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fungi.pptx
Fungi are a diverse group of organisms that include mushrooms, molds, yeasts, and microfungi. They obtain nutrients by absorbing them from surrounding materials and are important decomposers in ecosystems. Fungi can reproduce both sexually through structures like basidia and ascocarps, and asexually through spores, budding, or fragmentation. They play key roles as decomposers, pathogens, and mutualists with other organisms like plants and algae in lichens.
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fungi.pptx
- 1.
- 2. FUNGI •COMMON FUNGI EXAMPLES: • Mushrooms,yeasts, molds, morels, bracket fungi, puff balls
- 3. Key Concepts: • Fungiare heterotrophs • Fungi are the decomposers • Fungi use extracellular digestion – when enzymes are secreted outside of their body to digest food • Most fungi are multicellular • Fungal spores develop from hyphae • Many fungi are symbionts with other organisms
- 4. Characteristics of Fungi •Multicellular • Plant looking • Mushrooms, molds • Single cell • Yeasts • Found in soil, on plants, in humans Yeast
- 5. Fungi are adaptedto absorb their food from the environment. Plants Both Fungi Autotrophic (photosynthesize) Eukaryotic Heterotrophic (absorb and digest from the surface they live on for energy) Roots Non-motile/ anchored in soil or structure Decomposers 1 nucleus per cell Organelles Can have 1+ nuclei per cell Cell wall made of cellulose Cell Wall Cell wall made of chitin (carb)
- 7. 3 Major Features 1.Cellwalls • Made of Chitin • The same stuff that makes insects’ exoskeleton.
- 8. 2. Hyphae • Thinfilaments making up the fungus. • Long, thread-like chains of cells. • Grow at the tips and branch… • Mycelium – mass of hyphae
- 9. 3. Cross-walls • septum- the wall that divides cells (internal cross- walls)
- 10. Anatomy of Fungi –hyphae – mycellium – fruiting body Visible Draw in Lab Journal: Figure 5-1 p. 553
- 11. Fungi come inmany shapes and sizes. • Primitive fungi are aquatic and have flagellated spores.
- 12. Ascomycota Basidiomycota Glomeromycota Entomophthoromycotina / Zygomycota Blastocladiales/ Blastocladiomycota Chytridiales Spizellomycetales Monoblepharidales Neocallimastigales / Neocallimastigomycota Rozella Mucoromycotina / Zygomycota Olpidium Kickxellomycotina / Zygomycota Zoopagomycotina / Zygomycota Chytridiomycota Microsporidia X ? Mesomycetozoa Kingdom Fungi X = loss of flagellum ? >80% of all known Fungi
- 13. Phyla of Fungi 1.Chytridiomycota - Chytrids 2. Blastocladiomycota 3. Zoopagomycota 4. Mucoromycota 5. Zygomycota – Common Molds 6. Ascomycota – Sac Fungi 7. Basidiomycota – Club Fungi 8. Deuteromycota – Imperfect Fungi
- 14. 1. Phylum Chytridiomycota •Mostly marine • Mostly saprophytes (lives on dead or decaying organic matter) • Have flagellated spores
- 15. 2. Blastocladiomycota • Filumini pernah dianggap sebagai bagian dari chytrids, namun sebagian besar chytrids sejati (Chytridiomycota) menghasilkan miselium terbatas sementara Blastocladiomycota biasanya membuat miselia yang banyak.
- 16. • Members ofthis phylum do exhibit a complete alternation of generation between 1. a haploid gametophyte and 2. a diploid sporophyte 3. the phase in which meiosis occurs
- 17. Blastocladiomycetes Uniflagellated zoospores Allomyces example •Water mold • Haplodiplontic life cycle • Female gametes secrete pheromone to attract male gametes • Giant mitochondria in its zoospores • Cell Covering: Secreted body wall of chitin and glucan.
