Fungi are a diverse group of organisms that include mushrooms, molds, yeasts, and microfungi. They obtain nutrients by absorbing them from surrounding materials and are important decomposers in ecosystems. Fungi can reproduce both sexually through structures like basidia and ascocarps, and asexually through spores, budding, or fragmentation. They play key roles as decomposers, pathogens, and mutualists with other organisms like plants and algae in lichens.

1. FUNGI

2. FUNGI
•COMMON FUNGI
EXAMPLES:
• Mushrooms, yeasts, molds,
morels, bracket fungi, puff
balls

3. Key Concepts:
• Fungi are heterotrophs
• Fungi are the decomposers
• Fungi use extracellular digestion – when enzymes
are secreted outside of their body to digest food
• Most fungi are multicellular
• Fungal spores develop from hyphae
• Many fungi are symbionts with other organisms

4. Characteristics of Fungi
• Multicellular
• Plant looking
• Mushrooms, molds
• Single cell
• Yeasts
• Found in soil, on plants, in
humans
Yeast

5. Fungi are adapted to absorb their
food from the environment.
Plants Both Fungi
Autotrophic
(photosynthesize)
Eukaryotic Heterotrophic (absorb and
digest from the surface they
live on for energy)
Roots Non-motile/ anchored in
soil or structure
Decomposers
1 nucleus per cell Organelles Can have 1+ nuclei per cell
Cell wall made of cellulose Cell Wall Cell wall made of chitin
(carb)

7. 3 Major Features
1.Cell walls
• Made of Chitin
• The same stuff that makes insects’ exoskeleton.

8. 2. Hyphae
• Thin filaments making up the fungus.
• Long, thread-like chains of cells.
• Grow at the tips and branch…
• Mycelium – mass of hyphae

9. 3. Cross-walls
• septum - the wall that divides cells (internal cross-
walls)

10. Anatomy of Fungi
– hyphae
– mycellium
– fruiting body
Visible
Draw in Lab Journal:
Figure 5-1 p. 553

11. Fungi come in many shapes and sizes.
• Primitive fungi are aquatic and have flagellated spores.

12. Ascomycota
Basidiomycota
Glomeromycota
Entomophthoromycotina / Zygomycota
Blastocladiales / Blastocladiomycota
Chytridiales
Spizellomycetales
Monoblepharidales
Neocallimastigales / Neocallimastigomycota
Rozella
Mucoromycotina / Zygomycota
Olpidium
Kickxellomycotina / Zygomycota
Zoopagomycotina / Zygomycota
Chytridiomycota
Microsporidia
X
?
Mesomycetozoa
Kingdom
Fungi
X = loss of flagellum
?
>80% of all
known Fungi

13. Phyla of Fungi
1. Chytridiomycota - Chytrids
2. Blastocladiomycota
3. Zoopagomycota
4. Mucoromycota
5. Zygomycota – Common Molds
6. Ascomycota – Sac Fungi
7. Basidiomycota – Club Fungi
8. Deuteromycota – Imperfect Fungi

14. 1. Phylum Chytridiomycota
• Mostly marine
• Mostly saprophytes (lives on dead
or decaying organic matter)
• Have flagellated spores

15. 2. Blastocladiomycota
• Filum ini pernah dianggap sebagai bagian dari chytrids, namun
sebagian besar chytrids sejati (Chytridiomycota) menghasilkan
miselium terbatas sementara Blastocladiomycota biasanya
membuat miselia yang banyak.

16. • Members of this phylum do exhibit a complete alternation of
generation between
1. a haploid gametophyte and
2. a diploid sporophyte
3. the phase in which meiosis occurs

17. Blastocladiomycetes
Uniflagellated zoospores
Allomyces example
• Water mold
• Haplodiplontic life cycle
• Female gametes secrete
pheromone to attract male
gametes
• Giant mitochondria in its
zoospores
• Cell Covering: Secreted body
wall of chitin and glucan.

