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The parathyroid gland produces parathyroid hormone (PTH) which regulates calcium levels in the blood. PTH increases calcium levels by mobilizing calcium from bones and enhancing calcium reabsorption in kidneys. PTH release is regulated by calcium levels in the blood - low calcium stimulates PTH release while high calcium inhibits it. PTH acts on bones, kidneys and intestines to increase calcium levels. Calcitonin produced by the thyroid gland acts to decrease calcium levels. Disorders of the parathyroid gland and PTH can lead to bone diseases like osteoporosis.
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Parathyroid gland
The parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) which regulates blood calcium levels. PTH increases calcium resorption from bones and reabsorption from kidneys to raise calcium levels. It also increases vitamin D activation in kidneys to boost calcium absorption in the gut. PTH secretion is regulated by blood calcium and phosphate levels, increasing when calcium is low or phosphate is high to restore normal calcium concentrations.
Calcium homeostasis
This document discusses calcium homeostasis and its regulation in the human body. It covers the following key points:
- Calcium is essential for structural integrity of bones and normal function of biochemical processes. Its levels are tightly regulated by parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D, and calcitonin.
- 99% of calcium in the body is stored in bones, with the remaining 1% divided between intracellular and extracellular fluids. PTH acts to mobilize calcium from bones and enhance renal reabsorption when calcium levels drop.
- Vitamin D aids calcium absorption from the gut and reabsorption from kidneys. The active form is produced by PTH and kidney enzymes. Together with PTH, vitamin
Thyroid hormone
The thyroid gland produces thyroid hormones that regulate metabolism. It takes up iodine to produce thyroglobulin, which is the precursor for the active hormones T3 and T4. Production of thyroid hormones is regulated by TSH from the pituitary, which is itself regulated by TRH from the hypothalamus in a negative feedback loop. Both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism can result from problems in this regulatory system and cause a variety of symptoms and health effects.
Thyroid Hormone
The thyroid gland produces three main hormones: T4, T3, and calcitonin. T4 is produced in larger amounts than T3. Both are produced through a process involving iodine uptake and binding to tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin within the thyroid follicle. T3 has greater biological activity than T4. Hypothyroidism occurs when not enough hormones are produced, while hyperthyroidism is an overproduction. Diseases are treated through antithyroid drugs, radioactive iodine therapy, or thyroid surgery.
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The document discusses the physiology of the thyroid gland. It describes the anatomy of the thyroid, located below the larynx. The thyroid synthesizes and secretes the hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine which regulate metabolism. When functioning properly, the thyroid regulates growth and development. However, diseases can cause the thyroid to be underactive (hypothyroidism) or overactive (hyperthyroidism), producing a range of symptoms that require treatment.
Pituitary Gland
The pituitary gland, located at the base of the brain, is divided into two lobes - the anterior and posterior lobes. The anterior lobe secretes hormones that control major body functions in response to releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus. These hormones include growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, prolactin, follicle stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone. The posterior lobe stores and releases oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone, which are produced in the hypothalamus and regulate milk letdown and fluid balance. Together, the hormones of the pituitary gland help maintain homeostasis by regulating metabolism, organ functions, reproduction, and other bodily processes.
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Parathyroid gland
The parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) which regulates blood calcium levels. PTH increases calcium resorption from bones and reabsorption from kidneys to raise calcium levels. It also increases vitamin D activation in kidneys to boost calcium absorption in the gut. PTH secretion is regulated by blood calcium and phosphate levels, increasing when calcium is low or phosphate is high to restore normal calcium concentrations.
Calcium homeostasis
This document discusses calcium homeostasis and its regulation in the human body. It covers the following key points:
- Calcium is essential for structural integrity of bones and normal function of biochemical processes. Its levels are tightly regulated by parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D, and calcitonin.
- 99% of calcium in the body is stored in bones, with the remaining 1% divided between intracellular and extracellular fluids. PTH acts to mobilize calcium from bones and enhance renal reabsorption when calcium levels drop.
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The document discusses the physiology of the thyroid gland. It describes the anatomy of the thyroid, located below the larynx. The thyroid synthesizes and secretes the hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine which regulate metabolism. When functioning properly, the thyroid regulates growth and development. However, diseases can cause the thyroid to be underactive (hypothyroidism) or overactive (hyperthyroidism), producing a range of symptoms that require treatment.
Pituitary Gland
The pituitary gland, located at the base of the brain, is divided into two lobes - the anterior and posterior lobes. The anterior lobe secretes hormones that control major body functions in response to releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus. These hormones include growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, prolactin, follicle stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone. The posterior lobe stores and releases oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone, which are produced in the hypothalamus and regulate milk letdown and fluid balance. Together, the hormones of the pituitary gland help maintain homeostasis by regulating metabolism, organ functions, reproduction, and other bodily processes.
