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Transforming livestock farming: Key elements for medium scale enterprises
The document discusses the critical role of livestock farming in transforming agricultural practices, particularly for medium-scale enterprises in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). It highlights the growing demand for animal-source foods, the nutritional benefits they provide, and the economic impact on smallholder farmers, especially women. Additionally, it addresses challenges such as environmental sustainability, zoonotic diseases, and the need for improved genetics and integrated systems to enhance productivity and address food security.
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Transforming livestock farming: Key elements for medium scale enterprises
- 1. Better lives throughlivestock Transforming livestock farming: key elements for medium scale enterprises Jimmy Smith Director General International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) Kenya 9th International conference on appropriate technology Workshop: appropriate technology for medium-scale farmers Virtual, 23 November 2020
- 2. 2 Overview • Context • Integratedcrop livestock farms: circular bioeconomy in action • Using the latest science to find appropriate livestock genetics solutions
- 3. The livestock opportunityin LMICs - economic and livelihoods impacts 0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000 300000 350000 Rice, paddy Meat, pig Milk, whole fresh cow Meat, cattle Maize Meat, chicken Wheat Potatoes Eggs, hen, in shell Sugarcane Animal Sourced Foods key components of global food supply (average annual values 2007-2016; animal source foods: USD 830 billion) The livestock sector accounts for about 40% of agricultural GDP. LMICs face different nutritional challenges and need different solutions than high income countries Demand for animal-source foods is rising rapidly in developing regions of the world – how to meet this demand? Smallholder farmers provide the bulk of the world’s staple foods today Livestock directly impacts >half a billion small scale mixed crop- livestock farmers in the world; two- thirds of poor rural livestock keepers are women Several pathways for meeting growing demand Importing livestock products Importing livestock industrial production know-how Transforming smallholder livestock systems • Milk, meat and eggs provide key nutrients (vitamins A, B12, choline, iron, zinc) critical for human nutrition and health, especially for new mothers and young children. • One egg a day can reduce stunting (by 47%) among in 6–9-month-old babies where stunting levels are high. 40 0 20 Hungry Obese Stunted Children 0 20 40 20 0 40 Reduce energy deficiency Reduce micro- nutrient deficiency Reduce excessive net energy and unhealthy diets Low income countries % population Middle income countries % population High income countries % population
- 4. Livestock and development •Climate adaptation & greenhouse gas reduction • BUT GHG emissions must be greatly reduced • Environmental health and biodiversity • BUT pollution, land/water degradation needs to be reduced • Gender equity, youth and social inclusion • BUT needs new approaches to equity • Nutrition, health & food security • BUT animal-human/emerging diseases and unsafe foods need to be addressed and overconsumption is often associated with obesity and non-communicable diseases • Poverty reduction, livelihoods and jobs • BUT equitable development can be a challenge e.g. benefits to small scale livestock keepers
- 5. 0 10 20 30 40 50 S.Asia dairy E.Africadairy W.Africa beef W.Africa s.ruminants S'n Africa small ruminants % potential gain from interventions Genetics Health Feed 0 10 20 30 40 50 S.Asia dairy E.Africa dairy W.Africa beef W.Africa s.ruminants S'n Africa small % potential gain from interventions Mkt access Input delivery Technical and market level interventions are all needed
- 6. 6 Over 50% ofLMIC’s staple cereals can only be produced because livestock are part of the system • Improvements: •Better storage and management can reduce nitrous oxide emissions while and enhance soil fertility and quality •Improvements: •Market access and information for sales •Input supplies •Improvements: •Crop breeders incorporate feed parameters •Processing options •Improvements: • Bundling feed, breed and health solutions improves productivity and reduces GHG emissions • Providing insurance options in vulnerable locations Animal agriculture helps manage risk eg climate Crop residues make up 70% of ruminant feed Manure provides 23% nitrogen globally Income from livestock is crucial to allow timely purchase of crop seeds/inputs
- 7. 7 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 Harsh Poor Good Yield (l) Productionenvironment Indigenous X-bred Exotic Indigenous (non-dairy) breeds: highly adapted to harsh conditions; little potential to increase milk yield under better feeding. Crossbreds: respond to better feeding with increased milk yield; moderately well adapted. Exotic dairy breeds: very high genetic potential for milk yield which is expressed under the most favourable conditions; poorly adapted Matching of breeds to production environment is key Typical low-input smallholder environment
- 8. 8 Country Data platforms DataExtraction API Management System Administration Data Validation User management Data Analytics Other Database integration Data feedback systems API API Mobile applications Web applications Farm Data Capture Individual farmers Extension personnel Service providers National governments Livestock stakeholders Big Data systems API API API DATA PLATFORM KLBA, AVCD i-Cow Cooperatives ADGG LSF i-Cow Interherd ADGG i-Cow Interherd ADGG SRUC i-Cow ODK i-Cow Designed apps African Dairy Genetic Gains (ADGG): using genomics, data, IT to improve genetics for dairy production
- 9. Records Ethiopia TanzaniaKenya Total No of farms 72,095 34,732 26,766 133,593 No of cows 113,280 67,825 131,229 312,334 17% 23% 19% 9% 4% 12% 4% 12% TANZANIA Arusha Kilimanjaro Tanga Iringa Njombe Mbeya Dar es Salaam Other regions 6% 26% 34% 17% 17% ETHIOPIA Addis Ababa Amhara Oromia SNNP Proportion of animals registered from different ADGG project sites Number farms & Animals registered
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- 11. 11 Livestock: key fortransformation and opportunities for medium scale enterprises Understanding and predicting global trends – to target and respond to opportunities and challenges Opportunities – market pull on productivity drivers: I. Genetics II. Health III. Nutrition (feeds) IV. Integrated systems – circular bioeconomy Challenges: I. Livestock and the environment (both directions) II. Zoonotic diseases III. AMR IV. Food safety
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Editor's Notes
- #6 Staal, S., Poole, J., Baltenweck, I., Mwacharo, J., Notenbaert, A., Randolph, T., Thorpe, W., Nzuma, J. and Herrero, M. 2009. Targeting strategic investment in livestock development as a vehicle for rural livelihoods. Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation – ILRI Knowledge Generation Project Report. Nairobi, Kenya: ILRI.
- #7 On manure: Liu, E. et al., “Long‑Term Effect of Manure and Fertilizer on Soil Organic Carbon Pools in Dryland Farming in Northwest China”, Plos one, Vol. 8, No. 2, 2013. Pelster, D. et al., “Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Cattle Excreta on an East African Grassland”, Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 45, No. 5, 2016.
- #8 On this slide the key point is that in good environments , purebred exotics massively outperform crossbreds or indigenous. In typical smallholder environments pure exotics do not perform well and crossbreds excel. i.e. massive G*E. Note that this slide was developed based on global literature on dairy crossbreed and illustrates the situation where the indigenous cattle have very low milk potential. It should be pointed out than in India there are indigenous dairy breeds that have good milk potential so that the relationship between crossbreds and some indigenous breeds is different to that shown here. Also there is a continuum between poor and good environments and as the environment improves, so exotics perform better compared to crossbreds/indigenous.