used for reporting in Introduction to Stylistics
includes the types of style (expository/argumentative, descriptive, narrative, persuasive) basic principles in stylistic analysis, teaching of language and literature: a case for stylistics, and stylistics and levels of language
Different Levels of Stylistics Analysis 1.Phonological level 2.Graphologic...RajpootBhatti5
Levels of stylistics analysis
1.Phonological level
2.Graphological level
3.Grammatical level
Language of newspaper headlines
4.Pragmatics level
5.Conversation or discourse analysis
Presented
by
Ata ul ghafer & shoiba sabir
Department of Applied linguistics
GCUF
Different Levels of Stylistics Analysis 1.Phonological level 2.Graphologic...RajpootBhatti5
Levels of stylistics analysis
1.Phonological level
2.Graphological level
3.Grammatical level
Language of newspaper headlines
4.Pragmatics level
5.Conversation or discourse analysis
Presented
by
Ata ul ghafer & shoiba sabir
Department of Applied linguistics
GCUF
Modern Theories of Criticism: An OverviewDilip Barad
Modern Theories of Criticism: An Overview
[Note: This presentation and video recording are of Prof. Dilip Barad's session in the Refresher Course for College / University teachers. The Refresher Course was organised by UGC-HRDC, University of Mumbai.]
Modern Literary Theory and Criticism refers to the examination and interpretation of literature using various theoretical frameworks that emerged in the 20th century. This approach encompasses diverse schools of thought such as Marxist, Feminist, Psychoanalytic, and Deconstructionist theory that offer a critical lens to analyze literary texts and reveal their deeper meanings and societal impact. The purpose of this introduction is to provide a comprehensive overview of the key concepts, influential figures, and historical developments in Modern Literary Theory and Criticism, highlighting its significance and impact in the field of literary studies.
Used in Economics with TAR.
includes discussion on mixed economy, characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of mixed economy, types of mixed economy, features of mixed economy, best and worst practices in mixed economy and model countries.
Used in Literary Criticism
Includes a backgrounder on the author John Keats, vocabulary words, classification of the poem, and a per division discussion of the poem.
Used in Life, Works and Writings of Rizal.
Includes topics such as Rizal Laws and some controversies on his being a hero.
1. Is he for or against the revolution
2. Bonifacio and Rizal
3. Rizal: Made in the USA
4. No legislations supporting Rizal as a National Hero
Selecting and constructing test items and tasksEzr Acelar
Used in Assessment of Learning 1
Includes topics such as Measuring Knowledge and Simple Understanding, discussions on knowledge and remembering, Levels of Declarative and Procedural Knowledge, Categories of Lower Order Thinking Skills and Generic Questions for its Assessment, Measuring Deep Understanding, Alignment of Learning Outcomes and Cognitive Levels, Aligning of learning Outcomes to Test Types, Categories of Thought Questions for Deep Understanding and Sample Test Stems,
Used in Developmental Reading.
Includes Take off/Motivation Activities, Discussions on Drawing Conclusions, Tips to Effectively Draw Conclusions, and Tasks for practice.
Constructing Objective Supply Type of ItemsEzr Acelar
Used in Assessment of Learning 1.
Includes discussion for completion types of tests, short answer items, non-objective supply type, essay type, selected-response types,
Lesson 19 - Identifying Topics, Main Ideas and Supporting DetailsEzr Acelar
Used in Developmental Reading Class.
Includes Take Off/Motivation Activities, Discussion on the Paragraph, Main Idea, Topic Sentence, Tips from Reading Resources, and some activities for practice.
Instructional Programs for English Language Learners (ELL)Ezr Acelar
Used for PEDA 213 (Language Programs for Secondary Schools)
Includes Introduction to English Language Learner Programs, Phases of EL Instructions, the different types of ELL Programs and discussions for each.
was used for a reporting in Contemporary Literature as an executed lesson plan.
First Part was for Motivation (slides 2-7), a sort-of 4 Pics, 1 Word game.
Includes an introduction about the author Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore, background of the Gitanjali (Song Offerings), an activity on vocabulary building (slide 16) and some poems from Gitanjali.