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The thyroid gland is located in the neck and produces three main hormones: T4, T3, and calcitonin. T4 makes up 90% of hormone production while T3 is 9-10%. The gland contains follicles lined with cells that secrete thyroglobulin into the follicular cavity. Iodine is added to thyroglobulin's tyrosine residues to form T4 and T3, which are stored in thyroglobulin vesicles until needed. When secreted into blood, T4 and T3 bind transport proteins while T3 has a faster action time due to weaker binding. The thyroid regulates metabolism through hormone synthesis and secretion.
Calcium disorder
Calcium levels in the body are tightly regulated through the actions of parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D, and other factors. Disorders can cause either hypercalcemia (high calcium levels) or hypocalcemia (low calcium levels). Primary hyperparathyroidism, where the parathyroid glands overproduce PTH, is a common cause of hypercalcemia and may require parathyroid surgery. Malignancy is another major cause through the action of PTH-related peptide. Severe hypercalcemia requires rehydration and drugs to reduce bone resorption and calcium levels. Hypocalcemia can result from hypoparathyroidism or resistance to PTH/vitamin D
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The parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) which regulates calcium and phosphate levels in the blood. PTH increases blood calcium levels by promoting calcium absorption in the gut and bones. It decreases blood phosphate levels by enhancing phosphate excretion by the kidneys. Abnormalities in PTH secretion can cause hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia. Hypoparathyroidism is caused by low PTH and results in low blood calcium and high phosphate. Hyperparathyroidism is caused by excessive PTH and results in high blood calcium.
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02. thyroid physiology
The thyroid gland secretes two major hormones: thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). These hormones increase the metabolic rate of the body and are controlled by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the pituitary gland. The thyroid traps iodine from the blood and uses it to synthesize T4 and T3 within thyroglobulin follicles. Most secreted hormone is T4, which is later converted to the more potent T3 in tissues. Thyroid hormones increase metabolism, growth, and heart rate by activating nuclear transcription of genes in cells throughout the body. TSH secretion from the pituitary is regulated by thyrotropin-releasing hormone from the hyp
Thyroid hormone synthesis
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Thyroid gland (anatomy & synthesis)
The thyroid gland is located in the neck and produces three main hormones: T4, T3, and calcitonin. T4 makes up 90% of hormone production while T3 is 9-10%. The gland contains follicles lined with cells that secrete thyroglobulin into the follicular cavity. Iodine is added to thyroglobulin's tyrosine residues to form T4 and T3, which are stored in thyroglobulin vesicles until needed. When secreted into blood, T4 and T3 bind transport proteins while T3 has a faster action time due to weaker binding. The thyroid regulates metabolism through hormone synthesis and secretion.
Calcium disorder
Calcium levels in the body are tightly regulated through the actions of parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D, and other factors. Disorders can cause either hypercalcemia (high calcium levels) or hypocalcemia (low calcium levels). Primary hyperparathyroidism, where the parathyroid glands overproduce PTH, is a common cause of hypercalcemia and may require parathyroid surgery. Malignancy is another major cause through the action of PTH-related peptide. Severe hypercalcemia requires rehydration and drugs to reduce bone resorption and calcium levels. Hypocalcemia can result from hypoparathyroidism or resistance to PTH/vitamin D
Parathyroid hormone
Recognising parathyroid hormone disorders is important and it is very much useful for both ug and pg students of medicine and other branches.
Parathyroid Glands.ppt
The parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) which regulates calcium and phosphate levels in the blood. PTH increases blood calcium levels by promoting calcium absorption in the gut and bones. It decreases blood phosphate levels by enhancing phosphate excretion by the kidneys. Abnormalities in PTH secretion can cause hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia. Hypoparathyroidism is caused by low PTH and results in low blood calcium and high phosphate. Hyperparathyroidism is caused by excessive PTH and results in high blood calcium.
Parathyroid gland
Introduction of parathyroid gland and hormone secreted by gland, its function and disease caused by decrease level of hormone production
Calcium homeostasis
Calcium homeostasis involves absorption of calcium from the intestine, regulation by parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D, and calcitonin, and storage in bone. PTH increases calcium levels by stimulating bone resorption and renal reabsorption and vitamin D absorption. Vitamin D increases intestinal calcium absorption. Calcitonin decreases calcium by inhibiting bone resorption. Hypocalcemia causes neurological symptoms and hypercalcemia causes gastrointestinal and renal issues. Conditions are diagnosed by calcium levels and other tests and treated by calcium supplementation or intravenous calcium for hypocalcemia and hydration and medications for hypercalcemia.
