Presented by Jimmy Smith, at the 9th International conference on appropriate technology Workshop: appropriate technology for medium-scale farmers, Virtual, 23 November 2020
How can Animal Biotechnology contribute to Agenda 2063, ST&I Strategy for Afr...ILRI
Presented by Christian K. Tiambo, Jimmy Smith, Okeyo Mwai and Steve Kemp at the Animal Biotechnology: The Next Frontier Stakeholders Sensitization and Awareness Workshop on Animal Biotechnology Applications and Regulatory Perspectives, Naivasha, Kenya, 22-24 March 2021
Ruminant livestock production systems and imperatives for sustainable develop...ILRI
Presented by Jimmy Smith, Director General, With Fiona Flintan, Jason Sircely, Cesar Patino, Mireille Ferrari and Susan MacMillan (ILRI) at the Joint XI International Rangeland Congress and XXIV International Grassland Congress, Nairobi (virtual), 24–30 October 2021
Livestock biodiversity for sustainable, resilient food systemsILRI
Presented by Jimmy Smith, at the Food systems and nutrition patterns: Biodiversity, resilience and food security HLPF SDGs learning, training and practice 2020, session 4, 8 July 2020
How can Animal Biotechnology contribute to Agenda 2063, ST&I Strategy for Afr...ILRI
Presented by Christian K. Tiambo, Jimmy Smith, Okeyo Mwai and Steve Kemp at the Animal Biotechnology: The Next Frontier Stakeholders Sensitization and Awareness Workshop on Animal Biotechnology Applications and Regulatory Perspectives, Naivasha, Kenya, 22-24 March 2021
Ruminant livestock production systems and imperatives for sustainable develop...ILRI
Presented by Jimmy Smith, Director General, With Fiona Flintan, Jason Sircely, Cesar Patino, Mireille Ferrari and Susan MacMillan (ILRI) at the Joint XI International Rangeland Congress and XXIV International Grassland Congress, Nairobi (virtual), 24–30 October 2021
Livestock biodiversity for sustainable, resilient food systemsILRI
Presented by Jimmy Smith, at the Food systems and nutrition patterns: Biodiversity, resilience and food security HLPF SDGs learning, training and practice 2020, session 4, 8 July 2020
The role of livestock in food and nutrition securityILRI
Presented by Jimmy Smith at the University of Florida Global Nutrition Symposium on ‘Nurturing development: Improving Human Nutrition with Animal-Source Foods’, 29–30 March 2017
The roles of livestock in achieving the sustainable development goalsILRI
Presented by Iain A Wright, Deputy Director General-Research (ILRI) at the 25 Anniversary Conference of the Ethiopian Society for Animal Production (ESAP), Haramaya, Ethiopia, 24–26 August 2017
Healthy people, animals and ecosystems: The role of CGIAR researchILRI
Keynote presentation by Bernard Bett and Jimmy Smith at the Regional Conference on Zoonotic Diseases in Eastern Africa, Naivasha, Kenya, 9–12 March 2015.
Livestock roles in addressing the Sustainable Development GoalsILRI
Presentation by Hung Nguyen-Viet at the third Global Official Development Assistance Forum for Sustainable Agricultural Development, Seoul, Republic of Korea, 13–15 May 2019.
The livestock revolution and implications for human health and diseaseILRI
Invited presentation by Delia Grace, Silvia Alonso, Barbara Szonyi and Johanna Lindahl at the 'Impact of Environmental Changes on Infectious Diseases' (IECID 2015) conference, Melia, Sitges, Spain, 23-25 March 2015.
