The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of your neck just below the Adam’s apple.
Several different disorders can arise when your thyroid produces too much hormone (hyperthyroidism) or not enough (hypothyroidism).
Four common disorders of the thyroid are Hashimoto’s disease, Graves’ disease, goiter, and thyroid nodules.
AUM ENT Clinic is dedicated to the delivery of compassionate, quality, state-of-the-art and cost effective health care with best-in-class technology and equipment.
Contact us @https://www.aumentclinic.com/contact-us.php
This presentation about thyroid gland :
- Anatomy of thyroid gland
- Physiology of thyroid gland
- Pathology of thyroid gland
- Treatment and prevention of thyroid disease
The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of your neck just below the Adam’s apple.
Several different disorders can arise when your thyroid produces too much hormone (hyperthyroidism) or not enough (hypothyroidism).
Four common disorders of the thyroid are Hashimoto’s disease, Graves’ disease, goiter, and thyroid nodules.
AUM ENT Clinic is dedicated to the delivery of compassionate, quality, state-of-the-art and cost effective health care with best-in-class technology and equipment.
Contact us @https://www.aumentclinic.com/contact-us.php
This presentation about thyroid gland :
- Anatomy of thyroid gland
- Physiology of thyroid gland
- Pathology of thyroid gland
- Treatment and prevention of thyroid disease
A complete presentation on hypothroidism endocrine disorder based on latest editon of harrison and reference books. this presentation will help to learn about this second most common endocrine disorder.
Dr. Sachin Verma is a young, diligent and dynamic physician. He did his graduation from IGMC Shimla and MD in Internal Medicine from GSVM Medical College Kanpur. Then he did his Fellowship in Intensive Care Medicine (FICM) from Apollo Hospital Delhi. He has done fellowship in infectious diseases by Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA). He has also done FCCS course and is certified Advance Cardiac Life support (ACLS) and Basic Life Support (BLS) provider by American Heart Association. He has also done a course in Cardiology by American College of Cardiology and a course in Diabetology by International Diabetes Centre. He specializes in the management of Infections, Multiorgan Dysfunctions and Critically ill patients and has many publications and presentations in various national conferences under his belt. He is currently working in NABH Approved Ivy super-specialty Hospital Mohali as Consultant Intensivists and Physician.
Thyroid and its pathology (Hypothyroidism).Vikas Reddy
GREEK :- THYREOS – SHIELD ; EIDOS – FORM
1.LOCATION:- Anterior to trachea in between the cricoid cartilage and the suprasternal notch.
2.SHAPE:- It has 2 lobes connected with an isthmus, each lobe in turn has two poles.
3.Weighs around 10-20 gm, highly vascular and soft in consistency.
4. 4 Parathyroid glands which secrete PTH are located posterior to each pole of thyroid
The RLN traverse the lateral border of thyroid gland and must be identified during thyroid surgery to avoid injury and vocal cord paralysis.
Develops from the floor of primitive pharynx during the 3rd week of gestation.
Fetal cells in which developmental transcription factors TTF-1,TTF-2 & PAX-8 are expressed selectively form the thyroid gland ,secondly they result in induction of thyroid specific genes
Tg,TPO,NIS,TSH-R.
Mutations-THYROID AGENESIS & DYSHORMONOGENESIS(CONG. HYPOTHYROIDISM).
The developing gland migrates along the thyroglossal duct to reach its final location in the neck.
LINGUAL THYROID AND THYROGLOSSAL DUCT CYST.
Thyroid hormone synthesis begins at about 11 weeks of gestation.
Until 11 week of gestation and even later, it is the maternal thyroid hormones which cross the placenta to reach the fetus and aid its development.
Therefore a child born to a hypothyroid mother would suffer from features of congenital hypothyroidism.
Secondly if the mother has TSH-R blocking antibodies or has received anti thyroid therapy during pregnancy, might lead to transient congenital hypothyroidism.
Cretinism is an extreme hypothyroidism form in children that can also occur during feta life by various factors and lead to mental and skeletal muscle retardation.
Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) occurs when your thyroid gland produces too much of the hormone thyroxine. Hyperthyroidism can accelerate your body's metabolism, causing unintentional weight loss and a rapid or irregular heartbeat
Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) is a condition in which your thyroid gland doesn't produce enough of certain crucial hormones.
A complete presentation on hypothroidism endocrine disorder based on latest editon of harrison and reference books. this presentation will help to learn about this second most common endocrine disorder.
Dr. Sachin Verma is a young, diligent and dynamic physician. He did his graduation from IGMC Shimla and MD in Internal Medicine from GSVM Medical College Kanpur. Then he did his Fellowship in Intensive Care Medicine (FICM) from Apollo Hospital Delhi. He has done fellowship in infectious diseases by Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA). He has also done FCCS course and is certified Advance Cardiac Life support (ACLS) and Basic Life Support (BLS) provider by American Heart Association. He has also done a course in Cardiology by American College of Cardiology and a course in Diabetology by International Diabetes Centre. He specializes in the management of Infections, Multiorgan Dysfunctions and Critically ill patients and has many publications and presentations in various national conferences under his belt. He is currently working in NABH Approved Ivy super-specialty Hospital Mohali as Consultant Intensivists and Physician.
Thyroid and its pathology (Hypothyroidism).Vikas Reddy
GREEK :- THYREOS – SHIELD ; EIDOS – FORM
1.LOCATION:- Anterior to trachea in between the cricoid cartilage and the suprasternal notch.
2.SHAPE:- It has 2 lobes connected with an isthmus, each lobe in turn has two poles.
3.Weighs around 10-20 gm, highly vascular and soft in consistency.
4. 4 Parathyroid glands which secrete PTH are located posterior to each pole of thyroid
The RLN traverse the lateral border of thyroid gland and must be identified during thyroid surgery to avoid injury and vocal cord paralysis.
Develops from the floor of primitive pharynx during the 3rd week of gestation.
Fetal cells in which developmental transcription factors TTF-1,TTF-2 & PAX-8 are expressed selectively form the thyroid gland ,secondly they result in induction of thyroid specific genes
Tg,TPO,NIS,TSH-R.
Mutations-THYROID AGENESIS & DYSHORMONOGENESIS(CONG. HYPOTHYROIDISM).
The developing gland migrates along the thyroglossal duct to reach its final location in the neck.
LINGUAL THYROID AND THYROGLOSSAL DUCT CYST.
Thyroid hormone synthesis begins at about 11 weeks of gestation.
Until 11 week of gestation and even later, it is the maternal thyroid hormones which cross the placenta to reach the fetus and aid its development.
Therefore a child born to a hypothyroid mother would suffer from features of congenital hypothyroidism.
Secondly if the mother has TSH-R blocking antibodies or has received anti thyroid therapy during pregnancy, might lead to transient congenital hypothyroidism.
Cretinism is an extreme hypothyroidism form in children that can also occur during feta life by various factors and lead to mental and skeletal muscle retardation.
Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) occurs when your thyroid gland produces too much of the hormone thyroxine. Hyperthyroidism can accelerate your body's metabolism, causing unintentional weight loss and a rapid or irregular heartbeat
Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) is a condition in which your thyroid gland doesn't produce enough of certain crucial hormones.
Thyroiditis is a general term that refers to “inflammation of the thyroid gland”. Thyroiditis includes a group of individual disorders causing thyroidal inflammation but presenting in different ways. For example, Hashimoto's thyroiditis is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in the United States.
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Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
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The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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3. A Goiter is a swelling in the neck resulting from
an enlarged thyroid gland.
Worldwide, over 90% of goiter cases are caused
by iodine deficiency.
Most goiter’s are of benign nature.
Approximately, 800 million people subsist on
iodine-deficient diet.
6. Classification
(based on growth pattern)
Uninodular : One thyroid nodule; can be either an inactive or a
toxic nodule.
Multinodular : Multiple nodules; can be inactive or toxic, the
latter is called toxic multinodular goiter and associated
with hyperthyroidism.
Diffuse: The whole thyroid appearing to be enlarged due to
hyperplasia(increase in number of cells in an organ or tissue).
7. A goiter is associated with Hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism.
HYPERTHYROIDISM: Thyroid gland overproduces thyroid hormones(T3 and
T4).