The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey ChaucerEzr Acelar
used for reporting in English and American Literature
Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer (English Literature)
includes setting, characters, summary, Chaucer's Tale of Melibee, Wife of Bath's Tale,
used for reporting in ENG 214 - Introduction to Stylistics
includes the 3 waves of feminism, post feminism, feminist writers and literature, stereotypes of women in literature
7 Types of Curriculum Operating in SchoolsEzr Acelar
used for reporting in Curriculum Development
focuses on the 7 types of curriculum operating in schools (recommended, taught, written, supported, learned, hidden, assessed curriculum)
used for reporting in LIT 219 - English and American Literature
Patterns by Amy Lowell (American Literature)
Includes vocabulary words and per stanza interpretation (found in notes)
for LIT 203 (Panitikan sa Pilipinas)
Includes topics such as Kaligirang Kasaysayan ng Panahon (background), Katangian ng Literatura, Kilalang Manunulat at Akda (akdang Panrelihiyon sa Tagalog, Iloko, Bisaya, Mga Tula at Akdang ukol sa Tula, Tulang Maladula, Akdang Pangwika)
Other Approaches (Teaching Approach, Strategy, Method and Technique)Ezr Acelar
for EDUC 205 (Principles of Teaching 1) class
covers topics such as Blended Learning, Reflective Teaching/Learning, Metacognitive Approach, Constructivist Approach and Integrated Approach.
This was used for Lit 209 (Afro-Asian Literature).
This presentation is divided into 4 parts (Israel, Hebrew Literature, The Bible and some Biblical pieces).
Also includes some notes within the presentation itself.
Bloom’s Revised Taxonomy of Educational ObjectivesEzr Acelar
This was for EDUC 202 (Facilitating Learning).
Includes the old taxonomy, the revised taxonomy, the differences between the two as well as the two dimensions of the revised taxonomy and practical guide in using the revised taxonomy.
This was for EDUC 203 (Facilitating Learning).
This was the topic after Constructivism.
Includes Types of Transfer, Reasons Why Transfer Doesn't Work and Conditions and Principles for Transfer.
This was for LIT 208 (Mythology and Folklore).
It includes s\topics such as Egyptian Creation myth, gods and goddesses, mythical creatures and folklore.
Has some videos to aid in the instruction.
Notes are also included within the presentation.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. • comprises many literary devices that
an author employs to create a distinct
feel for a work.
style
STYLE
S
T
Y
L
E
sTyLe
S t Y l E
• the way a writer writes.
• the technique which an individual
author uses in his writing.
3. Orators
Winston Churchill
• “We shall go on to the end, we
shall fight in France, we shall fight
on the seas and oceans, we shall
fight with growing confidence and
growing strength in the air, we
shall defend our Island, whatever
the cost may be, we shall fight on
the beaches, we shall fight on the
landing grounds, we shall fight in
the fields and in the streets, we
shall fight in the hills; we shall
never surrender.”
Martin Luther King Jr.
• “I have a dream today. I have a
dream that one day every valley
shall be exalted and every hill and
mountain shall be made low, the
rough places will be made plain,
and the crooked places will be
made straight, and the glory of the
Lord shall be revealed and all flesh
shall see it together.”
4. Authors (James Joyce)
“The Dead” from Dubliners
• A few light taps upon the pane
made him turn to the window.
It had begun to snow again. He
watched sleepily the flakes,
silver and dark, falling obliquely
against the lamplight. The time
had come for him to set out on
his journey westward. Yes, the
newspapers were right: snow
was general all over Ireland.
Finnegan’s Wake
• riverrun, past Eve and
Adam’s, from swerve of
shore to bend of bay, brings
us by a commodius vicus of
recirculation back to Howth
Castle and Environs.
5. Authors (George Orwell)
“Shooting an Elephant”
from Facing Unpleasant
Facts
• In Moulmein, in lower
Burma, I was hated by
large numbers of people –
the only time in my life
that I have been important
enough for this to happen
to me.
1984
• Power is not a means; it is an end.
One does not establish a
dictatorship in order to safeguard
a revolution; one makes the
revolution in order to establish the
dictatorship. The object of
persecution is persecution. The
object of torture is torture. The
object of power is power.
6. Authors (George Orwell)
“Shooting an Elephant”
from Facing Unpleasant
Facts
• In Moulmein, in lower
Burma, I was hated by
large numbers of people –
the only time in my life
that I have been important
enough for this to happen
to me.
1984
• Power is not a means; it is an end.
One does not establish a
dictatorship in order to safeguard
a revolution; one makes the
revolution in order to establish the
dictatorship. The object of
persecution is persecution. The
object of torture is torture. The
object of power is power.
7. Expository or Argumentative Style
- subject-oriented style
• The pleasures of the imagination, taken in their full
extent, are not so gross as those of sense… A man of
polite imagination is let into a great many pleasures…
A man should endeavour, therefore, to make the
sphere of his innocent pleasures as wide as possible,
that he may retire into them with safety … Delightful
scenes, whether in nature, painting, or poetry, have a
kindly influence on the body, as well as the mind, and
not only serve to clear and brighten the imagination,
but are able to disperse grief and melancholy…
The Pleasures
of
Imagination”
by Joseph
Addison
8. Descriptive style
- the author focuses on describing an event, a character or a place in detail.
•A drop fell on the apple tree,
Another on the roof,
And made the gables laugh,
The breezes brought dejected
lutes,
And bathed them in the glee;
And signed the fete away.