The interplay of knowledge and natural resources: Ensuring the health, wealth...ILRI
Presented by Jimmy Smith at the Tropentag 2014 Conference on Bridging the gap between
increasing knowledge and decreasing resources, Prague, 17−19 September 2014
Food security and animal production—What does the future hold?ILRI
Presented by Jimmy Smith, Dieter Schillinger, Delia Grace, Tim Robinson and Shirley Tarawali at the IFAH Europe Sustainability Conference, Brussels, 11 June 2015
Sustainable animal production systems in AfricaILRI
Presented by Timothy Robinson, Catherine Pfeifer, Mario Herrero, Thomas van Boeckel and Marius Gilbert at the 61st International Congress of Meat Science & Technology, France, 23–28 August 2015
Overview of Livestock Contributions to the Sustainable Development GoalsILRI
Presented by Fritz Schneider (Global Agenda for Sustainable Livestock) at the Expert panel: Sustainable solutions for the livestock sector: the time is ripe! 10th Global Forum for Food and Agriculture, Berlin, 19 January 2018
Presented by Shirley Tarawali, Assistant Director General, ILRI, at the 16th Annual General Meeting of the Inter-Agency Donor Group on Pro-poor-livestock research and development, Berlin, 18-20 November 2015
The future of sustainable livestock systems in low- and middle-income countriesILRI
Presented by Shirley Tarawali at the Expert dialogue: The future of sustainable agriculture. Let’s think about… livestock, German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), 28 June 2022
The role of livestock in food and nutrition securityILRI
Presented by Jimmy Smith at the University of Florida Global Nutrition Symposium on ‘Nurturing development: Improving Human Nutrition with Animal-Source Foods’, 29–30 March 2017
The roles of livestock in achieving the sustainable development goalsILRI
Presented by Iain A Wright, Deputy Director General-Research (ILRI) at the 25 Anniversary Conference of the Ethiopian Society for Animal Production (ESAP), Haramaya, Ethiopia, 24–26 August 2017
Healthy people, animals and ecosystems: The role of CGIAR researchILRI
Keynote presentation by Bernard Bett and Jimmy Smith at the Regional Conference on Zoonotic Diseases in Eastern Africa, Naivasha, Kenya, 9–12 March 2015.
Livestock roles in addressing the Sustainable Development GoalsILRI
Presentation by Hung Nguyen-Viet at the third Global Official Development Assistance Forum for Sustainable Agricultural Development, Seoul, Republic of Korea, 13–15 May 2019.
The livestock revolution and implications for human health and diseaseILRI
Invited presentation by Delia Grace, Silvia Alonso, Barbara Szonyi and Johanna Lindahl at the 'Impact of Environmental Changes on Infectious Diseases' (IECID 2015) conference, Melia, Sitges, Spain, 23-25 March 2015.
The interplay of knowledge and natural resources: Ensuring the health, wealth...ILRI
Presented by Jimmy Smith at the Tropentag 2014 Conference on Bridging the gap between
increasing knowledge and decreasing resources, Prague, 17−19 September 2014
Food security and animal production—What does the future hold?ILRI
Presented by Jimmy Smith, Dieter Schillinger, Delia Grace, Tim Robinson and Shirley Tarawali at the IFAH Europe Sustainability Conference, Brussels, 11 June 2015
Sustainable animal production systems in AfricaILRI
Presented by Timothy Robinson, Catherine Pfeifer, Mario Herrero, Thomas van Boeckel and Marius Gilbert at the 61st International Congress of Meat Science & Technology, France, 23–28 August 2015
Overview of Livestock Contributions to the Sustainable Development GoalsILRI
Presented by Fritz Schneider (Global Agenda for Sustainable Livestock) at the Expert panel: Sustainable solutions for the livestock sector: the time is ripe! 10th Global Forum for Food and Agriculture, Berlin, 19 January 2018
Presented by Shirley Tarawali, Assistant Director General, ILRI, at the 16th Annual General Meeting of the Inter-Agency Donor Group on Pro-poor-livestock research and development, Berlin, 18-20 November 2015
The future of sustainable livestock systems in low- and middle-income countriesILRI
Presented by Shirley Tarawali at the Expert dialogue: The future of sustainable agriculture. Let’s think about… livestock, German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), 28 June 2022
Mixed crop-livestock systems: Indispensable means to achieving global food an...ILRI
Presented by Jimmy Smith at the ADSA (American Dairy Science Association)-ASAS (American Society of Animal Science)-CSAS (Canadian Society of Animal Science) Joint Annual Meeting on Linking Animal Science and Animal Agriculture: Meeting the global demands of 2050, Kansas City, Missouri, 20–24 July 2014
Presented by Delia Grace at the Joint CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH)/CGIAR Independent Science and Partnership Council (ISPC) Workshop on Nutrition, Washington, D.C., 22-23 September 2014.