18. Phylum Mucoromycota
Mucoromycotina is a subphylum of uncertain placement in Fungi.
It was considered part of the phylum Zygomycota, but recent
phylogenetic studies have shown that it was polyphyletic and thus
split into several groups, it is now thought to be a paraphyletic
grouping.
Mucoromycotina is currently composed of 3 orders, 61 genera, and
325 species. Some common characteristics seen throughout the
species include: development of coenocytic mycelium, saprotrophic
lifestyles, and filamentous.

19. • Mostly terrestrial.
• Two types of hyphae:
– Stolons – (horizontal) spread across the surface
– Rhizoids – (vertical) digs into the surface

22. Characteristics
• One of the groups of fungi defined by the production of asexual
aplanospores,
• fusion of gametangia to produce zygospores and
• walls of chitin and chitosan;

25. • A. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION:
Sporangiospores (aplanospores) or modified sporangia (sac-like merosporangia) functioning as conidia.
• B. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION:
Two morphologically similar gametangia fuse to produce a warty, thick zygospore. Meiosis within zygospore.
• C. VEGETATIVE HYPHAE:
Haplophase; no dikaryophase except in fused gametangia; aseptate.
• D. CELL WALLS: Chitin and chitosan.
• E. ECOLOGY: Free-living to parasitic. Free-living forms mainly terrestrial saprobes. Parasites mainly of insects, but
of other animals, too. Some parasitic on microbial eukaryotes.

26. Phylum Ascomycota (Sac Fungi)
• Most are multicellular (except for yeast)
• Most undergo asexual reproduction
• Largest phylum of Fungi
ascoscarpMorels

27. GENERAL FEATURES

28. Ascocarp

29. Reproduction
1. Asexual
Unicellular

30. • Multicellular
• Fragmentation • conidiospora

31. 2. Sexual

32. Classification

33. • Club fungi have fruiting bodies which are club-shaped.
• Most are edible
• reproductive structures called basidia
• Include mushrooms, puffballs, and shelf fungi
Phylum Basidiomycota (Club Fungi)

34. Ascomycota
Basidiomycota
Glomeromycota
Entomophthoromycotina / Zygomycota
Blastocladiales / Blastocladiomycota
Chytridiales
Spizellomycetales
Monoblepharidales
Neocallimastigales / Neocallimastigomycota
Rozella
Mucoromycotina / Zygomycota
Olpidium
Kickxellomycotina / Zygomycota
Zoopagomycotina / Zygomycota
Chytridiomycota
Microsporidia
X
?
Mesomycetozoa
Kingdom
Fungi
X = loss of flagellum
?
>80% of all
known Fungi

35. General characters:
• 1- Is one of two large Phylum that, together with
the Ascomycota .
• 2- filamentous fungi composed of hyphae
(except for basidiomycotayeast) .
• 3- reproduce sexually By the formation of
specialized club-shaped end cells called basidia
that normally bear external spores (usually
four).

36. • 4- Specialized spores in this
phylum called basidiospores .
• 5- The basidiospores on the
basidium is naked in nature or
inside a vegetable composition
called basidiocarp.
• 6- The Threaded fungal(hyphae )
in Basidiomycota forming a
Clamp connection between
adjacent cells, which are
characteristic of this Phylum

38. Basidiospores :
• Is the unit of sexual
reproduction in Basidiomycota
which is formed after passing
through the stages of sexual
reproduction Plasmogamy and
Karyogamy and then the
Meiosis٬ the last two stages
occur in the basidium and
eventually consists of four
basidiosporeson each basidium.

39. sexual reproduction

40. Asexual reproduction:
• Asexual reproduction of
Basidiomycota fungi by budding
or
• Fragmentation the mycelium or
by the formation of conidides or
by Urediospores

41. Presence :
• Basidiomycota are found on land
and in different parts of the
world.
• Most of them live on a variety of
organic materials, which have
the
• ability to decompose organic
matter and rot wood.
• Economic importance:
1- Live parasitic on plants caused by
plant diseases such as rust rust
diseases and smut diseases .
2- some species are used as food for
humans around the world, such as
fungus Mushroom .
3- some species are toxic and deadly
to humans called Toadstool, such as
Amanita sp. Which is called the Death
Angel.

