Posterior pitutary
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The posterior pituitary gland, also called the neurohypophysis, contains nerve endings from the hypothalamus that secrete two hormones: oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH, also called vasopressin). These hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the posterior pituitary. ADH controls water conservation in the body by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys. Oxytocin aids milk ejection from the breasts during nursing and helps stimulate contractions during childbirth. Both ADH and oxytocin secretion are stimulated by increased extracellular fluid osmolarity and decreased blood volume or pressure.
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Posterior pituitary
Posterior Pituitary or Neurohypophysis composed mainly of glial-like cells called pituicytes.
The pituicytes do not secrete hormones.
They act simply as a supporting structure for large numbers
of terminal nerve fibers and terminal nerve endings from nerve tracts.
That originate in the supraoptic and paraventricular
nuclei of the hypothalamus.
Pituitary hormones
PITUITARY GLAND
(HYPOPHYSIS)
DIAMETER: 1 CM
WEIGHT: 0.5-1 GM
LIES: SELLA TURCIA
TWO PORTIONS
1- ANTERIOR PITUITARY
(ADENOHYPOPHYSIS)
2-POSTERIOR PITUITARY
(NEUROHYPOPHYSIS)
Hormones Released by Pituitary Gland
The document discusses the pituitary gland and its hormones. It describes the pituitary gland's location and connection to the hypothalamus. It then explains the six hormones of the anterior pituitary - growth hormone, ACTH, TSH, prolactin, FSH, and LH - and their roles in controlling metabolic functions. The two hormones of the posterior pituitary are ADH and oxytocin, which play roles in water balance and childbirth/lactation respectively. The hypothalamus controls pituitary secretion through releasing and inhibiting hormones.
Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus is a small structure located at the base of the brain that connects the nervous system to the endocrine system. It produces neurohormones that stimulate or inhibit the secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland. Some key neurohormones produced by the hypothalamus include thyrotrophin-releasing hormone, corticotrophin-releasing hormone, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, growth hormone-releasing hormone, and antidiuretic hormone. These neurohormones help regulate important bodily functions.
pituitary gland
The pituitary gland, also known as the hypophysis, is a small pea-sized gland located at the base of the brain. It has two lobes - the anterior and posterior lobes. The anterior lobe regulates growth, metabolism, stress responses, reproduction and lactation by producing hormones that stimulate other glands. The posterior lobe helps control water balance in the body. The pituitary gland is often called the "master gland" as it controls many other glands.
Pituitary gland (1)
The pituitary gland, also known as the master gland, regulates many important body functions. It is located at the base of the brain and consists of an anterior and posterior lobe. The anterior lobe secretes hormones that control other endocrine glands, while the posterior lobe stores and releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus. Key hormones produced include growth hormone, TSH, ACTH, prolactin, FSH, and LH, which regulate processes like metabolism, thyroid function, stress response, lactation, and reproduction. The pituitary is regulated by hormones from the hypothalamus that stimulate or inhibit its secretions.
Hormones of Anterior Pituitary
The document discusses the hypothalamic factors and anterior pituitary hormones. It begins by describing the structure and functions of the anterior pituitary gland and its connection to the hypothalamus. It then summarizes the six main hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary - growth hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, prolactin, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone. It explains how these hormones control various target glands and metabolic functions throughout the body. Finally, it discusses how the hypothalamus controls pituitary secretion through releasing and inhibitory hormones, and provides examples of anterior pituitary hyperactivity and hypoactivity disorders.
Adrenocortical hormones
The document discusses adrenocortical hormones and their synthesis and secretion. It covers the following key points:
1. The adrenal cortex secretes corticosteroids including mineralocorticoids like aldosterone and glucocorticoids like cortisol.
2. Aldosterone regulates sodium and potassium levels while cortisol regulates glucose levels and has anti-inflammatory effects.
3. Corticosteroid synthesis occurs in the zona glomerulosa, zona fasciulata, and zona reticularis layers of the adrenal cortex from cholesterol.
4. ACTH stimulates cortisol secretion which is regulated by a negative feedback loop with the hypothalamus and
Recommended
Posterior pituitary
Posterior Pituitary or Neurohypophysis composed mainly of glial-like cells called pituicytes.
The pituicytes do not secrete hormones.
They act simply as a supporting structure for large numbers
of terminal nerve fibers and terminal nerve endings from nerve tracts.
That originate in the supraoptic and paraventricular
nuclei of the hypothalamus.
Pituitary hormones
PITUITARY GLAND
(HYPOPHYSIS)
DIAMETER: 1 CM
WEIGHT: 0.5-1 GM
LIES: SELLA TURCIA
TWO PORTIONS
1- ANTERIOR PITUITARY
(ADENOHYPOPHYSIS)
2-POSTERIOR PITUITARY
(NEUROHYPOPHYSIS)
Hormones Released by Pituitary Gland
The document discusses the pituitary gland and its hormones. It describes the pituitary gland's location and connection to the hypothalamus. It then explains the six hormones of the anterior pituitary - growth hormone, ACTH, TSH, prolactin, FSH, and LH - and their roles in controlling metabolic functions. The two hormones of the posterior pituitary are ADH and oxytocin, which play roles in water balance and childbirth/lactation respectively. The hypothalamus controls pituitary secretion through releasing and inhibiting hormones.
Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus is a small structure located at the base of the brain that connects the nervous system to the endocrine system. It produces neurohormones that stimulate or inhibit the secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland. Some key neurohormones produced by the hypothalamus include thyrotrophin-releasing hormone, corticotrophin-releasing hormone, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, growth hormone-releasing hormone, and antidiuretic hormone. These neurohormones help regulate important bodily functions.
pituitary gland
The pituitary gland, also known as the hypophysis, is a small pea-sized gland located at the base of the brain. It has two lobes - the anterior and posterior lobes. The anterior lobe regulates growth, metabolism, stress responses, reproduction and lactation by producing hormones that stimulate other glands. The posterior lobe helps control water balance in the body. The pituitary gland is often called the "master gland" as it controls many other glands.
Pituitary gland (1)
The pituitary gland, also known as the master gland, regulates many important body functions. It is located at the base of the brain and consists of an anterior and posterior lobe. The anterior lobe secretes hormones that control other endocrine glands, while the posterior lobe stores and releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus. Key hormones produced include growth hormone, TSH, ACTH, prolactin, FSH, and LH, which regulate processes like metabolism, thyroid function, stress response, lactation, and reproduction. The pituitary is regulated by hormones from the hypothalamus that stimulate or inhibit its secretions.
Hormones of Anterior Pituitary
The document discusses the hypothalamic factors and anterior pituitary hormones. It begins by describing the structure and functions of the anterior pituitary gland and its connection to the hypothalamus. It then summarizes the six main hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary - growth hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, prolactin, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone. It explains how these hormones control various target glands and metabolic functions throughout the body. Finally, it discusses how the hypothalamus controls pituitary secretion through releasing and inhibitory hormones, and provides examples of anterior pituitary hyperactivity and hypoactivity disorders.
Adrenocortical hormones
The document discusses adrenocortical hormones and their synthesis and secretion. It covers the following key points:
1. The adrenal cortex secretes corticosteroids including mineralocorticoids like aldosterone and glucocorticoids like cortisol.
2. Aldosterone regulates sodium and potassium levels while cortisol regulates glucose levels and has anti-inflammatory effects.
3. Corticosteroid synthesis occurs in the zona glomerulosa, zona fasciulata, and zona reticularis layers of the adrenal cortex from cholesterol.
4. ACTH stimulates cortisol secretion which is regulated by a negative feedback loop with the hypothalamus and
Adrenal hormones
The adrenal glands sit atop the kidneys and have two functional parts - the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla. The adrenal cortex is divided into three zones that each secrete different hormones. The medulla secretes catecholamines like epinephrine. These hormones work together and with the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis to regulate processes like glucose metabolism, immune function, and the stress response. Stress can stimulate the adrenals to secrete glucocorticoids and other hormones to mobilize energy and resources in the body.
Anti Diuretic Hormone
1. Anti Diuretic Hormone (ADH) is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland and acts on the kidneys to retain water. It increases water permeability in the renal collecting ducts.
2. Hypersecretion of ADH can cause Syndrome of Inappropriate AntiDiuretic Hormone secretion (SIADH) where excess water is retained leading to hyponatremia. Hyposecretion of ADH causes diabetes insipidus where water is excessively excreted in urine due to a lack of water reabsorption in the kidneys.
3. SIADH is often caused by tumors that secrete ADH and causes low sodium levels and hypotonic plasma.
Anti Diuretic Hormone(ADH).ppt
Vasopressin, also known as anti diuretic hormone (ADH), is secreted by the hypothalamus and stored and released by the posterior pituitary gland. It acts to conserve water in the body by increasing the permeability of collecting tubules and ducts in the kidneys to water absorption. ADH also causes vasoconstriction which increases blood pressure. Its secretion is regulated by factors like sodium concentration, blood volume, and blood pressure in order to maintain fluid homeostasis. Disorders of ADH secretion can cause diabetes insipidus, characterized by excessive urine production and thirst.
Adrenal gland
The document describes the adrenal gland and its hormones. The adrenal gland has two zones - the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla. The adrenal cortex secretes three types of hormones: mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and adrenal androgens. Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid that regulates sodium and potassium levels. Cortisol is the major glucocorticoid and helps regulate carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism. It also plays an important role in the body's response to stress.
Adrenal Gland
The adrenal glands are located above the kidneys and consist of an outer cortex and inner medulla. The cortex secretes mineralocorticoids like aldosterone to regulate sodium and water balance, glucocorticoids like cortisol to regulate metabolism and immune function, and androgens. The medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine to trigger the fight-or-flight response. Diseases can result from overproduction or underproduction of these hormones, such as Cushing's syndrome from excessive cortisol or Addison's disease from adrenal insufficiency.
