions.
They form visible mycelia with a fuzzy appearance called ‘mold’.
Deuteromycota don’t possess the sexual structures that are used the classify other fungi. They are strictly asexual reproduction and conidial spores are produced.
Most Deuteromycota have a well-developed, septate mycelium with distinct conidiophores. but some have a unicellular thallus.
With the exception of one group, all members reproduce by means of special spores known as conidia. A few imperfect fungi lack conidia and form only sclerotia.
Recombination of genetic material is known to take place between the different nuclei after some hyphae recombine.
Introduction
Class Zygomycetes
General characters of Zygomycetes
Order Mucorales
Order Entomophthorales
Order Zoopagales
Life cycle of zygomycetes in Rhizopus stolonifer
Biology I Presentation
FUNGI
We will learn
General characteristics of fungi
Structure of fungi
Economic Importance
Pathogenicity
Brief intro of some fungi
THE SIX KINGDOMS
Fungi are placed in a separate kingdom called the kingdom fungi
OF FUNGI
CHARACTERISTICS
The Characteristics of Fungi
Fungi are NOT plants
Nonphotosynthetic
Eukaryotes
Nonmotile
Most are saprobes (live on dead organisms)
The Characteristics of Fungi
Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food first & then absorb it into their bodies
Release digestive enzymes to break down organic material or their host
Store food energy as glycogen
The Characteristics of Fungi
Important decomposers & recyclers of nutrients in the environment
Most are multicellular, except unicellular yeast
Lack true roots, stems or leaves
fungi as a decomposers
The Characteristics of Fungi
Cell walls are made of chitin (complex polysaccharide)
Body is called the Thallus
Grow as microscopic tubes or filaments called hyphae
The Characteristics of Fungi
Some fungi are internal or external parasites
A few fungi act like predators & capture prey like roundworms
The Characteristics of Fungi
Some are edible, while others are poisonous
The Characteristics of Fungi
Produce both sexual and asexual spores
Classified by their sexual reproductive structures
The Characteristics of Fungi
Grow best in warm, moist environments
Mycology is the study of fungi
Mycologists study fungi
A fungicide is a chemical used to kill fungi
The Characteristics of Fungi
Fungi include puffballs, yeasts, mushrooms, toadstools, rusts, smuts, ringworm, and molds
The antibiotic penicillin is made by the Penicillium mold
FUNGI SIZE
NON-REPRODUCTIVE
Vegetative Structures
Hyphae
Tubular shape
ONE continuous cell
Filled with cytoplasm & nuclei
Multinucleate
Hard cell wall of chitin also in insect exoskeletons
Hyphae
Stolons – horizontal hyphae that connect groups of hyphae to each other
Rhizoids – rootlike parts of hyphae that anchor the fungus
Hyphae
Cross-walls called SEPTA may form compartments
Septa have pores for movement of cytoplasm
Form network called mycelia that run through the thallus (body)
Absorptive Heterotroph
Fungi get carbon from organic sources
Tips of Hyphae release enzymes
Enzymatic breakdown of substrate
Products diffuse back into hyphae
Modifications of hyphae
Fungi may be classified based on cell division (with or without cytokinesis)
Aseptate or coenocytic (without septa)
Septate (with septa)
Modifications of hyphae
Hyphal growth
Hyphae grow from their tips
Mycelium is an extensive, feeding web of hyphae
Mycelia are the ecologically active bodies of fungi
ASEXUAL & SEXUAL SPORES
REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES
REPRODUCTION
Most fungi reproduce Asexually and Sexually by spores
ASEXUAL reproduction is most common method & produces genetically identical organisms
Fungi reproduce SEXUALLY when conditions are poor & nutrients
Fungi classification plant pathology.pptxAjayDesouza V
Unveiling the Fungi: A Journey Through Classification
The world of fungi, with its vast diversity and enigmatic nature, has captivated biologists for centuries. From the humble molds feasting on forgotten bread to the majestic mushrooms sprouting in damp forests, these fascinating organisms play crucial roles in ecosystems, yet their classification remains a complex and evolving field. This essay delves into the intricate tapestry of fungal classification, exploring the major phyla and delving into the underlying principles that categorize these remarkable beings. Traditionally, the kingdom Fungi was comprised of five primary phyla, each distinguished by their unique reproductive mechanisms and cellular structures. The Chytridiomycota, often dubbed "the chytrids," are microscopic marvels found in freshwater and marine environments. These tiny filamentous fungi employ flagellated zoospores for dispersal, resembling swimming sperm cells. In contrast, the