HIV/AIDS remains a significant global public health issue. Over 34 million people worldwide are living with HIV/AIDS. There is no cure for HIV/AIDS, but antiretroviral therapy can effectively treat the infection long-term by suppressing the virus. HIV damages and destroys cells of the immune system called CD4 cells, ultimately weakening the immune system and leaving the body vulnerable to opportunistic infections. Common modes of HIV transmission include unprotected sex, contaminated blood transfusions, needle sharing, and mother-to-child during birth or breastfeeding. Consistent condom use and needle exchange programs are effective prevention methods.

1. Know AIDS for NO AIDS !
Anika Tabassum Bristy
North South University

2. 
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AIDS - Acquired Immunodeficiency
Syndrome
Syndrome means – group of diseases
Its marked by opportunistic infections
It limits the body’s ability to fight infection
Final stage of HIV infection
No cure

3. EPIDEMIOLOGY
Worldwide,
 34.2 million people are living with HIV
around the world.
 1.8 million new cases of HIV in 2010
 2.5 million deaths in person with AIDS
in 2011.
 Nearly 30 million people with AIDS
have died worldwide since the
epidemic began.
Reference - http://aids.com/hiv-basics/basicstatistics/

4. 
No of people living with HIV
Total
35.3 million
[32.2 million – 38.8 million]
Adult
32.1 million
[29.1 million – 35.3 million]
Women
17.7 million
[16.4 million – 19.3 million]
Children
3.3 million
[3.0 million – 3.7 million]
• People newly infected with HIV in 2012
Total
2.3 million
[1.9 million – 2.7 million]
Adult
2.0 million
[1.7 million – 2.4 million]
Children
260 000
[230 000 – 320 000]
AIDS deaths in 2012 - 1.6 million
Reference - UNAIDS

5. 
The first case of HIV/AIDS in Bangladesh was detected in 1989.
HIV and AIDS estimates (2012)
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Number of people living with HIV
Adults (15 to 49 age ) prevalence rate
Adults aged 15 and up living with HIV
Women aged 15 and up living with HIV
Deaths due to AIDS
8,000 [3,100 - 82,000]
- <0.1% [<0.1% - <0.1%]
- 7,600 [3,000 - 80,000]
- 2,700 [1,000 - 28,000]
- <500 [<200 - 2,300]
Reference – UNAIDS
(http://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/bangladesh/)

6. Most affected –
USA, South Africa
,Eastern Africa, India
Severely affected China , Russia, Brazil,
Vietnam
Less affected –
Australia, Saudi
Arabia, Afghanistan

7. • Causative agent – HIV
• HIV - “Human Immunodeficiency Virus”
• A lentivirus (slowly replicating retrovirus)
•Two types of HIV have been characterized – HIV-1 & HIV-2.
HIV 1
.
HIV 2
Virulence
High
Lower
Infectivity
High
Low
Transmission
Easily
Less easily
Prevalence
Global
West Africa
Development
Comparatively fast
Slow

8. Professor Luc Montagnier - discovered HIV in 1983.
• How HIV causes AIDS ?
- HIV destroys a certain kind of blood
cell (CD4 + T cells) which is crucial to the
normal function of the human immune
system.
• Loss of these cells in people with HIV
leads to the development of AIDS.
AIDS is the final state of HIV infection .

9. 1. Binding
2. Reverse Transcription
3. Integration
3. Transcription
5. Translation
6. Viral Assembly and
Maturation

10. 1. Through Body Fluids –
• Blood product
• Semen
• Vaginal Fluid
• Breast milk
2. Through IV drug use
3. Through sex
4. From mother to fetus
and baby

11. Coughing , sneezing
Insect bites
Water , food
Touching
Kissing
Handshake
Sharing cups , plates, glasses
Playing together
Sharing study materials , office equipments
HIV is not an airborne virus .

12. Stage 1 : Primary
• Short, flu-like illness - occurs one to six weeks after infection
•
no symptoms at all
Stage 2 :Asymptomatic
• Lasts for an average of ten years
• This stage is free from symptoms
• There may be swollen glands
• The level of HIV in the blood drops to very low levels
• HIV antibodies are detectable in the blood
Stage 3 - Symptomatic
• The symptoms are mild
• The immune system is damaged
• emergence of opportunistic infections and cancers

13. Stage – 4 : HIV  AIDS
• The immune system weakens
• The illnesses become more severe leading to an AIDS diagnosis
Stage -1
Stage - 2
Stage -3
Stage - 4

14.  HIV multiply inside CD 4 cell and destroy them .
 Immune system becomes weakened.
 Over time , the ability to fight against infection is lost.
 HIV infected people become vulnerable to opportunistic infections .
That is AIDS .
Kaposi’s
sarcoma, a kind
of skin cancer
Cryptosporidiosis
Opportunistic diseases
take advantage of
weakened immune
systems. These
include…
Pneumocystis
carinii, a kind of
pneumonia
Candidiasis

15. Dry skin
Fatigue
Fever (comes and goes )
Diarrhea
Frequent vaginal infection
Headache
Mouth sores
Rapid weight loss
Swollen lymph nodes
White spots on tongue, mouth & throat

16. A sample of blood, urine or a swab of fluids from mouth are taken for the diagnosis .
The tests include –
 HIV antbody test
 PCR test (Polymerase Chain Reaction test) - can detect the genetic
material of HIV
 CD4 count –
600-1200 cells per cubic mm of blood - A healthy person's CD4 count
350-600 – HIV+ person . But HIV medications are typically not indicated.
200 – 350 - the immune system is weakened & medications indicated.
Less than 200 – The patient is classified as having AIDS.
 Viral load – (measures the amount of virus in blood )
 ELISA test
 SPOT test
 WESTERN BLOT test
 Drug resistance

17. There is ACTUALLY no cure for AIDS .
1. Antiretroviral therapy
- reduce the presence of the virus in the body, but can not
eliminate it.
Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase inhibitors
(Zidovudine)
Non-Nucleoside Transcriptase inhibitors (Nevirapine)
Protease inhibitor (Ritonavir)
Taking two or more antiretroviral drugs at a time is called
combination therapy. If only one drug was taken, HIV would
quickly become resistant to it.
2. Opportunistic Infection Treatment
Used in an event where antiretroviral drugs are not available

18. • Protected sex
- use a condom.
• Using New and sterile needle
•
- to significantly reduce the risk of HIV
transmission.
• Avoidance of same gender sex
• Screen all blood and blood products
• Getting medical care during
pregnancy
- to reduce the risk of virus
transmission to baby
PREVENTION IS BETTER
THAN CURE !