Presentation on the mechanism of HCl production in the stomach
The document presents information on the mechanism of HCl production in the stomach. It discusses the three phases of gastric secretion regulation and the two pathways of acid secretion - the cAMP dependent pathway and the Ca2+ dependent pathway. In both pathways, parietal cells in the stomach secrete acid through the action of histamine and stimulation of the H+/K+ ATPase pump. HCl production allows for protein digestion and creates an inhospitable environment for bacteria in the stomach. Common drugs for treating acid reflux include proton pump inhibitors which block acid secretion and H2 receptor blockers which prevent histamine from stimulating acid release.
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
This document discusses glomerular filtration and the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). It defines glomerular filtration as the process where plasma filters through the glomerular capillaries into Bowman's capsule, the first step in urine formation. The GFR is the rate at which plasma is filtered and is an important measurement of kidney function. Normal GFR is about 125 mL/min. The kidneys filter the plasma around 60 times per day. Renal blood flow to the kidneys is high at around 1200 mL/min and is regulated by the afferent and efferent arterioles. Glomerular filtration is governed by the filtration coefficient and Starling forces of hydrostatic and oncotic pressures
Pituitary Gland
The pituitary gland is a small gland located at the base of the brain that regulates several important bodily functions. It is divided into anterior and posterior lobes. The anterior lobe secretes hormones that control other endocrine glands and regulate processes like growth, metabolism, and reproduction. These include growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, and adrenocorticotropic hormone. The posterior lobe stores and releases oxytocin and vasopressin, which are produced in the hypothalamus and help regulate water balance and milk release. Disorders of the pituitary can impact hormone levels and cause wide-ranging symptoms.
Thyroid hormone by Dr. Anurag Yadav
The thyroid gland secretes the major hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which are controlled by thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) from the pituitary gland. T4 and T3 are bound to plasma proteins and transported throughout the body, where a small unbound fraction exerts biological effects. The thyroid hormones regulate growth, development, metabolism, and other physiological processes. Thyroid function is tested by measuring T3, T4, TSH, and other markers. Disorders like hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism can be treated with thyroid hormone supplements or inhibitors.
Pancreatic hormones
The document summarizes the functions of the pancreas and pancreatic hormones. The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine and regulates blood sugar levels by secreting the hormones insulin and glucagon. Insulin promotes glucose uptake and storage, while glucagon promotes glucose release from stores. A lack of insulin leads to diabetes mellitus, characterized by high blood sugar and metabolic dysregulation. The document provides details on the metabolic effects of insulin and glucagon on carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism.
Pituitary gland (anatomy)
The pituitary gland, also called the hypophysis, regulates many other endocrine glands through its production of hormones. It is divided into the anterior and posterior pituitary. The anterior pituitary produces hormones that control growth, metabolism, reproduction, and lactation. These hormones are regulated by hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones. The posterior pituitary stores and releases oxytocin and vasopressin, which are produced in the hypothalamus and travel to the pituitary via nerve fibers. Together, the hormones produced by the anterior and posterior pituitary regulate important bodily functions.
Endocrine pancreas
The pancreas contains both exocrine cells that secrete enzymes for digestion and endocrine cells clustered in islets of Langerhans that secrete hormones. The beta cells within the islets secrete insulin, which regulates blood glucose levels. Insulin binds to receptors on cells to promote glucose uptake and storage and regulate metabolism. Glucagon from alpha cells has opposing actions, raising blood glucose. Precise balance of insulin and glucagon maintains normal glucose homeostasis, while diabetes results from insufficient insulin.
ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND
This document discusses the pituitary gland. It begins with an introduction to the functional anatomy and hormones of the anterior pituitary gland. It then describes the gross anatomy and development of the pituitary gland. The document outlines the parts of the pituitary gland including the adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis. It details the histological structure and blood supply of the pituitary gland. The relationship between the hypothalamus and pituitary is examined, including the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system. Finally, the major anterior pituitary hormones are identified as the growth hormone family, glycoprotein hormone family, and pro-opiomelanocortin peptides family.
The Endocrine Functions Of The Pancreas
The document summarizes the endocrine function of the pancreas. It describes that the islets of Langerhans contain four types of cells that secrete hormones including insulin from beta cells and glucagon from alpha cells. Insulin controls blood glucose levels by stimulating glucose uptake and storage in cells. Glucagon has the opposite effect of insulin by increasing blood glucose levels through glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. Somatostatin is also secreted by the pancreas and inhibits the secretion of both insulin and glucagon.
Posterior pituitary hormones
This document discusses the posterior pituitary hormones oxytocin and vasopressin (also known as antidiuretic hormone or ADH). It provides details on their synthesis in the hypothalamus and storage and release from the posterior pituitary. It describes their actions, including oxytocin's role in uterine contraction and milk ejection, and vasopressin's antidiuretic effects and regulation of water balance. It also discusses disorders of their secretion like diabetes insipidus, their receptors, regulation, clinical uses, and adverse effects.
Growth hormone
The pituitary gland located at the base of the brain secretes several hormones that control other glands. It has an anterior and posterior lobe. The anterior lobe secretes hormones like growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, and adrenocorticotropic hormone under control of the hypothalamus. The posterior lobe secretes anti-diuretic hormone and oxytocin under control of the hypothalamus. Growth hormone promotes growth of tissues, increases protein synthesis and breaks down fat. It is regulated by growth hormone releasing hormone and somatostatin from the hypothalamus.
Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus is located in the posterior part of the forebrain and connects the midbrain to the cerebral hemispheres. It regulates many vital functions such as endocrine function, visceral functions, metabolism, hunger, thirst, sleep, emotions and sexual functions. Some of its key roles include secreting hormones from the posterior pituitary, controlling the anterior pituitary via releasing and inhibitory hormones, regulating adrenal function, autonomic nervous system, heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, hunger and food intake, and sleep-wake cycles. Dysfunctions can result in conditions like diabetes insipidus, Frohlich's syndrome, Kallmann's syndrome, and narcolepsy.
Adrenal medulla
The document discusses the adrenal medulla, which secretes catecholamines including adrenaline, noradrenaline, and dopamine. It describes the synthesis, regulation of secretion, metabolism, and actions of these hormones. Catecholamines stimulate the nervous system and have effects on metabolism, heart, blood vessels, respiration and other systems through alpha and beta adrenergic receptors. Their secretion increases during stress to prepare the body for fight or flight responses.
Gastric secretion &and its regulation
Gastric secretion is produced by epithelial cells in the stomach's gastric glands. These cells include parietal cells, chief cells, mucus-secreting cells, and hormone-producing cells. Parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor. Chief cells secrete pepsinogen, which is converted to the protease pepsin by hydrochloric acid. Mucus-secreting cells produce a bicarbonate-rich mucus that protects the stomach lining. Hormone-producing cells secrete gastrin, somatostatin, and histamine, which help regulate acid secretion.
POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND.pptx
The posterior pituitary gland, or neurohypophysis, contains nerve endings from the hypothalamus that secrete two hormones: antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin) and oxytocin. These hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the posterior pituitary. ADH regulates water balance by increasing water permeability in the kidneys. Oxytocin causes uterine contraction during childbirth and milk ejection from the breasts during lactation. Both hormones are regulated by osmolarity and blood volume/pressure.
Posterior Pituitary
The pituitary gland contains two lobes - the posterior and anterior pituitary. The posterior pituitary stores and secretes two important hormones - oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which are synthesized by the hypothalamus. ADH increases water reabsorption in the kidneys to concentrate urine, and also causes vasoconstriction. Oxytocin causes uterine contractions and milk ejection during breastfeeding. Disorders can result from too much or too little of these hormones.
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Adrenal hormones
The adrenal glands sit atop the kidneys and have two functional parts - the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla. The adrenal cortex is divided into three zones that each secrete different hormones. The medulla secretes catecholamines like epinephrine. These hormones work together and with the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis to regulate processes like glucose metabolism, immune function, and the stress response. Stress can stimulate the adrenals to secrete glucocorticoids and other hormones to mobilize energy and resources in the body.
Anti Diuretic Hormone
1. Anti Diuretic Hormone (ADH) is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland and acts on the kidneys to retain water. It increases water permeability in the renal collecting ducts.
2. Hypersecretion of ADH can cause Syndrome of Inappropriate AntiDiuretic Hormone secretion (SIADH) where excess water is retained leading to hyponatremia. Hyposecretion of ADH causes diabetes insipidus where water is excessively excreted in urine due to a lack of water reabsorption in the kidneys.
3. SIADH is often caused by tumors that secrete ADH and causes low sodium levels and hypotonic plasma.
Anti Diuretic Hormone(ADH).ppt
Vasopressin, also known as anti diuretic hormone (ADH), is secreted by the hypothalamus and stored and released by the posterior pituitary gland. It acts to conserve water in the body by increasing the permeability of collecting tubules and ducts in the kidneys to water absorption. ADH also causes vasoconstriction which increases blood pressure. Its secretion is regulated by factors like sodium concentration, blood volume, and blood pressure in order to maintain fluid homeostasis. Disorders of ADH secretion can cause diabetes insipidus, characterized by excessive urine production and thirst.
Adrenal gland
The document describes the adrenal gland and its hormones. The adrenal gland has two zones - the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla. The adrenal cortex secretes three types of hormones: mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and adrenal androgens. Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid that regulates sodium and potassium levels. Cortisol is the major glucocorticoid and helps regulate carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism. It also plays an important role in the body's response to stress.
Adrenal Gland
The adrenal glands are located above the kidneys and consist of an outer cortex and inner medulla. The cortex secretes mineralocorticoids like aldosterone to regulate sodium and water balance, glucocorticoids like cortisol to regulate metabolism and immune function, and androgens. The medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine to trigger the fight-or-flight response. Diseases can result from overproduction or underproduction of these hormones, such as Cushing's syndrome from excessive cortisol or Addison's disease from adrenal insufficiency.
