Julian Rotter was an American psychologist known for developing influential theories including social learning theory and locus of control. He was born in 1916 in New York and studied psychology, developing theories that behavior is influenced by social and environmental factors. His social learning theory examined how reinforcement and expectations influence behavior. He also studied personality and developed the concept of internal vs. external locus of control relating to beliefs about what determines reinforcement.
George Kelly - Personal Construct Theory- Princy HannahPRINCYHANNAHA
Personal construct theory or personal construct psychology is a theory of personality and cognition developed by the American psychologist George Kelly in the 1950s. The theory is concerned with the psychological reasons for actions.
Alfred Adler Individual Psychology
Key Concepts of Individual Psychology
Adlerian counselling
Striving for Superiority (The Striving for Perfection, Striving for Self-Enhancement, Inferiority Feeling, Drive Satisfaction)
Styles of Life
Fictional Finalism
Attributions are inferences that people make about the causes of events and behavior. People make attributions in order to understand their experiences. Attributions strongly influence the way people interact with others.
George Kelly - Personal Construct Theory- Princy HannahPRINCYHANNAHA
Personal construct theory or personal construct psychology is a theory of personality and cognition developed by the American psychologist George Kelly in the 1950s. The theory is concerned with the psychological reasons for actions.
Alfred Adler Individual Psychology
Key Concepts of Individual Psychology
Adlerian counselling
Striving for Superiority (The Striving for Perfection, Striving for Self-Enhancement, Inferiority Feeling, Drive Satisfaction)
Styles of Life
Fictional Finalism
Attributions are inferences that people make about the causes of events and behavior. People make attributions in order to understand their experiences. Attributions strongly influence the way people interact with others.
This slide corresponds with Wrench, McCroskey, and Richmond's (2008) Human Communication in Everyday Life: Explanations and Applications published by Allyn and Bacon.
Describe the characteristics of the main or central research questLinaCovington707
Describe the characteristics of the main or central research question in a qualitative study.
One of the characteristics of a qualitative research question focuses on a one-one-one interviews to understand the perspective of the underlying inquiry. A qualitative research question is based on being able to discover problems and opportunities from the perspective of the research respondents. Qualitative research question are open-ended in nature, which means that they are able to respond to questions without limitations. Besides, they are easily understood by respondents and do not need to clarify (Creswell & Poth, 2016).
State your proposed qualitative research question.
What is the experience of young, under the age of 25, entry level woman who are highly motivated to help with on an organization performance?
Describe the characteristics of the qualitative interview and the types of questions used in a qualitative interview.
Characteristics of qualitative research include data collection from the natural setting. The researcher takes an active role in collection of data from the participant’s right from their natural setting. The researcher collects data based on awareness of the underlying business context. The researchers must practice patience throughout the interview period. The researchers must be empathetic and can use multiple methods to collect data. The researchers design and develop the process, which means the process is not static and is subject to evolution over time. The researcher must also collaborate with the participants and maintain ethics throughout the process (Creswell & Poth, 2016).
Types of qualitative research questions include exploratory which seeks to understand something without influencing the results with preconceived notions. Another type of question is the predictive questions which seek to understand the outcome surrounding a topic. Interpretive questions that gathers feedback on a certain phenomenon without influencing the outcome.
Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2016). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Sage publications.
Learning Objectives
After completing this chapter, you should be able to:
Understand how kinds of temperament are associated with principles of reciprocal relationships and
goodness of �it.
Outline Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development.
Articulate and evaluate the theoretical ideas of Marcia and Levinson.
Compare and contrast trait and type theories and how they each assess personality.
Outline the evidence for the emergence of self-awareness and summarize demographic differences in
self-esteem.
De�ine ethnic identity and understand how it in�luences identity development.
11Personality, the Self, and MoralDevelopment
iStock/Thinkstock
Distinguish among behaviors that are indicative of different stages of moral development.
Prologue
Try for a moment to describe a person without referring to physical characteristics. Words s ...
The Psychology of the PersonBehavioral-Social LeaMikeEly930
The Psychology of the Person
Behavioral-Social Learning
Approach
The Beginning of Behaviorism John B. Watson (1878-1958) was a member of the faculty at John Hopkins University. He started his academic work in philosophy, but then switched to psychology, and In 1913 published his milestone paper:” Psychology as the Behaviorist Views it”
Watson’s Main Idea in His 1913 paper Watson argued that if psychology were to become a science, psychologists must stop their engagement in such topics as mental processes and states of consciousness, which were the main topics of the earlier schools, such as structuralism and Functionalism Only observable behaviors can be the subject matter of science. Emotions, thoughts, etc, were of interest to behaviorists only if they could be defined in terms of observable behaviors
Watson’s main Ideas (cont-d) Thinking , according to Watson, was simply a variant of verbal behavior, a “sub-vocal speech”, as evident by small vocal-cords movements he claimed accompanied thoughts. Watson claimed that observed behavior can be predicted, and eventually controlled by scientists.