The sharp divide: Do we need animals to feed this world safely, well, sustain...ILRI
Presentation by ILRI and Cornell University on materials from a Café at the 2nd International Conference on Global Food Security, Ithaca, USA, 13 October 2015
Livestock research contributions to the Sustainable Development GoalsILRI
Presented by Hung Nguyen-Viet at a workshop on applications of One Health/ecohealth approach towards sustainable livestock production in Southeast Asia, Los Baños, Laguna, the Philippines, 25 October 2018.
Livestock and food security: An ILRI perspectiveILRI
A series of presentations by ILRI scientists (Thomas Randolph, Hikuepi Katjiuongua, Timothy Robinson, Isabelle Baltenweck, Alessandra Galie, Alan Duncan, Nils Teufel, Mats Lannerstad, Bernard Bett, Johanna Lindahl, Eric Fèvre, Silvia Alonso and Delia Grace) at a seminar on "Sustainable Agricultural Development for Food Security and Nutrition, including the role of Livestock" for the Committee on World Food Security High Level Panel of Experts on food security and nutrition (HLPE), Nairobi, Kenya, 8 May 2015.
Small ruminant keepers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices towards peste des ...ILRI
Presentation by Guy Ilboudo, Abel Sènabgè Biguezoton, Cheick Abou Kounta Sidibé, Modou Moustapha Lo, Zoë Campbell and Michel Dione at the 6th Peste des Petits Ruminants Global Research and Expertise Networks (PPR-GREN) annual meeting, Bengaluru, India, 28–30 November 2023.
Small ruminant keepers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices towards peste des ...ILRI
Poster by Guy Ilboudo, Abel Sènabgè Biguezoton, Cheick Abou Kounta Sidibé, Modou Moustapha Lo, Zoë Campbell and Michel Dione presented at the 6th Peste des Petits Ruminants Global Research and Expertise Networks (PPR-GREN) annual meeting, Bengaluru, India, 29 November 2023.
A training, certification and marketing scheme for informal dairy vendors in ...ILRI
Presentation by Silvia Alonso, Jef L. Leroy, Emmanuel Muunda, Moira Donahue Angel, Emily Kilonzi, Giordano Palloni, Gideon Kiarie, Paula Dominguez-Salas and Delia Grace at the Micronutrient Forum 6th Global Conference, The Hague, Netherlands, 16 October 2023.
Milk safety and child nutrition impacts of the MoreMilk training, certificati...ILRI
Poster by Silvia Alonso, Emmanuel Muunda, Moira Donahue Angel, Emily Kilonzi, Giordano Palloni, Gideon Kiarie, Paula Dominguez-Salas, Delia Grace and Jef L. Leroy presented at the Micronutrient Forum 6th Global Conference, The Hague, Netherlands, 16 October 2023.
Food safety research in low- and middle-income countriesILRI
Presentation by Hung Nguyen-Viet at the first technical meeting to launch the Food Safety Working Group under the One Health Partnership framework, Hanoi, Vietnam, 28 September 2023
Presentation by Hung Nguyen-Viet at the first technical meeting to launch the Food Safety Working Group under the One Health Partnership framework, Hanoi, Vietnam, 28 September 2023
Reservoirs of pathogenic Leptospira species in UgandaILRI
Presentation by Lordrick Alinaitwe, Martin Wainaina, Salome Dürr, Clovice Kankya, Velma Kivali, James Bugeza, Martin Richter, Kristina Roesel, Annie Cook and Anne Mayer-Scholl at the University of Bern Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences Symposium, Bern, Switzerland, 29 June 2023.