Presentation on the mechanism of HCl production in the stomach
The document presents information on the mechanism of HCl production in the stomach. It discusses the three phases of gastric secretion regulation and the two pathways of acid secretion - the cAMP dependent pathway and the Ca2+ dependent pathway. In both pathways, parietal cells in the stomach secrete acid through the action of histamine and stimulation of the H+/K+ ATPase pump. HCl production allows for protein digestion and creates an inhospitable environment for bacteria in the stomach. Common drugs for treating acid reflux include proton pump inhibitors which block acid secretion and H2 receptor blockers which prevent histamine from stimulating acid release.
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
This document discusses glomerular filtration and the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). It defines glomerular filtration as the process where plasma filters through the glomerular capillaries into Bowman's capsule, the first step in urine formation. The GFR is the rate at which plasma is filtered and is an important measurement of kidney function. Normal GFR is about 125 mL/min. The kidneys filter the plasma around 60 times per day. Renal blood flow to the kidneys is high at around 1200 mL/min and is regulated by the afferent and efferent arterioles. Glomerular filtration is governed by the filtration coefficient and Starling forces of hydrostatic and oncotic pressures
Pituitary Gland
The pituitary gland is a small gland located at the base of the brain that regulates several important bodily functions. It is divided into anterior and posterior lobes. The anterior lobe secretes hormones that control other endocrine glands and regulate processes like growth, metabolism, and reproduction. These include growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, and adrenocorticotropic hormone. The posterior lobe stores and releases oxytocin and vasopressin, which are produced in the hypothalamus and help regulate water balance and milk release. Disorders of the pituitary can impact hormone levels and cause wide-ranging symptoms.
Thyroid hormone by Dr. Anurag Yadav
The thyroid gland secretes the major hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which are controlled by thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) from the pituitary gland. T4 and T3 are bound to plasma proteins and transported throughout the body, where a small unbound fraction exerts biological effects. The thyroid hormones regulate growth, development, metabolism, and other physiological processes. Thyroid function is tested by measuring T3, T4, TSH, and other markers. Disorders like hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism can be treated with thyroid hormone supplements or inhibitors.
Pancreatic hormones
The document summarizes the functions of the pancreas and pancreatic hormones. The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine and regulates blood sugar levels by secreting the hormones insulin and glucagon. Insulin promotes glucose uptake and storage, while glucagon promotes glucose release from stores. A lack of insulin leads to diabetes mellitus, characterized by high blood sugar and metabolic dysregulation. The document provides details on the metabolic effects of insulin and glucagon on carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism.
Pituitary gland (anatomy)
The pituitary gland, also called the hypophysis, regulates many other endocrine glands through its production of hormones. It is divided into the anterior and posterior pituitary. The anterior pituitary produces hormones that control growth, metabolism, reproduction, and lactation. These hormones are regulated by hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones. The posterior pituitary stores and releases oxytocin and vasopressin, which are produced in the hypothalamus and travel to the pituitary via nerve fibers. Together, the hormones produced by the anterior and posterior pituitary regulate important bodily functions.
Endocrine pancreas
The pancreas contains both exocrine cells that secrete enzymes for digestion and endocrine cells clustered in islets of Langerhans that secrete hormones. The beta cells within the islets secrete insulin, which regulates blood glucose levels. Insulin binds to receptors on cells to promote glucose uptake and storage and regulate metabolism. Glucagon from alpha cells has opposing actions, raising blood glucose. Precise balance of insulin and glucagon maintains normal glucose homeostasis, while diabetes results from insufficient insulin.
ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND
This document discusses the pituitary gland. It begins with an introduction to the functional anatomy and hormones of the anterior pituitary gland. It then describes the gross anatomy and development of the pituitary gland. The document outlines the parts of the pituitary gland including the adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis. It details the histological structure and blood supply of the pituitary gland. The relationship between the hypothalamus and pituitary is examined, including the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system. Finally, the major anterior pituitary hormones are identified as the growth hormone family, glycoprotein hormone family, and pro-opiomelanocortin peptides family.
The Endocrine Functions Of The Pancreas
The document summarizes the endocrine function of the pancreas. It describes that the islets of Langerhans contain four types of cells that secrete hormones including insulin from beta cells and glucagon from alpha cells. Insulin controls blood glucose levels by stimulating glucose uptake and storage in cells. Glucagon has the opposite effect of insulin by increasing blood glucose levels through glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. Somatostatin is also secreted by the pancreas and inhibits the secretion of both insulin and glucagon.
Posterior pituitary hormones
This document discusses the posterior pituitary hormones oxytocin and vasopressin (also known as antidiuretic hormone or ADH). It provides details on their synthesis in the hypothalamus and storage and release from the posterior pituitary. It describes their actions, including oxytocin's role in uterine contraction and milk ejection, and vasopressin's antidiuretic effects and regulation of water balance. It also discusses disorders of their secretion like diabetes insipidus, their receptors, regulation, clinical uses, and adverse effects.
Growth hormone
The pituitary gland located at the base of the brain secretes several hormones that control other glands. It has an anterior and posterior lobe. The anterior lobe secretes hormones like growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, and adrenocorticotropic hormone under control of the hypothalamus. The posterior lobe secretes anti-diuretic hormone and oxytocin under control of the hypothalamus. Growth hormone promotes growth of tissues, increases protein synthesis and breaks down fat. It is regulated by growth hormone releasing hormone and somatostatin from the hypothalamus.
Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus is located in the posterior part of the forebrain and connects the midbrain to the cerebral hemispheres. It regulates many vital functions such as endocrine function, visceral functions, metabolism, hunger, thirst, sleep, emotions and sexual functions. Some of its key roles include secreting hormones from the posterior pituitary, controlling the anterior pituitary via releasing and inhibitory hormones, regulating adrenal function, autonomic nervous system, heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, hunger and food intake, and sleep-wake cycles. Dysfunctions can result in conditions like diabetes insipidus, Frohlich's syndrome, Kallmann's syndrome, and narcolepsy.
Adrenal medulla
The document discusses the adrenal medulla, which secretes catecholamines including adrenaline, noradrenaline, and dopamine. It describes the synthesis, regulation of secretion, metabolism, and actions of these hormones. Catecholamines stimulate the nervous system and have effects on metabolism, heart, blood vessels, respiration and other systems through alpha and beta adrenergic receptors. Their secretion increases during stress to prepare the body for fight or flight responses.
Gastric secretion &and its regulation
Gastric secretion is produced by epithelial cells in the stomach's gastric glands. These cells include parietal cells, chief cells, mucus-secreting cells, and hormone-producing cells. Parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor. Chief cells secrete pepsinogen, which is converted to the protease pepsin by hydrochloric acid. Mucus-secreting cells produce a bicarbonate-rich mucus that protects the stomach lining. Hormone-producing cells secrete gastrin, somatostatin, and histamine, which help regulate acid secretion.
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Presentation on the mechanism of HCl production in the stomach
Presentation on the mechanism of HCl production in the stomach
Similar to Posterior pitutary
POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND.pptx
The posterior pituitary gland, or neurohypophysis, contains nerve endings from the hypothalamus that secrete two hormones: antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin) and oxytocin. These hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the posterior pituitary. ADH regulates water balance by increasing water permeability in the kidneys. Oxytocin causes uterine contraction during childbirth and milk ejection from the breasts during lactation. Both hormones are regulated by osmolarity and blood volume/pressure.
Posterior Pituitary
The pituitary gland contains two lobes - the posterior and anterior pituitary. The posterior pituitary stores and secretes two important hormones - oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which are synthesized by the hypothalamus. ADH increases water reabsorption in the kidneys to concentrate urine, and also causes vasoconstriction. Oxytocin causes uterine contractions and milk ejection during breastfeeding. Disorders can result from too much or too little of these hormones.
Posterior Pituitary hormones-5.ppt- endocrine physiology
This document provides information about the posterior pituitary gland and its hormones. It discusses:
- The posterior pituitary is composed of nerve endings that secrete two hormones: oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH, also called vasopressin).
- These hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the posterior pituitary nerve endings for secretion.
- ADH increases water reabsorption in the kidneys to concentrate urine, while oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions and milk letdown from the breasts.
- The regulation and functions of each hormone are described in detail, including their effects on water balance, blood pressure, childbirth, lactation, and other physiological processes
Oxytocin and vasopressin
This document summarizes oxytocin and vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone or ADH). It describes that oxytocin is secreted by the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary and acts on mammary glands to cause milk ejection and on the uterus to facilitate birth and transport of sperm. ADH is also secreted by the hypothalamus and pituitary and has two main actions - retaining water in the kidneys by increasing water reabsorption and vasoconstriction. Conditions of inappropriate hypersecretion and hyposecretion of each hormone are also summarized.
Anatomy - posterior pituitary hormones
Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions and milk ejection from the breast. During childbirth, stretching of the uterine cervix by the baby's head causes the release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary via positive feedback. Oxytocin then causes stronger contractions to further dilate the cervix and force the baby out, after which oxytocin levels drop. Suckling also triggers oxytocin release to contract the breast and eject milk via positive feedback.
Antidiuretic hormone reduces urine production by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys. Its release from the posterior pituitary is stimulated by increased osmotic pressure in the blood, for example during dehydration. This helps the body retain
Anti diuretic hormone
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland and has two main actions: retaining water and increasing blood pressure. It is secreted when the body detects low blood volume or high osmolarity in the blood. ADH acts on the kidneys to increase water reabsorption, thereby concentrating the urine and retaining water. It also causes vasoconstriction which increases blood pressure. The precise mechanisms involve ADH binding to receptors on renal tubules and blood vessels to trigger secondary messengers that alter water and vascular permeability.
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Water is the most ubiquitous substance in the chemical reactions of life.
The interactions of various aqueous solutions, solutions in which water is the solvent, are continuously monitored and adjusted by a large suite of interconnected feedback systems in our body.
Understanding the ways in which the body maintains these critical balances is key to understanding good health.
