This document provides information about knitting and common knitting defects. It begins by defining knitting as a technique that uses intermeshed loops of yarn to form fabric. It then compares characteristics of woven and knitted fabrics. The document classifies types of knitted fabrics and defines important knitting terms. Finally, it describes and provides causes and remedies for several common knitting defects such as drop stitches, barriness, imperfections, and contamination.
In weft knitting, the loops are formed across width of the fabric Each weft thread is fed , more or less at right angles to the direction in which the fabric is produced.Weft-knit fabrics may also be knit with multiple yarns, usually to produce interesting color patterns.
Warp knitting is a family of knitting methods in which the yarn zigzags along the length of the fabric, i.e., following adjacent columns ("wales") of knitting, rather than a single row ("course"). For comparison, knitting across the width of the fabric is called weft knitting.Warp knitting machines--needles are mounted collectively and rigidly in a horizontal metal bar (the needle bar that runs the full knitting width of the machine).
Fancy yarns are special products of spinning, twisting, wrapping, texturing and knitting, etc. The demand for yarns with structural and/or optical effects is due to the special aesthetic and high decorative appeal to the woven, knitted materials, and other textiles as well. Textile materials that are produced using yarns with effects find applications in normal and high fashion clothing.
Satin Weave & it’s derivatives by: Khodadad Ibrahim Anikfahim zauwad
Satin weave, although more complicated, is a flexible type of weave than the plain weave. It is called ‘satin’ when filament fibers such as silk or nylon are used and is called ‘sateen’ when short-staple yarns like cotton is used to make it.
The satin weave is lustrous with a smooth surface and it drapes in an excellent manner.
Terry fabric is a knitted fabric with ring yarn or terry covering at one or both sides. It belongs to one of the fancy knitted fabrics. Terry fabric is characterized by soft touch, thick texture, excellent water absorption and heat retention. Terry fabric can be divided into single-sided and double-sided terry loop fabrics. The terry can form pattern effect on the knitting surface distributed according to some certain rules. Terry fabric after shearing or other process can be turned into fleece fabric or velvet fabric.
In weft knitting, the loops are formed across width of the fabric Each weft thread is fed , more or less at right angles to the direction in which the fabric is produced.Weft-knit fabrics may also be knit with multiple yarns, usually to produce interesting color patterns.
Warp knitting is a family of knitting methods in which the yarn zigzags along the length of the fabric, i.e., following adjacent columns ("wales") of knitting, rather than a single row ("course"). For comparison, knitting across the width of the fabric is called weft knitting.Warp knitting machines--needles are mounted collectively and rigidly in a horizontal metal bar (the needle bar that runs the full knitting width of the machine).
Fancy yarns are special products of spinning, twisting, wrapping, texturing and knitting, etc. The demand for yarns with structural and/or optical effects is due to the special aesthetic and high decorative appeal to the woven, knitted materials, and other textiles as well. Textile materials that are produced using yarns with effects find applications in normal and high fashion clothing.
Satin Weave & it’s derivatives by: Khodadad Ibrahim Anikfahim zauwad
Satin weave, although more complicated, is a flexible type of weave than the plain weave. It is called ‘satin’ when filament fibers such as silk or nylon are used and is called ‘sateen’ when short-staple yarns like cotton is used to make it.
The satin weave is lustrous with a smooth surface and it drapes in an excellent manner.
Terry fabric is a knitted fabric with ring yarn or terry covering at one or both sides. It belongs to one of the fancy knitted fabrics. Terry fabric is characterized by soft touch, thick texture, excellent water absorption and heat retention. Terry fabric can be divided into single-sided and double-sided terry loop fabrics. The terry can form pattern effect on the knitting surface distributed according to some certain rules. Terry fabric after shearing or other process can be turned into fleece fabric or velvet fabric.
