This document provides an overview of social psychology. It defines social psychology as the scientific study of how people influence each other's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors through social interaction and social influence. There are three main areas of study in social psychology: social thinking, social influence, and social behavior. Social psychologists believe that human behavior is determined both by individual characteristics and the social situation, and that social situations often have a stronger influence on behavior than individual characteristics. The field of social psychology is compared to other disciplines that also study human social relationships, such as sociology, anthropology, clinical psychology, and positive psychology.
According to psychologist Gordon Allport, social psychology is a discipline that uses scientific methods "to understand and explain how the thought, feeling and behavior of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined or implied presence of other human beings" (1985).
Briefly this field has been discussed.
Definition of Social Psychology
Nature of Social Psychology
Scope of Social Psychology
Social Psychology and Social Sciences
Approaches to Social Psychology.
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Sub-Divisions within Organizational Psychology
According to psychologist Gordon Allport, social psychology is a discipline that uses scientific methods "to understand and explain how the thought, feeling and behavior of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined or implied presence of other human beings" (1985).
Briefly this field has been discussed.
Definition of Social Psychology
Nature of Social Psychology
Scope of Social Psychology
Social Psychology and Social Sciences
Approaches to Social Psychology.
I’m a young Pakistani Blogger, Academic Writer, Freelancer, Quaidian & MPhil Scholar, Quote Lover, Co-Founder at Essar Student Fund belonging from Mehdiabad, Skardu, Gilgit Baltistan.
I am an academic writer & freelancer! I can work on Research Paper, Thesis Writing, Academic Research, Research Project, Proposals, Curriculum Vitae & Resume Writing.
Expertise:
Management Sciences, Business Management, Marketing, HRM, Banking, Business Marketing, Corporate Finance, International Business Management
Contact No:
Whatsapp: +923452502478
Follow Me:
Instagram : arguni.hasnain
Twitter: arguni_hasnain
Facebook: arguni.hasnain
Linkedin: arguni_hasnain
Usage of psychological principles and theories to the workplace.
OR
Study of how people get along a t work and are able to perform effectively.
Sub-Divisions within Organizational Psychology
Spencer Grant/age fotostock/SuperStock
Learning Objectives
By the end of the chapter you should be
able to:
• Define social psychology
• Describe the history of social psychology
• Describe the scientific method
• Discuss the observational method and explain
when that method is most appropriate to the
research question
• Discuss the correlational method and explain
when that method is most appropriate to the
research question
• Discuss the experimental method and explain
when that method is most appropriate to the
research question
Discovering Social Psychology 1
• Define terms associated with the experimental method including
independent and dependent variable, experimental group and
control group, random assignment and random sampling, internal
and external validity, generalizability, experimental and mundane
realism, and demand characteristics
• Understand the dangers of hindsight bias
Chapter Outline
1.1 What Is Social Psychology?
1.2 Where Did Social Psychology Come From?
• Social Psychology Before 1950
• Social Psychology Since 1950
1.3 How Do We Do Social Psychology?
• Observational Method: What Is Happening?
• Correlational Method: What Might Happen?
• Experimental Method: What Causes That?
• Statistical Measurement
• Ethics in Research
Chapter Summary
fee85798_01_c01_001-028.indd 1 7/16/13 9:53 AM
CHAPTER 1Section 1.1 What Is Social Psychology?
One in every seven people on Earth is registered on Facebook. The site added the
1 billionth user in September 2012. Each U.S. user has an average of around 260
friends (Statista, 2012; Vance, 2012). In 2011 there were an estimated 181 million
blogs by people from around the world (Nielsenwire, 2012). On its sixth birthday
in March 2012, Twitter reported an average of 340 million Tweets a day, with a
140 million users (Twitterblog, 2012). What can we conclude from this informa-
tion? Human beings are intensely interested in and regularly seek out interaction
with other human beings. Social psychology is a field that is also interested in
human beings. Social psychologists study people—in particular, people interact-
ing with one another.