Parathyroid gland
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Anatomy and physiology of thymus gland
The thymus gland is a small organ behind the breastbone that plays an important role in the immune system. During development, it helps train T cells to fight infections and cancer. After puberty, it begins to shrink and be replaced by fat. The thymus contains different cell types and acts as both a lymphatic and endocrine organ, producing hormones that help T cells mature. Disorders of the thymus can impact immunity and increase autoimmune disease risk.
Thyroid gland (functions)
Thyroid hormones have two main functions: increasing basal metabolic rate and stimulating growth in children. They act on many body systems including increasing metabolism, protein synthesis, and heart rate. Thyroid hormones are essential for normal growth and development, regulating weight and temperature, and maintaining function of the brain, muscles, reproductive system, and other major organ systems. Abnormal thyroid hormone levels can cause many clinical effects.
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The adrenal gland has an outer cortex and inner medulla. The cortex is divided into three concentric zones - the zona glomerulosa secretes mineralocorticoids, the zona fasiculata secretes glucocorticoids, and the zona reticulari secretes androgens. The medulla contains chromaffin cells that secrete catecholamines such as epinephrine. Diseases can result from insufficient or excessive secretion from the cortex or medulla.
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The posterior pituitary gland, also called the neurohypophysis, contains nerve endings from the hypothalamus that secrete two hormones: oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH, also called vasopressin). These hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the posterior pituitary. ADH controls water conservation in the body by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys. Oxytocin aids milk ejection from the breasts during nursing and helps stimulate contractions during childbirth. Both ADH and oxytocin secretion are stimulated by increased extracellular fluid osmolarity and decreased blood volume or pressure.
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Diseases of thyroid gland
The document discusses thyroid gland disorders, including hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. It describes the anatomy and function of the thyroid gland, the hormones it produces, and how they are regulated. It then discusses the causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, focusing on Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. It also covers complications like myxedema coma and the effects of thyroid hormones on multiple body systems.
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Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus is a small structure located at the base of the brain that connects the nervous system to the endocrine system. It produces neurohormones that stimulate or inhibit the secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland. Some key neurohormones produced by the hypothalamus include thyrotrophin-releasing hormone, corticotrophin-releasing hormone, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, growth hormone-releasing hormone, and antidiuretic hormone. These neurohormones help regulate important bodily functions.
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The document discusses the parathyroid glands, which regulate calcium and phosphate levels and produce parathyroid hormone (PTH). It describes hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism, conditions caused by excessive or deficient PTH respectively, and their symptoms, causes, assessments, and treatment including diet modifications and medications. Surgical removal of the parathyroid glands may be required to treat hyperparathyroidism.
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This document provides information on thyroid and parathyroid hormones. It discusses the anatomy and histology of the thyroid gland and its secretion of T4 and T3 hormones which are regulated by TSH. The synthesis process involving iodide trapping and thyroglobulin is described. The physiological functions of increasing metabolism and growth are summarized. The roles of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin in maintaining blood calcium and phosphate levels through actions on bone, kidney and GI tract are briefly outlined. Disorders of the thyroid and parathyroid glands such as hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and hypoparathyroidism are also mentioned.
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Thyroid hormone synthesis
This document discusses the synthesis of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland. It describes how thyroid stimulating hormone regulates the thyroid and stimulates iodine uptake. The thyroid then synthesizes thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) by oxidizing and binding iodine to thyroglobulin. T4 makes up most of the secreted hormones and is later converted to the active T3 hormone in other tissues. The hormones are transported bound to carrier proteins and only the free fractions have metabolic effects.
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This presentations contains information about parathyroid hormone. Also explains hormones involved in regulation of calcium homeostasis.
Ca po4 metabolism 1 parasf /dental courses
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Calcium homeostasis
Calcium homeostasis refers to the body's ability to maintain calcium levels in the blood within a normal range of 9-11 mg/100 ml. Calcium is important for many functions including nerve and muscle function, blood clotting, and bone formation. The body tightly regulates calcium levels through a balance of absorption from the gut, resorption from bones, and excretion by the kidneys. This involves the hormones parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin, and vitamin D. PTH increases calcium levels while calcitonin decreases them. Vitamin D promotes calcium absorption. Imbalances can lead to hypercalcemia or hypocalcemia and related conditions like tetany.
