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Joints
This document discusses the classification and structure of joints in the human body. It describes three types of joints: fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints, and synovial joints. Synovial joints are the most common and include ball-and-socket joints, hinge joints, pivot joints, gliding joints, condyloid joints, and saddle joints. These joints are characterized by an articular capsule containing synovial fluid that lubricates and nourishes the joint structures to allow movement.
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Joints
- 1. Presented by- Ms. NavjotKaur Assistant Professor FIP
- 2. Also knownas articulation or arthrosis Place of union or junction between 2 or more bones It allows flexibility and movement of skeleton and attachment between bones The study of joints is known as arthrology
- 4. Structural Classification- 1)Fibrous joints 2) Cartilaginous joints 3) Synovial joints
- 5. Functional classification a)synarthrosis- immovable joint, may be fibrous or cartilaginous joint b) Amphiarthrosis- slightly movable, may be fibrous or cartilaginous joint, acts as shock absorber c) Diarthrosis- freely movable joint, always synovial, ligaments are of elastic connective tissue
- 6. Bones heldtogether by fibrous connective tissues and thus has no movement Examples- a) Joints b/w skull bones formed by dense fibrous connective tissues called sutures b) Joint b/w tibia and fibula formed by sheet of fibrous tissue called intraosseous membrane c) Joint b/w tooth and mandible formed by dense fibrous connective tissues called periodontal ligament
- 7. Held togetherby fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage that acts as shock absorber and permits little movement Examples- a) Pubic symphysis, joint b/w 2 pelvic bones b) Joint b/w vertebrae
- 8. Characterized bypresence of space called synovial cavity Allow movement
- 9. Has followingcharacters- a) Articular cartilage- End of bones at the joint are covered by layer of hyaline cartilage called articular cartilage This layer gives smooth and elastic surface and reduces friction
- 10. b) Articular capsule- Joint is surrounded and enclosed by sleeve like articular capsule that holds bones together and encloses synovial cavity Has further 2 layers- 1) Outer fibrous capsule- Consist of dense, fibrous tissue that attaches to periosteum of articulating bones Provides flexibility Fibres are arranged in bundle called ligaments that holds bones together
- 11. 2) Inner synovialmembrane- Composed of areolar connective tissues and elastic fibres Contains secretory cells that secrete thick and sticky synovial fluid
- 12. Secreted bysynovial membrane into synovial cavity Lubricates joint to allow frictionless movement of bones Provides nutrition for structures within the cavity Serves to hold bones together similar to the activity of film of water between 2 glass plates Bursae , small membrane bound packets present in some joints ex. Knee, store synovial fluid and reduce friction between bones
- 13. Called extracapsularligament and intracapsular ligaments Extracapsular ligaments lie outside the articular capsule and provide additional stability Intracapsular ligaments lie within the articular capsule and assist in maintenance of stability
- 14. 1) Ball andsocket joint- Ball like head of one bone fitted into socket or cup like depression of another bone Allows movement including flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, rotation and circumduction Examples- shoulder joint and hip joint
- 15. The convexsurface of one bone fits into concave surface of another bone Movement is restricted to flexion and extension Examples- knee joint, elbow joint, ankle joint and joints b/w phalanges
- 16. Convex ovalshaped projection of one bone fits into cup-shaped depression of another bone Joint permits flexion, extension, adduction, abduction and circumduction
- 17. Joint permitssliding movement of 2 bones over each other Articular surfaces are usually flat or slightly curved Examples- joint b/w carpals in wrist, tarasals in foot, b/w sternum and clavicle
- 18. Rounded endof one bone fits into a shallow pit of another bone Joint allows rotatory movement of one bone on the other Examples- joints b/w atlas and axis
- 19. Articular surfaceone bone is saddle shaped and articular bone of another bone fits into saddle Examples- carpometacarpal joint of thumb