Assessing meat microbiological safety and associated handling practices in bu...ILRI
Presentation by Patricia Koech, Winnie Ogutu, Linnet Ochieng, Delia Grace, George Gitao, Lily Bebora, Max Korir, Florence Mutua and Arshnee Moodley at the 8th All Africa Conference on Animal Agriculture, Gaborone, Botswana, 26–29 September 2023.
Ecological factors associated with abundance and distribution of mosquito vec...ILRI
Poster by Max Korir, Joel Lutomiah and Bernard Bett presented the 8th All Africa Conference on Animal Agriculture, Gaborone, Botswana, 26–29 September 2023.
Practices and drivers of antibiotic use in Kenyan smallholder dairy farmsILRI
Poster by Lydiah Kisoo, Dishon M. Muloi, Walter Oguta, Daisy Ronoh, Lynn Kirwa, James Akoko, Eric Fèvre, Arshnee Moodley and Lillian Wambua presented at Tropentag 2023, Berlin, Germany, 20–22 September 2023.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Transforming livestock farming: Key elements for medium scale enterprises
1. Better lives through livestock
Transforming livestock farming: key elements for
medium scale enterprises
Jimmy Smith
Director General
International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) Kenya
9th International conference on appropriate technology
Workshop: appropriate technology for medium-scale farmers
Virtual, 23 November 2020
2. 2
Overview
• Context
• Integrated crop livestock farms: circular bioeconomy in action
• Using the latest science to find appropriate livestock genetics
solutions
3. The livestock opportunity in LMICs - economic and livelihoods impacts
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
Rice, paddy Meat, pig Milk, whole
fresh cow
Meat, cattle Maize Meat,
chicken
Wheat Potatoes Eggs, hen,
in shell
Sugarcane
Animal Sourced Foods key components of global food supply
(average annual values 2007-2016; animal source foods: USD 830
billion)
The livestock sector accounts for about 40% of agricultural GDP.
LMICs face different nutritional challenges and need different solutions
than high income countries
Demand for animal-source foods is rising rapidly in developing regions
of the world – how to meet this demand?
Smallholder farmers provide the bulk of the world’s staple foods today
Livestock directly
impacts >half a billion
small scale mixed crop-
livestock farmers
in the world; two-
thirds of poor rural
livestock keepers are
women
Several pathways for meeting growing demand
Importing livestock products
Importing livestock industrial
production know-how
Transforming smallholder
livestock systems
• Milk, meat and eggs provide key nutrients (vitamins A, B12, choline, iron, zinc) critical for
human nutrition and health, especially for new mothers and young children.
• One egg a day can reduce stunting (by 47%) among in 6–9-month-old babies where stunting
levels are high.
40
0
20
Hungry Obese
Stunted Children
0
20
40
20
0
40
Reduce energy deficiency
Reduce micro-
nutrient deficiency
Reduce excessive net
energy and unhealthy diets
Low income
countries
% population
Middle income
countries
% population
High income
countries
% population
4. Livestock and development
• Climate adaptation & greenhouse gas reduction
• BUT GHG emissions must be greatly reduced
• Environmental health and biodiversity
• BUT pollution, land/water degradation needs to be
reduced
• Gender equity, youth and social inclusion
• BUT needs new approaches to equity
• Nutrition, health & food security
• BUT animal-human/emerging diseases and unsafe foods
need to be addressed and overconsumption is often
associated with obesity and non-communicable
diseases
• Poverty reduction, livelihoods and jobs
• BUT equitable development can be a challenge e.g.
