Jasmine is cultivated commercially for its flowers, which are used to produce garlands, perfume oils, and tea flavoring. Three main species are grown: Jasminum grandiflorum (Spanish jasmine), J. sambac (Arabian jasmine), and J. auriculatum. They are propagated from cuttings and grown at specific spacing. Pests include budworms and mites. Diseases include leaf blight and wilt. Flowers are harvested in the morning when buds are unopened. Spanish jasmine flowers are used to produce a fragrant concrete by soaking in hexane to absorb the perfume, then evaporating the solvent.
Cultivation of marigold. production technology of marigold .Arvind Yadav
Genomic classification of marigold.African marigold(Tagetes erecta).CN- 2n=24.Family-Composity/Asteraceae. Origin ---Maxico and South america.
French marigold(Tagetes patula).CN-2n=48
.Family-composity/Asteraceae
.Origin-Maxico and South america
There are about 33 species of the genus tagetes. Some of important are fallows1-Tagetes erecta(African marigold)2-Tagetes ptula(French marigold ). Other important species1-Tagetes tenuifolia-(Bushy type, Less than 30cm)2-Tagetes lacera-(Grow upto 120-150cm in height)3-tagetes lemmonii(Glow upto 60-70cm height besrs small slowers)There are about 33 species of the genus tagetes. Some of important are fallows1-Tagetes erecta(African marigold)2-Tagetes ptula(French marigold ). Other important species1-Tagetes tenuifolia-(Bushy type, Less than 30cm)2-Tagetes lacera-(Grow upto 120-150cm in height)3-tagetes lemmonii(Glow upto 60-70cm height besrs small slowers)
Gerbera - introduction and uses – varieties – media and environment- Fumigation - filed preparation - planting systems – nutrition and fertigation - weed management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- physiological disorders and its control measures- harvest index and yield
Cultivation of marigold. production technology of marigold .Arvind Yadav
Genomic classification of marigold.African marigold(Tagetes erecta).CN- 2n=24.Family-Composity/Asteraceae. Origin ---Maxico and South america.
French marigold(Tagetes patula).CN-2n=48
.Family-composity/Asteraceae
.Origin-Maxico and South america
There are about 33 species of the genus tagetes. Some of important are fallows1-Tagetes erecta(African marigold)2-Tagetes ptula(French marigold ). Other important species1-Tagetes tenuifolia-(Bushy type, Less than 30cm)2-Tagetes lacera-(Grow upto 120-150cm in height)3-tagetes lemmonii(Glow upto 60-70cm height besrs small slowers)There are about 33 species of the genus tagetes. Some of important are fallows1-Tagetes erecta(African marigold)2-Tagetes ptula(French marigold ). Other important species1-Tagetes tenuifolia-(Bushy type, Less than 30cm)2-Tagetes lacera-(Grow upto 120-150cm in height)3-tagetes lemmonii(Glow upto 60-70cm height besrs small slowers)
Gerbera - introduction and uses – varieties – media and environment- Fumigation - filed preparation - planting systems – nutrition and fertigation - weed management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- physiological disorders and its control measures- harvest index and yield
The detail cultivation practices of Mango fruit crop.
HORT-243 PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY FOR FRUITS AND PLANTATION CROPS.
Prepared by Miss. Raksha Anil Hingankar.
Jasmine- introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
Pract no. 9 (b) floral biology of mangotusharamodugu
Scientific Name: Mangifera indica L.
Common Names: Mamidi, Am
Chromosome number : 2n = 2x = 40
The origin of mango is Indo – Burma region.
In India Mango is acclaimed as “King of fruits”.
Floral Biology :
Inflorescence :
Inflorescence is a large and terminal panicle.
The branching of the inflorescence is usually tertiary, rarely quaternary, but the ultimate branching is always cymose.
The mango inflorescence or panicle bears mainly two types of flowers – male and hermaphrodite.
The panicle bear 500-6000 flowers of which 1-70% are bisexual, remaining are male depending on the cultivar and temperature during its development. The percentage of perfect flowers varies between 0.74 per cent in Rumani, 16.41 to 55.7 per cent in Neelum and up to 69.8 per cent in Langra.
Tuberose - introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
Important flower crop in India especially in South India. Regarded as commercial flower and grouped as loose flower. Widely used for garland making, worshiping, veni making and for oil extraction.
The detail cultivation practices of Mango fruit crop.
HORT-243 PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY FOR FRUITS AND PLANTATION CROPS.
Prepared by Miss. Raksha Anil Hingankar.
Jasmine- introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
Pract no. 9 (b) floral biology of mangotusharamodugu
Scientific Name: Mangifera indica L.
Common Names: Mamidi, Am
Chromosome number : 2n = 2x = 40
The origin of mango is Indo – Burma region.
