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HISTOLOGY OF ADRENAL GLAND & CORRELATION WITH FUNCTION
The adrenal gland has an outer cortex and inner medulla. The cortex is divided into three concentric zones - the zona glomerulosa secretes mineralocorticoids, the zona fasiculata secretes glucocorticoids, and the zona reticulari secretes androgens. The medulla contains chromaffin cells that secrete catecholamines such as epinephrine. Diseases can result from insufficient or excessive secretion from the cortex or medulla.
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HISTOLOGY OF ADRENAL GLAND & CORRELATION WITH FUNCTION
- 2. ADRENAL GLAND Coveredwith thick CT capsule from which trabeculae extend into parenchyma, carrying blood vessels & nerves OUTER YELLOWISH CORTEX - Steroid- secreting - 90% of the gland by weight - Mesodermal mesenchyme - Controlled in part by anterior pituitary gland - Regulate metabolism & maintain normal electrolyte balance ZONA GLOMERULOSA mineralocorticoids ZONA FASICULATA glucocorticoids ZONA RETICULARIS androgens DARK INNER MEDULLA - Catecholamine-secreting - Form center of the gland - Neuroectoderm - Richly innervated by preganglionic sympathetic fibers CHROMAFFIN CELLS catecholamines SYMPATHETIC GANGLION CELLS
- 3. Cortex Zona glomerulosamineralocorticoids (aldosterone) Zona fasiculata glucocorticoids (cortisol) Zona reticularis Androgens (dehydroepiandosterone(DHEA)) Medulla catecholamines (epinephrine & norepinephrine)
- 4. • Cells arrangedinto three concentric zones – differentiated based on the pattern produced by cords of cells – boundaries between zones are indistinct ZONA GLOMERULOSA: narrow outer zone that constitutes up to 15% of the cortical volume ZONA FASICULATA: thick middle zone that constitutes nearly 80% of the cortical volume ZONA RETICULARIS: inner zone that constitutes only 5% to 7% of the cortical volume but is thicker than the glomerulosa because of its more central location
- 5. • small columnarcells • arranged in closely packed ovoid clusters & curved columns • spherical nuclei appear closely packed and stain densely • rich network of fenestrated sinusoidal capillaries surrounds each cell cluster • lipid droplets are sparse • SECRETES MINERALOCORTICOIDS (ALDOSTERONE, DEOXYCORTICOSTERONE) – Maintain fluid & electrolyte balance
- 6. • large polyhedralcells • arranged in long straight cords, one or two cells thick, separated by sinusoidal capillaries • lightly staining spherical nucleus • Binucleate cells are common • numerous lipid droplets – contain neutral fats, fatty acids, cholesterol, & phospholipids (precursors for the steroid hormones) • SECRETES GLUCOCORTICOIDS (CORTISOL, CORTICOSTERONE) – Regulate metabolism of carbohydrate, protein & lipid (gluconeogenesis, proteolysis, lipolysis) – Suppress inflammation & immune response – Impair healing process
- 7. • dark acidophiliccells – abundant lipofuscin pigment granules • Smaller cells compared to cells in zona fasciculata, nuclei are more deeply stained – less cytoplasm; thus the nuclei appear more closely packed. • arranged in anastomosing cords, separated by fenestrated capillaries • cells have relatively few lipid droplets • SECRETES ANDROGENS (DEHYDROEPIANDOSTERONE, ANDROSTENEDIONE) – Weak masculinizing effect – Libido, body hair (female)
- 8. • Consist of: – Chromaffin cell (most abundant cell) – CT – Sinusoidal blood capilaries – Nerves • Myelinated – Sympathetic ganglion cells • round or polygonal with prominent nuclei • May be in cluster
- 9. • Pheochromocytes •Large, pale-staining epithelioid cells • Organized in ovoid clusters & short interconnecting cords • Intimate relation with blood capillaries • Granular cytoplasm due to hormone-containing granules can be observed – Stain intensely with Chromaffin salts • SECRETES CATECHOLAMINES (ADRENALINE, NORADRENALINE) – Augment sympathetic system activity – Major role in acute response to stress