1.1 What Is Social Psychology?
Social psychology is the scientific study of human thoughts, feelings, and behavior as humans relate to and are influenced by others. However, many academic disciplines are interested in human thoughts, feelings, or behavior. If you were to take a literature
course, you would find yourself contemplating the thoughts of Ishmael in Moby Dick or
the actions of Lady Macbeth in Macbeth. In an art course you might work on translating a
particular feeling into a sculpture or a painting. What makes social psychology different is
the method it employs to study humans. As with other science-related fields, social psy-
chologists use the scientific method to learn about human beings, a method that employs
careful observation and empirical evidence to come to conclusions. The focus of .
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Social-Cognitive Theories
How do social-cognitive theorists view personality development, and how do they
explore behavior?
The social-cognitive perspective on personality, proposed by Albert Bandura (1986,
2006, 2008), emphasizes the interaction of our traits with our situations. Much as
nature and nurture always work together, so do individuals and their situations.
The point to remember Behavior emerges from the interplay of external and internal
influences.
Social-cognitive theorists believe we learn many of our behaviors either through
conditioning or by observing and imitating others. (That’s the “social” part.) They also
emphasize the importance of mental processes: What we think about a situation affects
our behavior in that situation. (That’s the “cognitive” part.) Instead of focusing solely on
how our environment controls us (behaviorism), social-cognitive theorists focus on how
we and our environment interact: How do we interpret and respond to external events?
How do our schemas, our memories, and our expectations influence our behavior
patterns?
Reciprocal Influences
Bandura (1986, 2006) views the person-environment interaction as reciprocal
determinism. “Behavior, internal personal factors, and environmental influences,” he
said, “all operate as interlocking determinants of each other” (Figure 8). We can see this
interaction in people’s relationships. For example, Rosa’s romantic history (past
behavior) influences her attitudes toward new relationships (internal factor), which
affects how she now responds to Ryan (environmental factor).
Figure 8
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Reciprocal Determinism
Circular illustration of how internal personal factors, behavior, and environmental factors
interact. Illustration contains three text boxes forming a triangle, with two-sided arrows
pointing between each text box. The first box contains internal personal factors, like
thoughts and feelings about risky activities. The second box contains behavior, like
learning to rock climb, and the third box contains environmental factors, like rock-
climbing friends.
Courtesy of Joslyn Brugh
Multiple-Choice Question
How does the social-cognitive approach differ from the other perspectives
on personality discussed in this chapter?
The social-cognitive view emphasizes the role of internal dispositions to a
greater extent than do the ot.
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Psychology
3 Personality and Human Development / Page 3.15 Social-Cognitive Theories
On this page: 1 of 1 attempted (100%) | 1 of 1 correct (100%)
Social-Cognitive Theories
How do social-cognitive theorists view personality development, and how do they
explore behavior?
The social-cognitive perspective on personality, proposed by Albert Bandura (1986,
2006, 2008), emphasizes the interaction of our traits with our situations. Much as
nature and nurture always work together, so do individuals and their situations.
The point to remember Behavior emerges from the interplay of external and internal
influences.
Social-cognitive theorists believe we learn many of our behaviors either through
conditioning or by observing and imitating others. (That’s the “social” part.) They also
emphasize the importance of mental processes: What we think about a situation affects
our behavior in that situation. (That’s the “cognitive” part.) Instead of focusing solely on
how our environment controls us (behaviorism), social-cognitive theorists focus on how
we and our environment interact: How do we interpret and respond to external events?
How do our schemas, our memories, and our expectations influence our behavior
patterns?
Reciprocal Influences
Bandura (1986, 2006) views the person-environment interaction as reciprocal
determinism. “Behavior, internal personal factors, and environmental influences,” he
said, “all operate as interlocking determinants of each other” (Figure 8). We can see this
interaction in people’s relationships. For example, Rosa’s romantic history (past
behavior) influences her attitudes toward new relationships (internal factor), which
affects how she now responds to Ryan (environmental factor).
Figure 8
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Reciprocal Determinism
Circular illustration of how internal personal factors, behavior, and environmental factors
interact. Illustration contains three text boxes forming a triangle, with two-sided arrows
pointing between each text box. The first box contains internal personal factors, like
thoughts and feelings about risky activities. The second box contains behavior, like
learning to rock climb, and the third box contains environmental factors, like rock-
climbing friends.