Zygomycota, also known as "bread molds," engage in a simpler yet no less fascinating reproductive strategy. During sexual reproduction, their hyphae fuse, forming characteristic zygosporangia, structures within which new spores develop. Moving on to the more conspicuous fungi, we encounter the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, encompassing the majority of known fungal species. Ascomycetes, including the familiar yeasts and truffles, produce their spores inside sac-like structures called asci. Their diversity is staggering, ranging from the vibrant orange of lobster mushrooms to the velvety black of morels. Basidiomycota, on the other hand, are renowned for their fruiting bodies, including the iconic mushrooms we see in supermarkets and forests. These charismatic fungi produce spores on club-shaped structures called basidia, adorning the landscape with their often vibrant hues and intricate shapes. However, the fungal kingdom is not a static entity. Advances in molecular biology have unveiled hidden relationships and challenged traditional classifications. The controversial phylum **Deuteromycota**, once encompassing fungi that lacked a known sexual cycle, has been largely disbanded, with its members reclassified into existing phyla based on genetic analysis. Additionally, a new phylum, Glomeromycota, has been recently recognized, consisting of symbiotic root fungi essential for plant growth. Beyond phylogenetic classification, fungi can be categorized based on their ecological roles and nutritional strategies. Saprophytic fungi, adept at decomposing dead organic matter, are the tireless recyclers of the natural world, playing a vital role in nutrient cycling.Parasitic fungi, on the other hand, obtain their nourishment from living hosts, some causing devastating plant diseases, while others form intricate partnerships with their benefactors. The symbiotic relationship between fungi and algae in lichens is a testament to the remarkable diversity of fungal interactions with other organisms.
Fungi classification plant pathology.pptxAjayDesouza V
The classification of fungi is a complex and ever-evolving field, but I can give you a good overview of the main categories and some of the key characteristics that define them.
**Firstly, it's important to differentiate between true fungi and fungus-like organisms:
True fungi: These are the "classic" fungi we typically think of, with cell walls made of chitin and a heterotrophic lifestyle (obtaining nutrients from other organisms). They are further divided into several phyla based on their reproductive structures and cell wall composition.
* **Fungus-like organisms:** These share some similarities with true fungi, but lack certain defining characteristics like chitin cell walls or fungal-specific metabolic pathways. Some common examples include water molds (oomycetes), slime molds (myxomycetes), and chytridiomycetes.
**Here are the main phyla of true fungi:**
1. **Chytridiomycota (Chytrids):** The most primitive lineage, known for their aquatic lifestyle and flagellated zoospores. Examples include Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, a chytrid fungus responsible for amphibian declines worldwide.
2. **Zygomycota (Conjugated fungi):** Characterized by the formation of zygospores during sexual reproduction. Common examples include bread mold (Rhizopus stolonifer) and athlete's foot fungus (Mucor circinelloides).
3. **Ascomycota (Sac fungi):** The most diverse and species-rich phylum, including yeasts, molds, and many common mushrooms. Their defining feature is the ascus, a sac-like structure containing ascospores. Examples include brewer's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), penicillin mold (Penicillium chrysogenum), and morels (Morchella spp.).
4. **Basidiomycota (Club fungi):** Another large and diverse phylum, known for their fruiting bodies with basidia that produce basidiospores. Examples include mushrooms like button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus), chanterelles (Cantharellus cibarius), and various bracket fungi.
5. **Glomeromycota:** A recently established phylum characterized by their symbiotic relationship with plant roots. They play a crucial role in plant nutrient uptake and soil health.
**In addition to these phyla, the Deuteromycota (Fungi imperfecti) category exists:**
* **Deuteromycota:** This group used to be classified as a separate phylum, but most of its members have now been reclassified into other phyla based on genetic analysis. They lack a known sexual reproductive stage, but many are still important ecologically and commercially. Examples include bread mold (Neurospora crassa) and the antibiotic-producing Penicillium species.