Posterior pituitary by Pandian M
POSTERIOR PITUITARY OR NEUROHYPOPHYSIS
PARTS
HISTOLOGY
HORMONES
ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE
OXYTOCIN
APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY
Endocrine function of hypothalamus and posterior pituitary
This document discusses the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. It describes how the hypothalamus controls the anterior and posterior pituitary via the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system. The hypothalamus produces oxytocin and vasopressin (ADH) which are stored and released from the posterior pituitary. Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions and milk release. ADH regulates water balance in the kidneys by increasing water permeability and urine concentration. Stimuli such as water deprivation trigger ADH release from the hypothalamus to conserve water.
Endocrine function of hypothalamus and posterior pituitary
This document discusses the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. It describes how the hypothalamus controls the anterior and posterior pituitary via the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system. The hypothalamus produces oxytocin and vasopressin (ADH) which are stored and released from the posterior pituitary. Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions and milk release. ADH regulates water balance in the kidneys by increasing water permeability and urine concentration. Stimuli such as water deprivation trigger ADH release from the hypothalamus to conserve water.
Hypothalamus control pitutary glands
The pituitary gland, also known as the hypophysis, is located at the base of the brain and is divided into the anterior and posterior pituitary. The posterior pituitary stores and releases two hormones, antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin, which are produced in the hypothalamus. The anterior pituitary produces six hormones that are regulated by hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones: growth hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, prolactin, follicle stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone. These hormones control important metabolic and reproductive functions throughout the body.
General physiology - regulation of ECF
The document discusses physiology of body fluids, including:
1. Body fluids are divided into intracellular fluid, extracellular fluid, and transcellular fluid compartments. Extracellular fluid makes up about 40% of body weight and is regulated through osmoregulation.
2. Osmoregulation maintains stable concentrations of electrolytes and fluid volumes through negative feedback mechanisms that sense changes in extracellular fluid osmolarity and regulate the addition or subtraction of free water.
3. Several hormones and physiological systems help regulate fluid balance, including vasopressin, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, atrial natriuretic peptide, and osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus that
Clinical correlates (posterior pituitary)-1.pptx
The posterior pituitary, also known as the neurohypophysis, secretes two hormones - oxytocin and vasopressin. Oxytocin causes uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding. Vasopressin causes water reabsorption in the kidneys and increases blood pressure. Clinical correlates of low oxytocin include postpartum depression. Clinical correlates of low vasopressin include diabetes insipidus, where large volumes of diluted urine are produced due to the kidneys' inability to reabsorb water without vasopressin.
Posterior pituitary by m. pandian
This Presentation for all medicos and Basic science students --
Introduction
Forms of chemical signaling
Posterior pituitary gland
Antidiuretic hormone
Action of ADH
Regulation of ADH
Actions of oxytocin
Control of oxytocin secretion
Factors affecting secretion oxytocin
The cerebrospinal fluid
The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear fluid found in the brain ventricles and spinal canal that serves several functions. It acts as a cushion for the brain, regulates pressure within the cranium, and facilitates nutrient exchange and waste removal in the central nervous system. The CSF is produced by choroid plexuses in the ventricles and reabsorbed into venous sinuses through arachnoid villi. Pathologies that obstruct CSF flow and reabsorption can increase pressure and cause hydrocephalus or brain edema.
Kidney127
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine. Each kidney contains over a million nephrons, the functional units that filter blood. Urine is composed of water and waste products like urea and passes from the kidneys through the ureters to the bladder. Hormones and the nervous system help regulate urine production to maintain fluid balance and blood pressure within tight limits.
Excretion Exam Q's and A's
The proximal convoluted tubule selectively reabsorbs glucose, amino acids, salts, and some waste from the glomerular filtrate through co-transporter proteins and microvilli in its cell membranes. This brings about changes in blood concentrations of these substances.
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Introduction to hormone
Mechanism of action of hormone
Biological action of hormone
Disorders of hormone
Cape biology unit 2-_the_kidney_and_osmoregulation
The kidneys remove waste from the blood to form urine. They have an extensive blood supply so waste does not build up. Each kidney contains thousands of nephrons that filter blood to form urine in 5 steps: ultrafiltration, reabsorption, concentration in the loop of Henle, secretion in the distal tubule, and further concentration in the collecting duct. Hormones like ADH regulate water concentration to form either dilute or concentrated urine for excretion.
Neurohypophysial hormones
Oxytocin and vasopressin are peptide hormones produced in the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary gland. Oxytocin regulates milk release and uterine contractions during labor, while vasopressin regulates water balance. Both hormones have similar structures but different physiological roles. Oxytocin is involved in romantic attachment, sexual response, social behaviors, and wound healing by reducing anxiety and inflammation. Vasopressin regulates water reabsorption in the kidneys to maintain fluid homeostasis and also mediates blood pressure responses. Diseases related to these hormones include diabetes insipidus and syndrome of inappropriate vasopressin secretion.
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Posterior pitutary
- 1. Posterior Pituitary Gland and Its Relation to the Hypothalamus
- 3. also called the neurohypophysis, is composed mainly of glial-like cells called pituicytes. The pituicytes do not secrete hormones; act as a supporting structure for large numbers of terminal fibers and terminal nerve endings from nerve tracts that in the supra optic Para ventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus.