Courtesy of Joslyn Brugh
Multiple-Choice Question
How does the social-cognitive approach differ from the other perspectives
on personality discussed in this chapter?
The social-cognitive view emphasizes the role of internal dispositions to a
greater extent than do the ot ...
Social psychologists like many other fields within psychology, often utilize different perspectives when looking at questions about social behavior.Different perspective has been briefly discussed.
Social psychology and personality psychology have the same job: to seek to understand the meaningful, consequential, and for the most part social behaviors of daily life. Cognitive psychology examines component processes such as memory, perception, and cognition. Biological psychology seeks to understand the physical underpinnings of behavior in the anatomy, physiology, functional organization, genetic basis and evolutionary history of the nervous system. Developmental psychology explores the roots of behavior in genetics and early childhood experience, and changes across the life course. All of these fields could be viewed as foundational for the common concern of social and personality psychology, which is to understand what people do every day. In this light, it is unsurprising that courses in social and personality psychology are among the most popular offerings on most college campuses; their subject matter is not only important, it is personally relevant and intrinsically interesting.
Social and personality psychology began to come into their own about the same time – the 1920’s and 1930’s – through the work of many of the same people, such as the Allport brothers, Floyd and Gordon (F. Allport, 1924; G. Allport, 1931, 1937; F. Allport & G. Allport, 1921). What is surprising, in retrospect, is how the two fields diverged over the subsequent decades. Social psychology came to specialize in the study of what people have in common; in particular how aspects of situations can change what people, on average, will do. Personality psychology came to specialize in the study of how people differ from each other psychologically, and on ways to characterize and measure these differences. This division of labor makes a certain amount of sense, but problems arose as the fields gradually became so specialized that many practitioners of each field became unaware of the basic principles, findings and methods of the other, and grew worse when social psychologists began to suspect that personality psychology’s emphasis on individual differences was misguided. In his memoirs, the eminent social psychologist Roger Brown described one memorably awkward encounter between the two traditions:
Last nameNameTeacher’s nameCourseDateControversy in Soci.docxsmile790243
Last name
Name
Teacher’s name
Course
DateControversy in Social sciences
When we talk about the term social science, we elicit several different meanings trying to explain what social science is. This depends on the level of understanding and knowledge one has about the term social science. Basically, Social science means discerning our own societies and how they work across the world. To be precise in the meaning, social science could also mean the study of human society in terms of the level of economic, social and political conditions as well as the social relationships among the human individuals within the society. Social science as an academic discipline has branches which are politics, economics, anthropology, communication and the list cannot be exhausted. Each of these branches is termed as a social science. In general, social sciences encompass human behaviors, reactions, well-beings, economic and health situations and ways or dynamics of how these happen.
First and foremost, Social science has unlimited applications to everyday life. This is evident by the fact that social science has been recognized as a major category of academic discipline in many new universities. Here, we learn about factors that influence the human social life such as obedience and prejudice conformity in the case of social psychology studies. This renders a smooth functioning of the human social institutions. Secondly, social science helps people to understand the social world through interaction and make the social life work. This is the primary benefit of social science and it’s depicted through critical thinking, ways of thinking about how to solve problems, the relationships from a lot different point of views. It also makes people learn and appreciate different communities and their cultures as well as the religions. With social science, there is no doubt that people will not acknowledge each other in the society. This is because it covers the understanding of the social life and the social patterning hence, a good social co-existence. In addition, every happening is by motive in the sense that whatever someone does is by decision and not because of other forces as depicted in natural sciences. Furthermore social sciences have the power of influence on people’s behavior and this can best be explained by phenomena such as why people obey their leaders, government or why did they obey Hitler during the world war. Truly, social sciences have absolute power and strengths and, therefore, should be advocated for especially in many universities and other learning institutions.