Watson’s ConclusionsPersonality, he said was “the end product of our habit system”. That is, over the course of our lives we are conditioned to respond to certain stimuli in more or less predictable ways, which explains the consistency observed in personality characteristics.
Control over the environment Watson is famous (or infamous) that given enough control over the environment, he can take any baby, and regardless of the child innate abilities and features, he can mold the child into becoming anything or anyone that he, Watson, wanted. (see next slide)
Watson’s Infamous Statement He made his infamous statement: “ Give me a dozen healthy infants, well formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in, and I will guarantee to take any one at random, and train him to become any type of specialist I might select– doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief, and yes, even a beggerman and a thief” (1924).
Little Albert (cont-d)
Watson’s perspective is deterministic people can be conditioned to react (emotionally or behaviorally) to stimuli without their awareness In this sense, referring to the old philosophical question whether we have control over out life, he seems to advocate the position that we do not have FREE WIILL.
Watson’s Legacy Watson’s main legacy is seen in the shift from subjective introspection into a system of explanation that advocated the operational definition of variables- that is- any variable studied needs to be defined in terms of specific operations that can be used to measure it and to quantify it. In addition, his idea that learning is the core of psychology has become quite prevalent.
Shaping In many situation we want to use reinforcement to increase desirable behavior, but the behavior is not emitted by the subject We use shaping, or the method of successive approximations ...
An Introduction to Social Psychology.pptxAQSA SHAHID
Social psychology is the study of how individual or group behavior is influenced by the presence and behavior of others. The major question social psychologists ponder is this: How and why are people's perceptions and actions influenced by environmental factors, such as social interaction?
Social psychology focuses on three main areas: social thinking, social influence, and social behavior. Each of these overlapping areas of study is displayed . The circles overlap because, in our everyday lives, these three forces blend together as they influence us.The discipline of social psychology began in the United States at the dawn of the twentieth century. The first published study in this area was an experiment by Norman Triplett (1898) on the phenomenon of social facilitation.Topics examined in social psychology include: the self concept, social cognition, attribution theory, social influence, group processes, prejudice and discrimination, interpersonal processes, aggression, attitudes and stereotypes. It is clear that social psychology is worth appreciating, because it provides us with a framework by which we can understand how we identify ourselves, how we interact in groups. This field essentially assesses our willingness to improve the environments in which we are immersed.
Social psychologists study interpersonal and group dynamics and social challenges, such as prejudice, implicit bias, bullying, criminal activity and substance abuse. They research social interactions and the factors that influence them, such as group behavior, attitudes, public perceptions and leadershiSocial Psychologists work to study an individual's behavior, including actions, thoughts and choices and how they are influenced by the larger society. Many Social Psychologists are employed in academia (collegiate or university level), private sector research or public, governmental agencies (public school districts).There are four key characteristics of social psychology including broad scope, cultural mandate, scientific methods, and search for wisdom.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease Case Study The patien.docxannettsparrow
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Case Study
The patient is an 11-year-old girl who has been complaining of intermittent right lower
quadrant pain and diarrhea for the past year. She is small for her age. Her physical
examination indicates some mild right lower quadrant tenderness and fullness.
Studies Results
Hemoglobin (Hgb), 8.6 g/dL (normal: >12 g/dL)
Hematocrit (Hct), 28% (normal: 31%-43%)
Vitamin B12 level, 68 pg/mL (normal: 100-700 pg/mL)
Meckel scan, No evidence of Meckel diverticulum
D-Xylose absorption, 60 min: 8 mg/dL (normal: >15-20 mg/dL)
120 min: 6 mg/dL (normal: >20 mg/dL)
Lactose tolerance, No change in glucose level (normal: >20 mg/dL rise in
glucose)
Small bowel series, Constriction of multiple segments of the small intestine
Diagnostic Analysis
The child's small bowel series is compatible with Crohn disease of the small intestine.
Intestinal absorption is diminished, as indicated by the abnormal D-xylose and lactose
tolerance tests. Absorption is so bad that she cannot absorb vitamin B12. As a result, she has
vitamin B12 deficiency anemia. She was placed on an aggressive immunosuppressive
regimen, and her condition improved significantly. Unfortunately, 2 years later she
experienced unremitting obstructive symptoms and required surgery. One year after surgery,
her gastrointestinal function was normal, and her anemia had resolved. Her growth status
matched her age group. Her absorption tests were normal, as were her B12 levels. Her
immunosuppressive drugs were discontinued, and she is doing well.
Critical Thinking Questions
1. Why was this patient placed on immunosuppressive therapy?
2. Why was the Meckel scan ordered for this patient?
3. What are the clinical differences and treatment options for Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn’s
Disease? (always on boards)
4. What is prognosis for patients with IBD and what are the follow up recommendations for
managing disease?