A presentation on the technology of thread and seams, including thread and needle types, sizing conventions, seam and stitch types, and trouble shooting.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
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In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Knitting and defects
1. Prepared by
Rasmin Thahani Z,
Assistant Professor,
Syed Ammal Arts and Science College,
Ramanathapuram.
TEXTILE SCIENCE
KNITTING AND ITS DEFECTS
2. KNITTING
• Knitting is a technique of fabric formation
from yarn.
• Knitting is the art of construction in fabric
by intermeshing the yarn loops.
• A loop within a loop by some knitting
elements.
4. Woven Fabric Knitted Fabric
Generally coarser count is used. All types of counts can be used.
Moisture absorbency is more. Moisture absorbency is less.
Crease resistance is high. Crease resistance is less.
Fabric is thicker. Fabric is thin.
No wrinkles is formed. Ironing not
required.
Required ironing.
Knitted fabric has good extensibility. Extensibility has less.
Pleat sharpness is less. Pleat sharpness is high.
5. Woven Fabric Knitted Fabric
More permeability to air. Less permeability to air.
Less stronger fabrics. More stronger fabrics.
Any small defects occur in fabric, it
leads to more damage in cloth because
it cannot be mended easily.
No such problems.
7. Important terms in Knitting
• Course:
Series of loops that intermeshes horizontally
in a fabric is called course. Course determines
the length of the fabric and measured in course
per inch.
8. Important terms in Knitting
• Wales:
Series of loops that intermeshes vertically in
a fabric is called as Wales. Wales determines the
width of the fabric and measured as Wales per
inch.
9. Types of loops
• Elements of knitting loop structure.
• Loop consists of two parts:
1. Sinker loop
2. Needle loop
• This two loops are simply known as knit loop.
10. Needle Loop
• A loop in a knitted fabric which
has been drawn through a
previous loops by a needle.
• The needle loop is the
simplest unit of knitted structure.
• Needle loop is the top portion of each loop.
11. Sinker Loop
• A loop that connects two adjacent needle loops,
a bottom portion ‘U’ shape is called as sinker
loop.
12. Face loop
• When a loop is drawn from
the back of the previous loop
to the front of the fabric is
called as face loop.
13. Back loop
• When a loop is drawn
from the face of the previous
loop to the back of the
fabric is called as back loop.
14. Stitch Length or Loop Length
• The length of the yarn associated with a loop is
called loop length.
16. Yarn related defects:
Almost all the defects appearing in horizontal direction in the
knitted fabric are yarn related defects.
The defects are:
• Barriness
• Thick and thin lines
• Dark or light horizontal line (due to the difference in dye pick
up)
• Imperfection
• Contamination
• Snarling
• Spirality
17. Knitted Element related defects:
Almost all the defects appearing in vertical line
direction. Knitted fabrics are as a cause of bad
knitting elements.
The defects are:
• Needle & Sinker line
• Drop stitches
18. Machine Setting Element related
defects:
These defects appear randomly in the knitted fabric
due to the wrong knitted machine setting and that of
machine parts.
The defects are:
• Drop stitches
• Yarn sleaks
• Barriness
• Fabric Press Off
19. Dyeing related defects:
The defects are:
• Dyeing Patches
• Shade variation
• Colour fasting
• Dull shades
• Crease or rope marks
20. Finishing related defects:
The defects are:
• High shrinkage
• Spirality
• Face hairiness & pilling
• Fold marks
• GSM Variation
22. Drop Stitches (Holes):
• Drop stitches are randomly appearing small or big holes of the same or
different size which appear as defects in the knitted fabric.
Causes:
• High yarn tension
• Yarn overfeed or under feed
• Defects like slubs, neps and knot, etc.
• Incorrect gap between the dial and rings.
Remedies:
• Ensure yarn tension on all the defects with a tension meter.
• Rate of yarn feed should be strictly regulated as per the stitch length.
• The yarn being used have no imperfection like slubs, neps and big knot, etc.
• The gap between the cylinder and dial should be correctly adjusted as per
the knitted loop size.