Conversely, as much as social science is strongly advocated for by many, there is another group of people that is against it due to its negative aspects of it which essentially focuses on its weaknesses. Indeed social science has the element of reductionism which means that it rarely acknowledges the differences that may exist between human individuals in a social setting. In social scie ...
Behaviorism focuses on the idea that all behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment. This learning theory states that behaviors are learned from the environment, and says that innate or inherited factors have very little influence on behavior.
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This approach focuses on how internal thoughts and feelings influence one's behavior. The cognitive approach emphasizes the importance of memory, perception and attention, language, decision-making and problem-solving. This approach often compares the human mind to that of a computer.The cognitive perspective, operates on the belief that the brain is the most important aspect in relation to the way that an individual behaves or thinks. This perspective states that to understand someone, you must first be able to understand what is happening in their mind.An example of a way that cognitive researchers study perception is by examining how students study information in preparation for exams.
Gestalt psychology, school of psychology founded in the 20th century that provided the foundation for the modern study of perception. Gestalt theory emphasizes that the whole of anything is greater than its parts. That is, the attributes of the whole are not deducible from analysis of the parts in isolation.Gestalt Psychology Founder: Wolfgang Köhler, Max Wertheimer, and Kurt Koffka are the gestalt psychology founder.
Thinking, also known as 'cognition', refers to the ability to process information, hold attention, store and retrieve memories and select appropriate responses and actions. The ability to understand other people, and express oneself to others can also be categorised under thinking.Thought (also called thinking) is the mental process in which beings form psychological associations and models of the world. Thinking is manipulating information, as when we form concepts, engage in problem solving, reason and make decisions. Thought, the act of thinking, produces more thoughts.
Prosocial behavior was defined as behavior through which people benefit others (Eisenberg, 1982), including helping, cooperating, comforting, sharing, and donating (Eisenberg and Fabes, 1998; Greener and Crick, 1999).Prosocial behaviours refer to voluntary actions specifically intended to benefit or improve the well-being of another individual or group of individuals. Examples of such behaviours include helping, sharing, consoling, comforting, cooperating, and protecting someone from any potential harm.
Religion may reduce likelihood of certain diseases. Studies suggest that it guards against cardiovascular disease by reducing blood pressure, and also improves immune system functioning. Similar studies have been done investigating religious emotions and health.Spirituality can be defined generally as an individual's search for ultimate or sacred meaning, and purpose in life. Additionally it can mean to seek out or search for personal growth, religious experience, belief in a supernatural realm or afterlife, or to make sense of one's own "inner dimension".
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socio cultural perspective in psychologyAQSA SHAHID
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2. Core Questions
1. What is social psychology?
2. What are the big questions within social psychology?
3. Is science a valid way to learn about complex social
behavior?
4. How can social psychology make my life better now?
4. The Subject matter of
Social Psychology
In the early years of the development of psychology, the emphasis
was on the individual.
Most psychologists simply isolated the individual from others to use
for tests and experiments and concluded generally that any character attributes
the person displayed in the laboratory was a fair indication of how people
would generally behave under any circumstances.
The assumption therefore was that human personality patterns were
stable and consistent.
e.g.
If a person felt light- hearted and could easily
crack jokes in one situation, for instance, that
person would remain as humorous in any other situation.
If a student performed well in one examination he was expected to
perform well in other examinations, and so on
Aqsa Shahid
5. The Subject matter of Social Psychology
A few decades into the development of psychology, however, the influence of the social environment
became apparent.
Psychologists started observing that there could be considerable differences between the way
people performed on tests taken in privacy in the laboratory and in the midst of other people or under
different social circumstances.
It then became obvious that human behaviour and human personality were not necessarily
consistent.
e.g.
A humorous person, an intelligent student, a high tempered individual, would display those personality
traits only when the social situation permits.
A child may tell lies in one social situation
(like in school to escape punishment) but readily owns
up to his misbehavior when he is at home.
The hostility of the school environment is different from the
friendship and love he enjoys at home and the child is only adapting to the dictates of the situations.
6. The Subject matter of Social
Psychology
A person may be submissive and tolerant to provocations from those he does not
have the energy to physically confront but develops strange muscles when antagonized by
those he knows he can beat.