SYMPTOMS:
• Feeling nervous and irritated
• Having trouble concentrating
• Fast heart rate and diarrhea
• Losing weight , having trouble sleeping.
HYPOTHYROIDISM: thyroid gland does not produce enough hormones.(T3
and T4). Also called ‘’Underactive thyroid’’.
SYMPTOMS:
Feeling tired
Being constipated
Gaining weight even though you are not eating more
Slow heart rate and dry skin
In children,growing very slowly.
8. TREATMENT
Goitre is treated according to the cause. If the thyroid gland
is producing too much T3 and T4 , radioactive iodine is
given to the patient to shrink the gland.
If goiter is caused by iodine deficiency, small doses of
iodide in the form of Lugol’s Iodine or KI solution are
given.
If goiter is associated with underactive thyroid, thyroid
supplements are used as treatment.
In extreme cases, a partial or complete thyroidectomy is
required.
9. A usually congenital abnormal condition
marked by physical stunting and mental
retardation and caused by severe
hypothyroidism.
10. CAUSE
S
A diet deficient in iodine (endemic cretinism).
Genetic defect of the gland.
Congenital lack of thyroid gland(congenital
cretinism).
11. Pathophysiology
Congenital hypothyroidism can be endemic, genetic, or
sporadic. If untreated, it results in mild to severe impairment of
both physical and mental growth and development.
In adults, Cretinism results in mental deterioration, swelling of
the skin, loss of water and hair. Bone maturation and puberty
are severely delayed. Ovulation is impeded, and infertility is
common.
12. Symptoms
Patient is dwarf with severe mental defect.
Coarse dry skin.
Deficient hair and teeth.
Retarded skeletal growth.
Reduced BMR.
13. Thyroxine must be dosed as tablets only, even to newborns, as
the liquid oral suspensions and compounded forms cannot be
depended on for reliable dosing.
In the case of dosing infants, the T4 tablets are generally
crushed and mixed with breast milk, formula milk or water.
If the medication is mixed with formulas containing iron or
products, larger doses may be required, as these substances
may alter the absorption of thyroid hormone from the gut.
Frequent monitoring (every 2–3 weeks during the first months
of life) is recommended to ensure that infants with congenital
hypothyroidism remain within the high end of normal range.
TREATMENT
14. Hashimoto's thyroiditis, also known as chronic
lymphocytic thyroiditis and Hashimoto's disease, is an
autoimmune disease in which the thyroid gland is
gradually destroyed.
15. What is Hashimato’s Thyroiditis?
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (also called autoimmune or chronic
lymphocytic thyroiditis) is the most common thyroid disease in
the United States.
It is an inherited condition that affects approximately 14 million
Americans and is about 7 times more common in women than in
men.
It is characterized by the production of immune cells and
autoantibodies by the body’s immune system, which can
damage thyroid cells and compromise their ability to make
thyroid hormone.
16. What is the cause?
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis results from a malfunction in the
immune system. When working properly, the immune system
is designed to protect the body against invaders, such as
bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances. The immune
system of someone with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis mistakenly
recognizes normal thyroid cells as foreign tissue, and it
produces antibodies that may destroy these cells. Although
various environmental factors have been studied, none have
been positively proven to be the cause of Hashimoto’s
thyroiditis.
17.
18. It’s difficult to diagnose he signs and symptoms of the disease
initially, but one may notice a swelling in front of the throat.
This disease is slow to progress and may cause chronic
thyroid damage.
Common symptoms are:
Fatigue and sluggishness
Increased sensitivity to cold.
Constipation
Pale,dry skin
A puffy face
Infertility; hair loss; trouble breathing.
Hoarse voice
Unexplained weight gain.
SYMPTOMS
19. How is it Diagnosed?
A physician experienced in the diagnosis and treatment
of thyroid disease can detect a goiter due to
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis by performing a physical
examination and can recognize hypothyroidism by
identifying characteristic symptoms, finding typical
physical signs, and doing appropriate laboratory tests.
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
T3 and T4 decrese and TSH (increase) serum levels.
Antithyroid Antibodies: Increased antithyroid
antibodies provide the most specific laboratory
evidence of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, but they are not
present in all cases.