(Summer
Shower by
Emily
Dickinson)
9. Descriptive style
• “The studio was filled with the rich
odor of roses, and when the light
summer wind stirred amidst the
trees of the garden… The sullen
murmur of the bees shouldering
their way through… or circling with
monotonous insistence…”
An excerpt
from Dorian
Gray by Oscar
Wilde
10. Narrative style
• It is an ancient Mariner,
And he stoppeth one of three.’
By thy long grey beard and glittering eye,
Now wherefore stopp’st thou me?
The bridegroom’s doors are opened wide,
…
The guests are met, the feast is set:
Mayst hear the merry din.
The Rime of
the Ancient
Mariner by
Samuel Taylor
Coleridge
11. Persuasive style
• the writer tries to give reasons and justification to make the readers
believe his point of view.
• “I decline to accept the end of man. It is easy
enough to say that man is immortal because he
will endure: that when the last ding-dong of
doom has clanged and faded from the last
worthless rock hanging tideless in the last red
and dying evening, that even then there will
still be one more sound: that of his puny
inexhaustible voice, still talking. I refuse to
accept this. I believe that man will not merely
endure: he will prevail.”
Wiliam
Faulkner
12. Stylistics
study of the devices in languages (such as rhetorical figures and syntactical
patterns) that are considered to produce expressive or literary style
Bally and Spitzer: style in language arises from the possibility of choice
among alternative forms of expression
Sapir: relation between style and linguistics
20th Century: looked at relationships between social, contextual, and formal
linguistic analysis
Fish and Hernstein-Smith: interrogate the logical assumptions underlying
stylistics.
14. •The various forms, patterns
and levels that constitute
linguistic structure are an
important index of the
function of the text which in
turn acts as a gateway to its
interpretation.
Why is
language
important to
stylisticians?
18. Language learning and literary
study are interdependent and
should be seen as
complementary at all stages in
the educational process.
Stylistics is a link between two
disciplines: linguistics and
literary criticism.
Although stylistics entails
linguistic analysis, it also
develops the learners’ literary
competence.
Stylistics provides systematic
training in those interpretative
methods that can lead to ever-
increasing appreciation of a
writer’s artistry in and through
language.
Stylistics may be seen as an aid
to intuition and a preparation
for literary appreciation.
Teaching of Language and Literature: A Case for Stylistics
19. • The sound of spoken language; the way words are pronouncedPhonology; Phonetics
• The patterns of written language; the shape of language on the pageGraphology
• The way words are constructed; words and their constituent structureMorphology
• The way words combine with other words to form phrases and sentencesSyntax; Grammar
• The words we use; the vocabulary of languageLexical Analysis; Lexicology
• The meaning of words and sentencesSemantics
• The way words and sentences are used in everyday situations; the meaning of
language in context.Pragmatics; Discourse analysis
Stylistics and Levels of Language
These devices include, but are not limited to, point of view, symbolism, tone, imagery, diction, voice, syntax, and the method of narration.
Style is a fundamental aspect of fiction, as it is naturally part of every work of prose written. Some types of writing are required to have a certain style, such as academic or journalistic writing. However, every work of creative writing takes on its own style.
It varies from author to author and depends upon one’s syntax, word choice, and tone. It can also be described as a voice that readers listen to when they read the work of a writer.
Style has been an object of study from ancient times. Aristotle, Cicero, Demetrius, and Quintilian treated style as the proper adornment of thought. In this view, which prevailed throughout the Renaissance period, devices of style can be catalogued. The essayist or orator is expected to frame his ideas with the help of model sentences and prescribed kinds of “figures” suitable to his mode of discourse. Modern stylistics uses the tools of formal linguistic analysis coupled with the methods of literary criticism; its goal is to try to isolate characteristic uses and functions of language and rhetoric rather than advance normative or prescriptive rules and patterns.
Style is also seen as a mark of character. The Count de Buffon’s famous epigram “Le style est l’homme même” (“Style is the man himself”) in his Discours sur le style (1753), and Arthur Schopenhauer’s definition of style as “the physiognomy of the mind” suggest that, no matter how calculatingly choices may be made, a writer’s style will bear the mark of his personality. An experienced writer is able to rely on the power of his habitual choices of sounds, words, and syntactic patterns to convey his personality or fundamental outlook.
In these two contrasting examples of style, we can see a great leap from James Joyce’s earlier works to his later works. His writing style in Dubliners is descriptive yet quite direct. However, in Finnegan’s Wake, Joyce’s writing is almost unintelligible. This line is the first in the novel—note that it doesn’t even start with a capital letter—and already Joyce has used several barely understandable words.
Here is another set of styles from the same author. George Orwell wrote many essays about his experiences, and uses a very drily witty style. However, when writing perhaps his most famous work of fiction Orwell is decidedly not witty and instead writes in a very cold and blunt style.