Remember, this is just a brief overview, and there are many more intricacies to the classification of fungi. If you have any specific questions about a particular type of fungus or want to delve deeper into a specific phylum, I'd be happy to provide more information!
Deuteromycotina is a polyphyletic group of fungi that reproduce asexually by the generation of conidia (asexual spores). Because these fungi lack a sexual reproductive cycle, they do not have a known sexual stage in their life cycle. The categorization of Deuteromycotina has been debated, as the lack of a documented sexual stage has made determining their evolutionary links with other fungal taxa problematic. With the introduction of molecular biology tools in recent years, several Deuteromycotina species have been reassigned into other fungal phyla based on genetic similarities. Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Trichoderma are examples of Deuteromycotina that are commonly used in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries for the synthesis of antibiotics and other chemicals. However, genetic analysis has led to the reclassification of many of these fungi into different phyla.
This file gives general information about characteristics and importance of the fungi belonging to the order Perenosporalees and its major families albuginaceae, perenosporaceae and pythiaceae
Taxonomy, classification and life cycle of cultivated Mushroomigkv raipur
Mushroom are generally appears in rainy season during (June- september)
In nature growth of mushroom is of two types
Epigenous ( epi = upon and genous = on earth)
Hypogenous (hypo = under and genous = earth )
Similar to characteristics and importance of Agaricales order (20)
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
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Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
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Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
3. INTRODUCTION
Agaricales : includes basidiomycetes fungi whose fruiting
body commonly called as Mushroom
pileus(cap) and stipe(stalk) are conspicuous part
commonly called 'gill fungi‘
270 genera and around 4000 species
Infact the word mycology (Gr. mykes=mushroom, fungus +
logos=discourse) has been derived from the mushrooms.
includes the mushrooms, the toadstools, and the boletes.
In boletes, the basidia not borne on gills, they are lined inside
deep tubes rarely on shallow pits formed on the undersurface
of the fleshy basidiocarp.
4. BOTANICAL CLASSIFICATION
Mushrooms are fleshy, sometimes tough, umbrella-like sporophores that
bear basidia on the surface of gills or plates (lamellae)
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Mycota
Sub-division: Basidiomycotina
Class: Basidiomycetes
Sub-class: Holobasidiomycetidae II or Hymenomycetes II
Order: Agaricales
Family: Agaricaceae
Genus: Agaricus
Species: bisporus
5. Characterstics
1. Distribution and habitat
Ubiquitous
Terrestrial (all types of woodland and grassland)
Psathyrella aquatica, the only gilled mushroom known to
fruit underwater
6. 2. Somatic structures
Mushroom is not the whole fungus.
Mycelium is the vegetative part
mushroom is the reproductive part
Mycelia 3 types
Primary, secondary and tertiary
Primary mycelium arises from a homokaryotic basidiospore
secondary mycelium is dikaryotic hyphae
tertiary mycelium forms complex fruit bodies
7. 2. Somatic structures contd…
Fairy rings
The Mycelium of some mushrooms when it grows
on the ground particularly forms a circular colony
that continues growing year after year and
produces a crop of basidiocarps at the periphery
of the colony thus forming a ring called a fairy ring.
8. 3. Asexual reproduction
Asexual reproduction by 2 types of oidia in few agaricales
Coprinus cinereus has oidia of the wet type
monokaryons of Coprinus micaceaus and Clitocybe truncicola has dry
type oidia
Oidia can perform two functions
May germinate and give rise to mycelium
may behave as spermatia
Coprinus lagopus and Volvariella volvacea produce Chlamydospores
which germinate and give rise to mycelium
9. 4. Sexual reproduction:
Majority of the members are heterothallic and show either unifactorial
or bifactorial heterothallism
compatible thalli are brought together either by hyphal fusion or by
means of oidia
The dikaryotic mycelium thus formed ultimately leads to the formation
of basidiocarps
The fusion of the dikaryotic nuclei takes place in the basidium
(produced in the gills) which is followed by reductional division
resulting in the formation of generally uninucleate but sometimes
binucleate basidiospore which are haploid.