- 18. Phylum Mucoromycota Mucoromycotina isa subphylum of uncertain placement in Fungi. It was considered part of the phylum Zygomycota, but recent phylogenetic studies have shown that it was polyphyletic and thus split into several groups, it is now thought to be a paraphyletic grouping. Mucoromycotina is currently composed of 3 orders, 61 genera, and 325 species. Some common characteristics seen throughout the species include: development of coenocytic mycelium, saprotrophic lifestyles, and filamentous.
- 19. • Mostly terrestrial. •Two types of hyphae: – Stolons – (horizontal) spread across the surface – Rhizoids – (vertical) digs into the surface
- 22. Characteristics • One ofthe groups of fungi defined by the production of asexual aplanospores, • fusion of gametangia to produce zygospores and • walls of chitin and chitosan;
- 25. • A. ASEXUALREPRODUCTION: Sporangiospores (aplanospores) or modified sporangia (sac-like merosporangia) functioning as conidia. • B. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION: Two morphologically similar gametangia fuse to produce a warty, thick zygospore. Meiosis within zygospore. • C. VEGETATIVE HYPHAE: Haplophase; no dikaryophase except in fused gametangia; aseptate. • D. CELL WALLS: Chitin and chitosan. • E. ECOLOGY: Free-living to parasitic. Free-living forms mainly terrestrial saprobes. Parasites mainly of insects, but of other animals, too. Some parasitic on microbial eukaryotes.
- 26. Phylum Ascomycota (SacFungi) • Most are multicellular (except for yeast) • Most undergo asexual reproduction • Largest phylum of Fungi ascoscarpMorels
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- 30. • Multicellular • Fragmentation• conidiospora
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- 32.
- 33. • Club fungihave fruiting bodies which are club-shaped. • Most are edible • reproductive structures called basidia • Include mushrooms, puffballs, and shelf fungi Phylum Basidiomycota (Club Fungi)
- 34. Ascomycota Basidiomycota Glomeromycota Entomophthoromycotina / Zygomycota Blastocladiales/ Blastocladiomycota Chytridiales Spizellomycetales Monoblepharidales Neocallimastigales / Neocallimastigomycota Rozella Mucoromycotina / Zygomycota Olpidium Kickxellomycotina / Zygomycota Zoopagomycotina / Zygomycota Chytridiomycota Microsporidia X ? Mesomycetozoa Kingdom Fungi X = loss of flagellum ? >80% of all known Fungi
- 35. General characters: • 1-Is one of two large Phylum that, together with the Ascomycota . • 2- filamentous fungi composed of hyphae (except for basidiomycotayeast) . • 3- reproduce sexually By the formation of specialized club-shaped end cells called basidia that normally bear external spores (usually four).
- 36. • 4- Specializedspores in this phylum called basidiospores . • 5- The basidiospores on the basidium is naked in nature or inside a vegetable composition called basidiocarp. • 6- The Threaded fungal(hyphae ) in Basidiomycota forming a Clamp connection between adjacent cells, which are characteristic of this Phylum
- 38. Basidiospores : • Isthe unit of sexual reproduction in Basidiomycota which is formed after passing through the stages of sexual reproduction Plasmogamy and Karyogamy and then the Meiosis٬ the last two stages occur in the basidium and eventually consists of four basidiosporeson each basidium.
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- 40. Asexual reproduction: • Asexualreproduction of Basidiomycota fungi by budding or • Fragmentation the mycelium or by the formation of conidides or by Urediospores
- 41. Presence : • Basidiomycotaare found on land and in different parts of the world. • Most of them live on a variety of organic materials, which have the • ability to decompose organic matter and rot wood. • Economic importance: 1- Live parasitic on plants caused by plant diseases such as rust rust diseases and smut diseases . 2- some species are used as food for humans around the world, such as fungus Mushroom . 3- some species are toxic and deadly to humans called Toadstool, such as Amanita sp. Which is called the Death Angel.