20. TREATMENT
Treatment may include continuous supervision
and medication use.
SYNTHETIC HORMONES: If Hashimato’s
thyroiditis leads to thyroid hormone deficiency,
one may require thyroid hormone replacement
therapy, which usually involves daily use of
synthetic thyroid hormone Levothyroxine.
This drug acts similar to thyroxine. This oral
medicine reverses all the symptoms of
hypothyroidism and maintains adequate
hormone levels.
22. Caused by diminished production of
Thyroxin.
Condition is also called Myxedema as
a gelatinous mixture of mucoprotein
and extracellular fluid is deposited in
the intracellular spce, specifically in
dermal connective tissue.
Rate of metabolism in all tissues is
decreased to half.
CAUSES
23. Myxedema causes specific forms of dermal
edema.
The connective fibres is separated by an
increased amount of mucosaccharides. This
protein-mucosaccharide complex binds water.
In particular,around eyes,hads and feet.
Myxedema is also responisible for tickening of
tongue and laryngeal and pharyngeal mucous
membranes.
Pathophysiology
24. Bagginess of eyes.
Swelling of face
Constipation
Physical slowness
Hair dry,coarse, sparse
Swelling of arms and legs
Difficulty in breathing
SYMPTOMS
25. TREATMENT
Passive warming
Thyroxin: 0.1mg,5tab,2 tab/day
Antibiotics,ventilation, hydrocortisone IV ,
passive warming, careful volume
management.
Medication to replace the reduced thyroid
hormones, such as levothyroixine are
prescribed at low dosage.
26. Grave’s disease is an autoimmune disorder that
leads to over-activity of the thyroid gland
(hyperthyroidism).
The patient’s own immune system attacks the Thyroid
gland.
It is most common in women over age 20 but can
affect either gender at any age.
27. Abnormal immune response that
causes thyroid gland to produce too
much thyroid
hormone(hyperthyroidism).
Normally, thyroid gets production
orders through TSH (thyroid stimulating
hormone) released by the pituitary
gland, but in Grave’s disease a
malfunction in the body’s immune
system release abnormal antibodies
that mimic TSH.
CAUSE
28. SYMPTOMS
Anxiety, difficult concentrating
Breast enlargement in men
Goiter (enlarged thyroid)
Heart intolerance
Increased appetite
Irregular menstrual periods in women.
Muscle weakness
Shortness of breath with activity
Excessive sweating
Weight loss
Bulging eyes and vision problem
29. DIAGNOSIS
A simple physical exam can reveal an enlarged
thyroid,enlarged bulging eyes and signs of
increased metabolism.
Blood tests to check for high levels of
Thyroxine(T4) and low levels of TSH, both of which
are signs of Grave’s disease.
A radioactive Iodine uptake might also be
administered to measure how quickly the thyroid
takes up iodine,which it needs to function properly.
A high intake of Iodine is consistent with Grave’s
Disease.
30. TREATMENT
Beta blockers such as, propranolol (treat rapid
heart rate, anxiety and sweating)
To treat hyperthyroidism:
• Antithyroid medications
• Radioactive iodine
• Surgery
**Using radiation or surgery will require one to
take replacement thyroid hormones for the rest of
your life because these treatments destroy the
gland.
31. Thyroid nodules are growths that form on or in the
thyroid gland.
The nodules can be solid or fluid-filled.
Most of the nodules are benign in nature.
Most thyroid nodules don’t cause any symptoms.
However, if they grow large enough , they can cause
swelling in the neck and lead to breathing difficulties.
Some nodules produce thyroid hormone,causing
abnormally high levels in the bloodstream.
33. THYROID NODULES DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
Thyroid nodules can be detected during an
ultrasound,CT scan,or an MRI. Once, a nodule is
detected,other procedures- TSH test and a Thyroid
scan- can check for hyper or hypothyroidism.
A Fine-needleAspiration(FNA) is used to take a
sample of cells from the nodule and determine
whether the nodule is cancerous.
Chemotheraphy is often required iuf cancerous
nodules spread to other parts of the body.
Radiation therapy is sometimes used with or
without surgery.