This realization that human behavior and personality are not necessarily consistent
led to what is known as social psychology.
We may then say that social psychology is that aspect of psychology that explores the
relationship between the individual’s behaviour and the specific social situation in which the
individual is operating. In the words of ...
Aroson (1972) social psychology is the study of the manner in which human being
thinks, feels, and behaves in social situation.
Godon Allport (1968) similarly described it as a discipline
that attempts to understand how the thought, feeling and behaviour
of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined or implied
presence of others.
7. What Is Social Psychology?
1.1: Explain what social psychology is and what
social psychologists do.
Defining Social Psychology
Social psychology is the scientific study of how people influence each
other’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Social influence can be
obvious; But it can also be subtle; n addition, we are often influenced
without even realizing it by.
8. Relevance of the Social Psychologist
The social psychologist cannot claim to have ready- made
solutions to any social problem.
Social problems are generally complex and their solutions
require integrated efforts of many practitioners including
government administrators, law enforcement agents, lawmakers
and other social scientists.
The social psychologist, therefore, only contributes to the
utilization of authority, techniques and resources of these others as
they seek solution to social problems.
His proper task in dealing with a social problem is to
analyze,
diagnose and advice with respect to only one feature of the whole
problem-the behavior of the people who are involved in it.
He can provide indispensable understanding,
prediction, evaluation and advice.
9. Relevance of the Social Psychologist
On the whole although many more social psychologists are
professionally involved with such issues as the influence of
the mass media, urban disorders, poverty, racial prejudice,
criminal violence, and a host of other social problems, the
major focus of the discipline is on the development of
theoretical ideas.
According to Leonard Berkowitz, instead of concentrating on the
eradication of social ills, much more time has actually been spent on
the formulation, testing, and discussion of abstract conception
explaining a person’s reactions to particular social stimuli under certain
types of conditions.
10. Social Thinking, Social Influence, and Social Behavior.
FIGURE 1.1
There are three big areas of study
within social psychology, and they
combine to form concepts that
apply to thoughts and decisions
people make everyday in their lives.
Social psychologyfocuses on three main areas:
social thinking, social influence, and social behavior.
Eachof these overlapping areas of study is displayed in Figure 1.1.
The circles overlap because, in our everyday lives, these
three forces blend together as they influence us.
The first section covers social thinking, including topics such
as how we define the self and how we think about people in the world
around us.
The second section covers social influence and asks
questions about conformity, prejudice, and persuasion.
Third, chapters on social behavior discuss helping,
aggression, and romantic relationships. This book thus explores each
part individually and then reunites them in sev- eral mini-chapters on
various applied psychology topics.
The American Psychological Association has a separate
division for social and personality psychology.
Also, there are two separate professional orga- nizations
just for social psychologists (the Society for Personality and Social
Psychology and the Society of Experimental Social Psychology).
11. The Person and the Social Situation
Social psychology is the study of the dynamic
relationship between individuals and the people around them
(see Figure 1.2 "The Person-Situation Interaction").
Each of us is different, and our individual characteristics,
including our personality traits, desires, motivations, and
emotions, have an important impact on our social behavior.
But our behavior is also profoundly influenced by the
social situation3—the people with whom we interact every day.
Everyone around us has an influence on our behaviour
Figure 1.2 The Person-Situation Interaction
Social psychologists believe that
human behavior is determined by
both a person’s characteristics and
the socialsituation. They also
believe that the social situation is
frequently a stronger influence on
behavior than are a person’s
characteristics.
12. Similar, but Different, Fields That
Study Human Social Behavior
Another way to understand the field of social psychology is to compare and contrast
it withother academic disciplines that study human social relationships. e.g.
Sociology:
The study of human society
and social behavior at the
group level.
Anthropology:
The study of culture and
human behavior over time.
Clinical or counseling psychology:
A subfield of psychology that helps people who
have maladaptive or problematic thoughts and
behaviors.
Positive psychology:
The scientific study of human strengths,
virtues, positive emotions, and achievements.
Aqsa Shahid