42. Basidiocarp :
Basidiocarp is different in size from a small
microscope that is notseen by the naked
eye to several feet in diameter and several
kilograms inweight. For example, the size
of Polypores is 147 cm in diameter, and
themushroom weight sometimes reaches
5 pounds. Basidocarp is alsodifferent in
composition, whether it is skinning,
gelatin, wood, sponge orpaper .

43. Basidium :
• A reproductive structure in Basidiomycotafungi carried
four Strigma
• (perfect number) each Strigmacarry one Basidospores .
• Types of Basidium :
• 1- Holobasidium : consists of one cell different sizes
undivided
• 2- Phragmobasidium : divided by septa Longitudinal or
transverse
• 3- Teiliobasidium : Represent Teliospore

44. 5. Phylum Deuteromycota
Ringworm
•Asexual Reproduction
•Imperfect Fungi
•Do not fit into the commonly established taxonomic classification
•No sexual structures
•Multicellular tissue is similar to the hyphae of sac fungi and club fungi
•Erect hyphae with asexual spores similar to sac fungi and club fungi

45. Fungi Slides Lab

46. Fungi Reproduction
• 3 kinds of fungi reproduction:
– Budding
– Fragmentation
– Spore production

47. Fungi reproduce sexually and asexually.
• Most fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually.
– Yeasts reproduce asexually through budding.
– Yeasts form asci (sexual spore-bearing cell) during sexual
reproduction.

48. • Multicellular fungi have complex reproductive cycles.
– distinctive reproductive
structures
Draw in Lab Journal:
Figure 5-5 p. 556

49. • life cycles may include either sexual or asexual reproduction or both
• Draw in lab journal – Figure 5-6A p. 557
• Multicellular fungi have complex reproductive cycles.

50. • life cycles may include either sexual or asexual reproduction or both
• Draw in Lab Journal: Figure 5-6B page 557
• Multicellular fungi have complex reproductive cycles.

51. • All fungi form spores and zygotes.

52. KEY CONCEPT
Fungi recycle nutrients in the environment.

53. Fungi may be decomposers,
pathogens, or mutualists.
• Fungi and bacteria are the main decomposers in any ecosystem.
– decompose dead leaves, twigs, logs, and animals
– return nutrients to the soil
– can damage fruit trees and wooden structures

54. •Fungi can act as pathogens.
– human diseases include ringworm and athlete’s foot
– plant diseases include Dutch elm disease
–Haustoria – hyphae that penetrate the host so that the parasitic fungus can
absorb nutrients

55. •Fungi can act as mutualists.
– lichens form between fungi and algae
– mycorrhizae form between fungi and plants

56. Lichens
Bioindicators – help show when environmental
conditions are unsuitable.
Pioneer species – 1st to inhabit an environment.
Fungi (usually ascomycota) + algae (or
photosynthetic bacteria)
foliose
crustose

57. dispersal
fragment (cells of
mycobiont and of
photobiont)
cortex (outer
layer of
mycobiont)
photobionts
medulla (inner
layer of loosley
woven hyphae)
cortex
Crustose

58. Leaf-like - foliose
Old Man’s
Beard
Usnea –
fructicose
Erect branching
Lichen
Cladonia rangiferina
fructicose

59. Crustose
foliose
fructicose

60. • relationships form between fungi and some insects
• Fungi can act as mutualists.

61. Fungi are studied for many purposes.
• Fungi are useful in several ways.
– as food
– as antibiotics
– as model systems for molecular biology

62. Fungi and Humans
• Bioremediation – help clean the environment.

63. Fungi and Humans
•Molds
• Penicillium
• Penicillin
• Camembert and
Roquefort cheeses
• Aspergillus
• Soy sauce
• Soft drinks - citric
acid
•Yeasts
• Saccharomyces
cerevisiae
• Bread, wine and beer
• Candida albicans
• Infections

64. Some Pathogenic and Toxic Fungi
Zygomycetes
Rhizopus - Food spoilage
Ascomycetes
Ajeliomyces
capsulatus- Histoplasmosis
Aspergillus – sinus, ear,
lung infection
Microsporium sp.
Various ringworms.
Verticillium sp Plant wilt
Monilinia fructicola-
Brown Rot of Peaches