benefits to small scale livestock keepers
5. 0
10
20
30
40
50
S.Asia dairy E.Africa dairy W.Africa beef W.Africa
s.ruminants
S'n Africa
small
ruminants
%
potential
gain
from
interventions
Genetics
Health
Feed
0
10
20
30
40
50
S.Asia dairy E.Africa
dairy
W.Africa
beef
W.Africa
s.ruminants
S'n Africa
small
%
potential
gain
from
interventions
Mkt access
Input delivery
Technical and market level interventions are all
needed
6. 6
Over 50% of LMIC’s staple cereals can only be produced because
livestock are part of the system
• Improvements:
•Better storage and
management can reduce
nitrous oxide emissions
while and enhance soil
fertility and quality
•Improvements:
•Market access and
information for sales
•Input supplies
•Improvements:
•Crop breeders
incorporate feed
parameters
•Processing options
•Improvements:
• Bundling feed, breed and
health solutions improves
productivity and reduces GHG
emissions
• Providing insurance options in
vulnerable locations
Animal
agriculture
helps manage
risk eg climate
Crop residues
make up 70% of
ruminant feed
Manure
provides 23%
nitrogen
globally
Income from
livestock is
crucial to allow
timely purchase
of crop
seeds/inputs
7. 7
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
Harsh Poor Good
Yield
(l)
Production environment
Indigenous
X-bred
Exotic
Indigenous (non-dairy) breeds: highly
adapted to harsh conditions; little
potential to increase milk yield under
better feeding.
Crossbreds: respond to better feeding
with increased milk yield; moderately
well adapted.
Exotic dairy breeds: very high genetic
potential for milk yield which is
expressed under the most favourable
conditions; poorly adapted
Matching of breeds to production environment is key
Typical low-input
smallholder environment
8. 8
Country Data platforms
Data Extraction
API Management
System Administration
Data Validation
User
management
Data
Analytics
Other
Database
integration
Data feedback
systems
API
API
Mobile
applications
Web
applications
Farm Data Capture
Individual farmers
Extension personnel
Service providers
National governments
Livestock stakeholders
Big Data systems
API
API
API
DATA PLATFORM KLBA, AVCD
i-Cow
Cooperatives
ADGG LSF
i-Cow
Interherd
ADGG
i-Cow
Interherd
ADGG
SRUC
i-Cow
ODK
i-Cow
Designed apps
African Dairy Genetic Gains (ADGG): using genomics, data, IT to
improve genetics for dairy production
9. Records Ethiopia Tanzania Kenya Total
No of farms 72,095 34,732 26,766 133,593
No of cows 113,280 67,825 131,229 312,334
17%
23%
19%
9%
4%
12%
4%
12%
TANZANIA
Arusha
Kilimanjaro
Tanga
Iringa
Njombe
Mbeya
Dar es Salaam
Other regions
6%
26%
34%
17%
17%
ETHIOPIA
Addis
Ababa
Amhara
Oromia
SNNP
Proportion of animals registered from different ADGG project sites
Number farms & Animals registered
11. 11
Livestock: key for transformation and opportunities for medium
scale enterprises
Understanding and predicting global trends – to target and respond to
opportunities and challenges
Opportunities – market pull on productivity drivers:
I. Genetics
II. Health
III. Nutrition (feeds)
IV. Integrated systems – circular bioeconomy
Challenges:
I. Livestock and the environment (both directions)
II. Zoonotic diseases
III. AMR
IV. Food safety
Staal, S., Poole, J., Baltenweck, I., Mwacharo, J., Notenbaert, A., Randolph, T., Thorpe, W., Nzuma, J. and Herrero, M. 2009. Targeting strategic investment in livestock development as a vehicle for rural livelihoods. Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation – ILRI Knowledge Generation Project Report. Nairobi, Kenya: ILRI.
On manure:
Liu, E. et al., “Long‑Term Effect of Manure and Fertilizer on Soil Organic Carbon Pools in Dryland Farming in Northwest China”, Plos one, Vol. 8, No. 2, 2013.
Pelster, D. et al., “Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Cattle Excreta on an East African Grassland”, Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 45, No. 5, 2016.
On this slide the key point is that in good environments , purebred exotics massively outperform crossbreds or indigenous. In typical smallholder environments pure exotics do not perform well and crossbreds excel. i.e. massive G*E. Note that this slide was developed based on global literature on dairy crossbreed and illustrates the situation where the indigenous cattle have very low milk potential. It should be pointed out than in India there are indigenous dairy breeds that have good milk potential so that the relationship between crossbreds and some indigenous breeds is different to that shown here. Also there is a continuum between poor and good environments and as the environment improves, so exotics perform better compared to crossbreds/indigenous.