10. 5. Basidiocarp
The fruiting body (sporocarp, basidiocarp, basidioma) has a
stalk (stipe) and a pileus
Shape of pileus : conical to flattened
center has knob or pit
Color of pileus : All shades (red, yellow, purple, white,
orange, pink, green, brown or black)
basidia are borne on gills or tubes in pileus
gills or tubes on the pileus may be closely or distantly
spaced
11. 5. Basidiocarp
Other structures besides gills and pileus
Annulus: skirt like ring on stipe
Cortina : veil on margin of pileus
Volva : cup like membrane surrounding the base of
stipe
Three basic types of basidiocarp development have
been recognized viz. gymnocarpous,
psuedoangiocarpous and hemiangiocarpous
14. TRICHOLOMATACEAE
large family composed of white spored
species with attached gills
The Armillariella mellea (honey mushroom)
produce basidiocarp in clusterson the roots of
trees or dead stumps
Pleurotus ostreatus, P. sapidus, P. ulmaris are
good edible mushrooms of this family
Fig: Pleurotus ostreatus
15. AGARICACEAE
Distinguishing characters
blackish or brown colour of the basidiospores
presence of pallid to pink or rosaceous coloured free
gills on the pileus
An annulus is typically present on the stipe
They are fine edible mushrooms. e.g. Agaricus
bisporus, A. campestris, etc.
Fig : Agaricus bisporus
16. Beneficial effects of Agaricales
a) Source of nutrient
Protein 40.93%
Vitamins Quantity
B1 (thiamine) 0.12 mg
B2 (riboflavin) 0.52 gm
C (Ascorbic acid) 8.60 gm
K Little
Niacin 5.05 mg
Pantothenic acid 2.38 mg
Minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, iron, sodium and potassium obtained in
good quantity.
They have high amount of lysine and tryptophan, which are deficient in cereals
17. b) Economic value
significantly higher rate of economic return
Button Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus), Oyster mushroom
(Pluerotus sajor-caju), Paddy straw mushroom (Volvariella
volvacea) and Shitake (Lentinus edodes) are common in
Nepal
mushroom like Yarshagumba is highly valuable
great potential for the enhancement of economic status of poor
people in our country
18. c) Medicinal use
Morchella- For fever and diarrhea
Pleurotus officinalis- Used against stoppage of bleeding, also
against T. B., Jaundice, Worms
Fomes ignarius- Rapid coagulation of blood
Ganoderma lucidum- Known for longevity mushroom, fights
against any disease
Coprinus comatus- Antidiabetic effect
Lentinus edodes, Auricularia polytricha, Agaricus bisporus-
Lowers blood cholesterol level
19. d) Neutriceuticals and dietary
supplements
Mushroom neutriceutical is defined as mushroom extract which
is consumed in the form of capsules or tablets as a dietary
supplement and has potential therapeutic applications.
20. e) Others
Fomes fomentarium, Ganoderma applanatus used in making
cap, hand bag
Coprinus comatus used as ink for writing
21. Harmful effects
Some mushroom are poisonous and takes a life of human
Major types of mushroom poisoning and their effects
liver and kidney damage, and death; onset of symptoms
following ingestion, over 6 hours, usually 10 hrs
Group I - Deadly cyclopeptide (amanitin) poisoning:
Genus: Amanita and Galerina
Group II - Deadly monomethyhydrazine poisoning
Genus: Gyromitra (Helvella)
22. Harmful effects contd…
affecting the autonomic nervous system; onset
of symptoms 20 minutes to 2 hrs.
Group III - Coprine poisoining
Genus: Coprinus
Group IV - Muscarine (sweating poisioning)
Genus: Clitocybe and Inocybe
23. Harmful effects contd…
affecting the central nervous system; onset of
symptoms 20 minutes to 2 hrs.
Group V - Ibutenic acid -muscimol poisoning
Genus: Amanita
Group VI - Psilocybin- psilocin poisoning
Genus: Psilocybe and Panaeolus
24. Harmful effects contd…
causing gastrointestinal irritation; onset of
symptoms 30 minutes to 3 hrs
Group VII - Gastrointestinal irritants
Genus: Russula