Calcium homeostasis
Calcium homeostasis refers to the body's ability to maintain calcium levels in the blood within a normal range of 9-11 mg/100 ml. Approximately 99% of the body's 1 kg calcium stores are found in bones, while 1% circulates in blood and tissues. Calcium levels are regulated by parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin, vitamin D, and through absorption in the intestines and reabsorption/excretion in the kidneys. PTH increases calcium levels by promoting bone resorption and kidney reabsorption, while calcitonin decreases them by inhibiting bone resorption and increasing kidney excretion. Vitamin D facilitates intestinal calcium absorption. Abnormally low calcium can cause tetany
Endocrine regulation of calcium metabolism
The document discusses calcium and phosphate metabolism and how it is regulated by parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin. It describes how PTH increases calcium levels in the blood by acting on the kidneys, intestines and bones to promote absorption and resorption. PTH secretion is regulated by the calcium sensing receptor which detects calcium levels. Calcitonin decreases calcium levels by inhibiting bone resorption. Clinical conditions such as hypoparathyroidism and hyperparathyroidism result from too little or too much PTH respectively.
Endocrine Physiology ca homeostasis.pptx
The document discusses calcium metabolism and its regulation by the endocrine system. It describes how calcium is distributed in the body and its functions. The key regulators of calcium levels - parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin, and vitamin D - are examined in detail. PTH acts to increase blood calcium by releasing calcium from bones and enhancing renal reabsorption. Calcitonin acts to decrease blood calcium by inhibiting bone resorption. Vitamin D enhances intestinal calcium absorption. Together these hormones tightly control calcium homeostasis and balance in the body. Disorders like hyperparathyroidism and hypocalcemia are also summarized.
Mineral metabolism, dental bioch212 1
This document discusses minerals and classifies them into two types: principal elements (macrominerals) and trace elements (microminerals). It then provides detailed information about calcium, including its biochemical functions, dietary requirements, absorption in the GI tract, circulating fractions, and diseased states like hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia. The document also discusses sodium, iron, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, and copper, outlining their biochemical functions, absorption, dietary requirements, and potential deficiency diseases.
Ca Homeostasis 2.pptx
Describe the regulation of PTH
Describe the effect of PTH on bone
What is Osteocytic Osteolysis
Explain the mechanism of bone resorption by PTH- RANKL/OPGL
Describe the role of Osteoprotegerin (OPG)
Describe the actions of PTH on kidney and intestine
Describe Hyperparathyroidism and Hypoparathyroidism
Describe the effect of Calcitonin on calcium homeostasis
Describe Osteoporosis & Osteopetrosis
Cal. po4 by dr tasnim
This document discusses calcium and phosphate metabolism and related disorders. It covers the distribution, functions, absorption and excretion of calcium and phosphate. It describes the roles of parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and calcitonin in regulating calcium and phosphate levels. Disorders resulting from calcium and phosphate imbalance like hypercalcemia, hypocalcemia, rickets, and osteomalacia/osteoporosis are explained. Factors affecting calcium and phosphate levels and their clinical importance are also summarized.
Calcium(ca) mineral bch 628(advanced nutritional biochemistry)
Calcium micronutrient, its importance to the human system, its sources, recommended dietary allowance, metabolism, functions and symptoms of deficiency.
CM & R.pptx
This document discusses calcium metabolism and rickets. It begins by introducing calcium's role in the body and dietary requirements. It then covers absorption, regulation by parathyroid hormone and calcitonin, and roles in bone mineralization. Rickets is defined as a childhood disease caused by calcium and vitamin D deficiencies, leading to softened, deformed bones. Causes, clinical features, investigations, management, and surgical options are described.
Calcium and Phosphorus metabolism and osteoporosis
Calcium carbonate and phosphate are the main inorganic component of bone. Metabolic defects lead to various bone related disorders
Calcium metabolism and vitamin d deficiency
This document provides an overview of calcium metabolism and rickets. It discusses the roles of calcium, parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and other factors in maintaining calcium homeostasis. Regarding rickets, it describes the causes as vitamin D deficiency, low calcium or phosphorus intake, or renal losses. Symptoms include bone deformities, growth retardation, and hypocalcemia. Treatment involves high-dose vitamin D and calcium supplementation. With nutritional deficiencies, prognosis is generally excellent with resolution of symptoms and bone healing with treatment.
Calcium and phosphorus metabolism /dental courses
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
parathormone.pptx
The parathyroid glands regulate calcium levels in the blood. They are located behind the thyroid gland and secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH). PTH increases calcium levels in the blood by releasing calcium from bones, reabsorbing calcium in the kidneys, and enhancing calcium absorption in the intestines. PTH also plays a key role in activating vitamin D, which further aids in intestinal calcium absorption. The level of calcium in the blood provides feedback to regulate PTH secretion, with lower calcium triggering more PTH release.
The best cal and phos met sem/ dental crown & bridge courses
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
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Calcium(ca) mineral bch 628(advanced nutritional biochemistry)
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Syllabus
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Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
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