- 4. These tracts pass to the neurohypophysis through the pituitary stalk (hypophysial stalk). The nerve endings are bulbous knobs that contain many secretory granules. hormones are initially synthesized in the cell bodies and then transported in combination with "carrier" proteins called neurophysins down to the nerve endings in the posterior pituitary gland. These endings lie on the surfaces of capillaries, where they two posterior pituitary hormones: (1) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also called vasopressin (2) Oxytocin.
- 5. TWO HORMONES Antidiuretic hormone (also called vasopressin) controls the rate of water excretion into the urine, thus helping to control the concentration of water in the body fluids. (V1 receptor, vascular smooth muscle, Phospholipase C) (V2 receptor, epithelial cells (kidney, cyclic AMP) Oxytocin helps express milk from the glands of the breast to the nipples during suckling helps in the delivery of the baby at the end of gestation.
- 6. ADH(Antidiuretic hormone (also called vasopressin primarily in the supra optic nuclei causes decreased excretion of water by the kidneys (antidiuresis) and vasoconstriction of blood vessels. Site: Late distal tubules to water increases greatly and allows most of the water to be reabsorbed as the tubular fluid passes through these ducts, thereby conserving water in the body Inc. the permeability of the collecting ducts producing very concentrated urine
- 7. Aquaporins are a large number of special vesicles inside the cell membrane that have highly water-permeable pores. When ADH acts on the cell, it first combines with membrane receptors (V2) that activate adenylyl cyclase and cause the formation of c AMP inside the tubular cell cytoplasm. This causes phosphorylation of elements in the special vesicles, which then causes the vesicles to insert into the apical cell membranes, thus providing many areas of high water permeability. All this occurs within 5 to 10 minutes. Water is then absorbed from the collecting tubules and ducts by osmosis.
- 8. V1A receptors mediate the vasoconstrictor effect of vasopressin, and vasopressin is a potent stimulator of vascular smooth muscle in vitro. Hemorrhage is a potent stimulus for vasopressin secretion,, it appears that vasopressin does play a role in blood pressure homeostasis. V1A receptors are also found in the liver and the brain. Vasopressin causes glycogenolysis in the liver, and, it is a neurotransmitter in the brain and spinal cord. The V1B receptors (also called V3 receptors) appear to be unique to the anterior pituitary, where they mediate increased adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion from the corticotropes.
- 9. Regulation of Anti diuretic Hormone Production Increased Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity Stimulates Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion Low Blood Volume and Low Blood Pressure Stimulate ADH Secretion-Vasoconstrictor Effects of ADH
- 11. Role of ECF Osmolarity modified neuron receptors called osmoreceptors. When the extracellular fluid becomes too concentrated, fluid is pulled by osmosis out of the osmoreceptor cell, decreasing its size and initiating appropriate nerve signals in the hypothalamus to cause additional ADH secretion. osmoreceptors are located in the organum vasculosum, a highly vascular structure in the anteroventral wall of the third ventricle. Regardless of the mechanism, concentrated body fluids stimulate the supraoptic nuclei, whereas dilute body fluids inhibit them.
- 12. Low Blood Volume and Low Blood Pressure Stimulate ADH Secretion-Vasoconstrictor Effects of ADH higher concentrations of ADH have a potent effect of constricting the arterioles throughout the body and therefore increasing the arterial pressure. For this reason also called vasopressin. One of the stimuli for causing intense ADH secretion is decreased blood volume. This occurs strongly when the blood volume decreases 15 to 25 percent or more; the secretory rate then sometimes rises to as high as 50 times normal.
- 13. The cause of this is the following. The atria have stretch receptors that are excited by overfilling. When excited, they send signals to the brain to inhibit ADH secretion. Conversely, when the receptors are unexcited as a result of underfilling, the opposite occurs, with greatly increased ADH secretion. Decreased stretch of the baroreceptors of the carotid, aortic, pulmonary regions also stimulates ADH secretion.
- 15. OXYTOCIN
- 16. Oxytocin Causes Contraction of the Pregnant Uterus (Para ventricular nuclei) Powerfully stimulates contraction of the pregnant uterus, especially toward the end of gestation. It is believed that this hormone is at least partially responsible for causing birth of the baby. This is supported by the following facts: (1) In a hypophysectomized animal, the duration of labor is prolonged, indicating a possible effect of oxytocin during delivery. (2) The amount of oxytocin in the plasma increases during labor, especially during the last stage. (3) Stimulation of the cervix in a pregnant animal elicits nervous signals that pass to the hypothalamus and cause increased secretion of oxytocin.
- 17. Oxytocin Aids in Milk Ejection by the Breasts This mechanism works as follows: The suckling stimulus on the nipple of the breast causes signals to be transmitted through sensory nerves to the oxytocin neurons in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei in the hypothalamus, It causes release of oxytocin by the posterior pituitary gland. The oxytocin is then carried by the blood to the breasts, where it causes contraction of myoepithelial cells that lie outside of and form a latticework surrounding the alveoli of the mammary glands. In less than a minute after the beginning of suckling, milk begins to flow. This mechanism is called milk letdown or milk ejection.