- 10. Chromaffin cells arrangedin clusters, usually around medullary veins Ganglion cells (round or polygonal with prominent nuclei)
- 11. • Insufficient corticalsecretion – Addison’s disease • Excessive cortical secretion – Cushing’s syndrome hypercortisolism – Masculinization (virilism) excessive adrogens in women – Feminization excessive estrogens in men – Adrenogenital syndrome excessive sex hormone in children
- 12. • Abnormal medullarysecretion – Hyposecretion • Not much problem if sympathetic function is normal • Some attenuation of acute response to stress – Hypersecretion • Pheochromocytoma benign tumours of adrenal medulla The tumor cells in pheochromocytoma may be arranged in alveolar (nesting), trabecular, solid/diffuse, or mixed patterns. Alveolar pattern is shown here
- 14. • Histology ofadrenal gland – http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/adrenal/histo_overview.html • Histology: A Text and Atlas by Ross M.H. and Pawlina W. – https://www.inkling.com/read/histology-michael-ross-and-wojciech-pawlina-6th/chapter- 21/adrenal-glands#4652fc36484946c9a323b2baa04cd87b • DiFiore's Atlas of Histology with Functional Correlations By Victor P. Eroschenko, Mariano S. H. di Fiore – http://books.google.com.my/books?id=sH87M12QswcC&pg=PA463&lpg=PA463&dq=histologi cal+structure+adrenal+gland%27s+correlation+with+function&source=bl&ots=zP80SNqbej&si g=Cxhx-znWfbs0TdVCSrUFGTdCxBk& hl=en&sa=X&ei=LJwAVOapO5CcugSGuoLQDg&redir_esc=y#v=on epage&q=histological%20structure%20adrenal%20gland's%20correlation%20with%20functio n&f=false • Adrenal Medulla Development Movie – http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Adrenal_Medulla_Develop ment_Movie
Editor's Notes
- #3 Week 4 - coelomic epithelium (mesothelium) cells proliferate initially forming small buds that separate from the epithelium. Week 6 - these now mesenchymal cells surrounding the developing medulla cells differentiate first form the fetal adrenal cortex which will be later replaced by the adult cortex. Week 8 to 9 - fetal adrenal cortex synthesizes cortisol and is maximal at 8-9 weeks post conception (wpc) under the regulation of ACTH (also stimulates androstenedione and testosterone secretion).[5] Adult cortex - mesothelium mesenchyme encloses fetal cortex. Late Fetal Period - differentiates to form cortical zones. Birth - zona glomerulosa, zona fasiculata present. Year 3 - zona reticularis present.
- #5 Zona glomerulosa columnar in shape arranged in irregular cords Zona fasiculata largest of the three zones in the cortex polyhedral cells & usually have a foamy appearance due to abundant lipid droplets arranged in distinctively straight cords that radiate toward the medulla Zona reticularis arranged in cords that project in many different directions & anastomose with one another.
- #6 Increase sodium reabsorption & potassium excretion
- #7 In general, the cytoplasm is acidophilic and contains numerous lipid droplets, although it usually appears vacuolated in routine histologic sections because of the extraction of lipid during dehydration Func: elevates blood glucose, plasma amino acid level and free fatty acids- prepare for acute stress reaction
- #8 exhibit features of steroid-secreting cells, namely, a well-developed sER and numerous elongated mitochondria with tubular cristae, but they have little rER
- #11 name derives from the phenomenon that if fixed in a solution containing chromium salts, it takes on a brownish appearance due to oxidation of catecholamines to melanin
- #14 Female pseudohermaphroditism excessive adrogens in female foetus , in male excessive growth of external genital organ Addison’s – muscular weakness, low BP, anaemia, pigmentation, renal failure cushing’s – obesity, hirsutism, diabetes, hypogonadism
- #15 Pheochromocytoma- hypertension + palpitation, headache, excessive sweating, pallor of skin