Here is another set of styles from the same author. George Orwell wrote many essays about his experiences, and uses a very drily witty style. However, when writing perhaps his most famous work of fiction Orwell is decidedly not witty and instead writes in a very cold and blunt style.
Expository or Argumentative style
Expository writing style is a subject-oriented style. The focus of the writer in this type of writing style is to tell the readers about a specific subject or topic and in the end the author leaves out his own opinion about that topic.
An excerpt from “The Pleasures of Imagination” by Joseph Addison
The pleasures of the imagination, taken in their full extent, are not so gross as those of sense… A man of polite imagination is let into a great many pleasures… A man should endeavour, therefore, to make the sphere of his innocent pleasures as wide as possible, that he may retire into them with safety … Delightful scenes, whether in nature, painting, or poetry, have a kindly influence on the body, as well as the mind, and not only serve to clear and brighten the imagination, but are able to disperse grief and melancholy…
This is an example of expository writing style in which the author describes advantages of imagination with facts and logical sequence and tells his delight of imagination. Then, he discusses its benefits and finally gives opinions in its favor.
Descriptive style
In descriptive writing style, the author focuses on describing an event, a character or a place in detail. Sometimes, descriptive writing style is poetic in nature in, where the author specifies an event, an object or a thing rather than merely giving information about an event that has happened. Usually the description incorporates sensory details.
Here is an excerpt from a poem.
A drop fell on the apple tree,Another on the roof,And made the gables laugh,The breezes brought dejected lutes,And bathed them in the glee;And signed the fete away.(Summer Shower by Emily Dickinson)
This poem is giving an example of descriptive style. Emily gives a description of a summer rainstorm in detail and visualizes with images so that the readers could visualize this storm in their own minds as if it is actually happening.
An excerpt from Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde
“The studio was filled with the rich odor of roses, and when the light summer wind stirred amidst the trees of the garden… The sullen murmur of the bees shouldering their way through… or circling with monotonous insistence…”
This is a good example of descriptive writing style since the author gives visualizations, feelings, description of a location and details about bees that could be seen and heard.
Narrative style
Narrative writing style is a type of writing where the writer narrates a story to. It includes short stories, novels, novellas, biographies and poetry.
It is an ancient Mariner,And he stoppeth one of three.’By thy long grey beard and glittering eye,Now wherefore stopp’st thou me?The bridegroom’s doors are opened wide,…The guests are met, the feast is set:Mayst hear the merry din.(The Rime of the Ancient Mariner by Samuel Taylor Coleridge)
In this poem, Coleridge uses narrative style and tells a story about the ancient mariner. He uses dialogues, disputes, actions and events in a sequence, thus provides a perfect example of the narrative style of writing.
Persuasive style of writing is a category of writing in which the writer tries to give reasons and justification to make the readers believe his point of view . The persuasive style aims to persuade and convince the readers.
Persuasive style of writing is a category of writing in which the writer tries to give reasons and justification to make the readers believe his point of view . The persuasive style aims to persuade and convince the readers.
The traditional idea of style as something properly added to thoughts contrasts with the ideas that derive from Charles Bally (1865–1947), the Swiss philologist, and Leo Spitzer (1887–1960), the Austrian literary critic. According to followers of these thinkers, style in language arises from the possibility of choice among alternative forms of expression, as for example, between “children,” “kids,” “youngsters,” and “youths,” each of which has a different evocative value. This theory emphasizes the relation between style and linguistics, as does the theory of Edward Sapir, who talked about literature that is form-based (Algernon Charles Swinburne, Paul Verlaine, Horace, Catullus, Virgil, and much of Latin literature) and literature that is content-based (Homer, Plato, Dante, William Shakespeare) and the near untranslatability
Twentieth-century work on stylistics, particularly in Britain (by such scholars as Roger Fowler and M.A.K. Halliday), looked at relationships between social, contextual, and formal linguistic analysis. There were also attempts, as in the work of Stanley Fish and Barbara Herrnstein Smith from the 1970s and 1980s, to interrogate the logical assumptions underlying stylistics.
This method of inquiry sheds light on the rules of language because styliostics shows us how these rules are broken in certain texts.
Rigorous – stylistic method should be based on an explicit framework of analysis, derived from models of language and discourse
Retrievable – method should be organized through explicit terms and criteria, since there is a wide agreement on the meaning of the terms
Replicable – should be sufficiently transparent as to allow other stylisticians to verify them, either by testing them on the same text or applying them beyond the text.
The impressionistic “slow, dragging” effect of Edgar Allan Poe’s
On desperate seas long wont to roam
can be made more objective by the linguist’s knowledge of the stress contour or intonation. Here the predominance of the stronger primary and secondary stresses creates the drawn-out interminable effect