- 42. Basidiocarp : Basidiocarp isdifferent in size from a small microscope that is notseen by the naked eye to several feet in diameter and several kilograms inweight. For example, the size of Polypores is 147 cm in diameter, and themushroom weight sometimes reaches 5 pounds. Basidocarp is alsodifferent in composition, whether it is skinning, gelatin, wood, sponge orpaper .
- 43. Basidium : • Areproductive structure in Basidiomycotafungi carried four Strigma • (perfect number) each Strigmacarry one Basidospores . • Types of Basidium : • 1- Holobasidium : consists of one cell different sizes undivided • 2- Phragmobasidium : divided by septa Longitudinal or transverse • 3- Teiliobasidium : Represent Teliospore
- 44. 5. Phylum Deuteromycota Ringworm •AsexualReproduction •Imperfect Fungi •Do not fit into the commonly established taxonomic classification •No sexual structures •Multicellular tissue is similar to the hyphae of sac fungi and club fungi •Erect hyphae with asexual spores similar to sac fungi and club fungi
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- 46. Fungi Reproduction • 3kinds of fungi reproduction: – Budding – Fragmentation – Spore production
- 47. Fungi reproduce sexuallyand asexually. • Most fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually. – Yeasts reproduce asexually through budding. – Yeasts form asci (sexual spore-bearing cell) during sexual reproduction.
- 48. • Multicellular fungihave complex reproductive cycles. – distinctive reproductive structures Draw in Lab Journal: Figure 5-5 p. 556
- 49. • life cyclesmay include either sexual or asexual reproduction or both • Draw in lab journal – Figure 5-6A p. 557 • Multicellular fungi have complex reproductive cycles.
- 50. • life cyclesmay include either sexual or asexual reproduction or both • Draw in Lab Journal: Figure 5-6B page 557 • Multicellular fungi have complex reproductive cycles.
- 51. • All fungiform spores and zygotes.
- 52. KEY CONCEPT Fungi recyclenutrients in the environment.
- 53. Fungi may bedecomposers, pathogens, or mutualists. • Fungi and bacteria are the main decomposers in any ecosystem. – decompose dead leaves, twigs, logs, and animals – return nutrients to the soil – can damage fruit trees and wooden structures
- 54. •Fungi can actas pathogens. – human diseases include ringworm and athlete’s foot – plant diseases include Dutch elm disease –Haustoria – hyphae that penetrate the host so that the parasitic fungus can absorb nutrients
- 55. •Fungi can actas mutualists. – lichens form between fungi and algae – mycorrhizae form between fungi and plants
- 56. Lichens Bioindicators – helpshow when environmental conditions are unsuitable. Pioneer species – 1st to inhabit an environment. Fungi (usually ascomycota) + algae (or photosynthetic bacteria) foliose crustose
- 57. dispersal fragment (cells of mycobiontand of photobiont) cortex (outer layer of mycobiont) photobionts medulla (inner layer of loosley woven hyphae) cortex Crustose
- 58. Leaf-like - foliose OldMan’s Beard Usnea – fructicose Erect branching Lichen Cladonia rangiferina fructicose
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- 60. • relationships formbetween fungi and some insects • Fungi can act as mutualists.
- 61. Fungi are studiedfor many purposes. • Fungi are useful in several ways. – as food – as antibiotics – as model systems for molecular biology
- 62. Fungi and Humans •Bioremediation – help clean the environment.
- 63. Fungi and Humans •Molds •Penicillium • Penicillin • Camembert and Roquefort cheeses • Aspergillus • Soy sauce • Soft drinks - citric acid •Yeasts • Saccharomyces cerevisiae • Bread, wine and beer • Candida albicans • Infections
- 64. Some Pathogenic andToxic Fungi Zygomycetes Rhizopus - Food spoilage Ascomycetes Ajeliomyces capsulatus- Histoplasmosis Aspergillus – sinus, ear, lung infection Microsporium sp. Various ringworms. Verticillium sp Plant wilt Monilinia fructicola- Brown Rot of Peaches