23. Barriness:
• Barriness defects appear in the knitted fabric in the form of
horizontal stripes of uniform variable width.
Causes:
• High yarn tension
• Count variation
• Mixing of the yarn lots
Remedies:
• Ensure uniform yarn tension on all the feeders.
• The average count variation in the lot.
• Ensure the yarn being used for knitting in the same lot.
24. Imperfection:
• Imperfection appear on the fabric surface in the
form of unevenly placed or randomly appeared
knots. Slubs & neps thick & thin places in the yarn.
Causes:
• Big knots, slubs & neps in the
yarn, thick and thin yarns.
Remedies:
• Specific the quality parameters of the yarn to be
used for production to the yarn supplier.
25. Spirality:
• Spirality appears in the forms of a twisted garment after washing. The
seams on both sides of the garment displace from their position and appear
on the front and back of the garment.
Causes:
• High TPI of the hosiery yarn.
• Uneven fabric tension on the knitting
machine.
• Overall rate of the fabric feed on the
slenter, calender compactor machine.
Remedies:
• Use the hosiery yarn to the recommended TPM level for knitting.
• Ensure uniform rate of feed of the dyed fabric on both the edges, while
feeding the fabric to the calender, compactor or slenter machine.
26. Broken Needles:
• Defects caused by the broken needles show prominently a
vertical line parallel to the Wales. There are no loops formed
in the wale which has a broken needle.
Causes:
• High yarn tension
• Bad setting of the yarn feeder
• Old and worn out needle set.
Remedies:
• Ensure uniform and the right yarn tension on all the feeders.
• Keep the recommended gab between the yarn feeders and the
needles.
• Periodically change the complete set of needles.
27. Sinker Lines:
• Sinker lines are prominent and vertical line appearing parallel
to the Wales along the length of the knitted fabric.
Causes:
• Bent or worn out sinkers
• Sinker being tight in the sinker ring
Remedies:
• Replace all the worn out or bent sinkers
causing sinker lines in the fabric.
• Sinker lines are very fine and feed vertical line appear in the
fabric.
28. Needle Lines:
• Needle lines are prominent vertical line along the length of the
knitted fabric which are easily visible in the grey as well as finished
fabric.
Causes:
• Bent latches
• Needle hooks
• Needle stamps
• Wrong needle selection, wrong sequence of needle put in the
cylinder or dial.
Remedies:
• Inspect the grey fabric on the knitting machine for any needle lines
• Check the needle fitting sequence in the cylinder or dial grooves.
29. Oil Stains:
• Stains appear as spots or patches of grease, oil or dyes of
different colour, in a neat & clean finished fabric surface.
Causes:
• Crease and oil stains from the
un guarded moving machine parts like
gears, trolley wheels, etc.
• Fabric touching the floor and other
soiled places during transportation in the trolleys.
Remedies:
• Make sure that the fabric is neatly packed or in covered with
polythene sheets, while transporting or in storage.
30. Snarls:
• Snarls appear on the fabric surface, in the form of big loops of yarn
getting twisted, due to the high twist in the yarn.
Causes:
• High twist in the yarn
• Hosiery yarns are soft twisted.
• High twist in the yarn, is the
cause of snarling
• Snarls cause fabric defects &
needle breakages
Remedies:
• Ensure using hosiery yarns of the recommended TPM only
• The yarn has a balanced twist, if it doesn’t tend to rotate or turn, in
the form of a snarl.
31. Contamination:
• Contaminations appear in the form of foreign matter such as dyed
fibers, husk, dead fibers, etc. in the staple spun yarn or embedded in
the knitted fabric structure.
Causes:
• Presence of the foreign materials,
in the staple fiber mixing.
• Dyed & other types of fibers flying
from the adjacent knitting machines cling
to the yarn being used for knitting & get embedded in the Grey fabric.
Remedies:
• Use rich fiber mixing for the yarns, to be used for knitting, in order
to have less dead fibers, appearing in the fabric.