I want a research paper about “Rational emotive behavior therapy” by Albert Ellis. I Have uploaded 2 articles, a section from Albert Ellis’s book, and a review about the book. You have to use these sources along the paper and if you used another source please cite them. You have to talk about the REBT, what is it, how is it used and why some people criticize it.
Instructions:
· APA format
· It must be 5-7 pages
· Double spaced
· I want it by Tuesday at 6:00 pm.
· You have to use your own word
R
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
Windy Dryden
Keywords: rational emotive behavior therapy, rationality and irra-
tionality, psychological interactionism, active-directive treatment
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) was founded in
1955 by Albert Ellis, a U.S. clinical psychologist. Originally
trained as a psychoanalyst, Ellis was disappointed at the
results he obtained from this form of therapy and after a
period of experimentation in various therapeutic methods of
the time, he brought t.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
2. Biography
He’s an American psychologist known for developing
influential theories, including social learning theory and locus
of control.
He was born in 1916 in Brooklyn, New York, United States.
Rotter’s father ran a successful business until the great
depression.
Rotter attended Brooklyn College, where he began attending
seminars given by Adler and meetings of his Society if
Individual Psychology in Adler’s home.
Rotter minored in speech pathology and studied with
semanticist Wendell Johnson, whose ideas had an enduring
influence on Rotter’s thinking about the use and misuse of
language in psychological science.
3. Biography
After service in Army and Air Force during World War II,
Rotter took academic position at Ohio State University.
He published Social Learning and Clinical Psychology in
1954.
In 1989, he was given the American Psychological
Association’s Distinguished Scientific Contribution award.
He married Clara Barnes, whom he had met at Worcester
State, from 1941 until her death in 1985.
They had two children.
4. Social Learning Theory
Rotter moved away from theories based in psychoanalysis and behaviorism and
developed a social learning theory.
In Social Learning and Clinical Psychology, Rotter suggested that the expected
effect or outcome of the behavior has an impact on motivation of people to
engage in that behavior.
Personality represents an interaction of individual with his or her environment.
To understand behavior, one must take both the individual and the environment
into account.
Personality is relatively stable set of potentials for responding to situations in a
particular way.
He sees personality, and therefore behavior as always changeable.
Change the way the person thinks, or change the environment the person is
responding to, and behavior will change.
Rotter conceives people in an optimistic way.
He sees them as being drawn forward by their goals, seeking to maximize their
reinforcement, rather than just avoiding punishment.
People wish to avoid negative consequences, while desiring positive results or
effects.
This social learning theory suggests that behavior is influenced by social context
or environmental factors, and not psychological factors alone.
5.
6. Behavior Potential
Behavior potential is the likelihood of engaging in a particular
behavior in a specific situation.
In any given situation, there are multiple behaviors one can
engage in.
For each possible behavior, there is a behavior potential.
The individual will exhibit whichever behavior has the highest
potential.
7. Reinforcement Value
Reinforcement is another name for the outcomes of our
behavior. Reinforcement value refers to the desirability of
these outcomes.
Things we want to happen, that we are attracted to, have a
high reinforcement value.
Things we don't want to happen, that we wish to avoid, have
a low reinforcement value.
As with expectancy, reinforcement value is subjective,
meaning that the same event or experience can vastly differ
in desirability, depending on the individual's life experience.
8. Expectancy
Expectancy is the subjective probability that a given behavior
will lead to a particular outcome, or reinforce.
Having "high" or "strong" expectancies means the individual
is confident the behavior will result in the outcome.
Having low expectancies means the individual believes it is
unlikely that his or her behavior will result in reinforcement.
If the outcomes are equally desirable, we will engage in the
behavior that has the greatest likelihood of paying off.
Expectancies are formed based on past experience.
It is important to note that expectancy is
a subjective probability, because one common source of
pathology is irrational expectancies.
9. Predictive Formula
BP = f(E & RV)
This formula can be read as follows: behavior potential is a
function of expectancy and reinforcement value.
Or, in other words, the likelihood of a person's exhibiting a
particular behavior is a function of the probability that that
behavior will lead to a given outcome and the desirability of
that outcome.
If expectancy and reinforcement value are both high, then
behavior potential will be high. If either expectancy or
reinforcement value is low, then behavior potential will be
lower.
10. Psychological Situation
Although the psychological situation does not figure directly
into Rotter's formula for predicting behavior.
Rotter believes it is always important to keep in mind that
different people interpret the same situation differently.
Again, it is people's subjective interpretation of the
environment, rather than an objective array of stimuli, that is
meaningful to them and that determines how they behave.
11. Locus of Control
Locus of control refers to people's very general, cross-
situational beliefs about what determines whether or not they
get reinforced in life. People can be classified along a
continuum from very internal to very external.
People with a strong internal locus of control believe that the
responsibility for whether or not they get reinforced ultimately
lies with themselves.
Internals believe that success or failure is due to their own
efforts.
In contrast, externals believe that the reinforcers in life are
controlled by luck, chance, or powerful others.
Therefore, they see little impact of their own efforts on the
amount of reinforcement they receive.