In India Mango is acclaimed as “King of fruits”.
Floral Biology :
Inflorescence :
Inflorescence is a large and terminal panicle.
The branching of the inflorescence is usually tertiary, rarely quaternary, but the ultimate branching is always cymose.
The mango inflorescence or panicle bears mainly two types of flowers – male and hermaphrodite.
The panicle bear 500-6000 flowers of which 1-70% are bisexual, remaining are male depending on the cultivar and temperature during its development. The percentage of perfect flowers varies between 0.74 per cent in Rumani, 16.41 to 55.7 per cent in Neelum and up to 69.8 per cent in Langra.
Tuberose - introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
Important flower crop in India especially in South India. Regarded as commercial flower and grouped as loose flower. Widely used for garland making, worshiping, veni making and for oil extraction.
Carrot cultivation based on botany, plant characteristic, soil, climate, variety and varietal characteristic, problem in cultivation and their management practices and storage and post harvest handling.
Gomphrena and Ixora - introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management – role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
The detail cultivation of chrysanthemum is explained in this ppt useful for the agriculture as well as horticulture students.
especially the course of HORT-354 Production technology for ornamental crops, MAP and landscaping.
The points useful for the chrysanthemum cultivation study is discuss in this ppt
Nerium and Celosia - introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management – training and pruning –role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
1. PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF JASMINE
Scientific name: Jasminum spp.
Local name : Jasmine
Hindi name : Juhi, Chameli, Mogra, Champa Bela etc.
Family: Oleaceae
Origin and History
Jasmines are native of tropical and subtropical regions and introduced in the mid
sixteenth century. Among the large number of species existing, only three species have attained
importance in commercial cultivation. Jasminum sambac is considered as a native of the East
Indies. Jasmine blossoms have been in use in India, China and countries of mystic orient for
ceremonial purpose, as religious offerings and for perfuming the hair oils, etc. since time
immemorial. The name Jasmine is of Arabic origin and is believed to have been derived from
Yasmin. It is reported that the height of its popularity reached its peck two to five hundred years
ago at canton and metropolis of southern China.
1. Jasminum auriculatum - Mullai
2. Jasminum grandiflorum- Jathimalli (or) Pitchi (or) Spanish jasmine
2. 3. Jasminum sambac - Gundumalli / Malligai / Arabian jasmine /Tuscan jasmine
4. Jasminum pubescens - Kakada
Uses/Nutrient Value
Jasmine has been cultivated for various purposes since very early times. Flowers and
buds are used for making garlands, bouquets, veni for religious offerings. They are also used for
the production of perfumed hair oils and attar. The world famous jasmine oil is extracted from
the flowers of Spanish jasmine (J. grandiflorum). The oil is also used in soap and cosmetic
industry. The flowers of Arabian jasmine (J. Sambac) are reported to be used in China for
flavoring tea. They also contain yellow pigments and hence used as substitute for saffron.
Flowers and other parts also used in medicines.
Area and Distribution
Though jasmines are distributed in tropical and subtropical countries of the world, a large
number of scented species are around the regions comprising India, China and Malaysia.
Among these, about 40 species are reported to occur in India. Gamble (1957) were recorded 20
species in the former Madras Presidency State and some of these species are found in
3. Mumbai, Bihar, Orissa, Chotanagpur, upper Gangetic plains and sub Himalayan tracts. The
distribution of some important jasmine is given below: -
J. auriculatum India J.
grandiflorum
Subtropical Himalayan Region
J. favreri Myanmar J. humile Tropical Asia
J. flexile India J. multiflorum India, China, Myanmar,
Malaysia, U.S.A
J. officinale Iran, India,
China
Botanical Description
The genus Jasminum belongs to the family Oleaceae and order Oleales. They are
climbing, trailing and erect shrubby flowering plants and these are both over green and delicious
species. Leaves are opposite or alternate, simple, trifoliate or pinnate, leaflets entire. Flowers
are white, yellow or rarely reddish, sometimes solitary, more often in cymose clusters of three to
many, usually fragrant; corolla tubular with four to nine lobes, stamens two, ovary 2 loculed with
1-4 erect ovaries. Fruit is a berry and black in colour.
Cultural requirements
Climate Requirement
The ideal conditions for their successful cultivation are warm summer and mild winter.
Jasminum spp. is usually grown in the open field for commercial flower production. The Cool
house species should be kept in a temperature of 45-55º F (7-13º C). J. grandiflorum and J.
sambac are sensitive to frost.
Soil Requirement
Jasmine prefers well drained rich sandy loam to clay soil. Jasminum species are usually
grown in the open for commercial flower production.
Varieties
J. auriculatum
Parimullai: Selection from a local type.
Medium round bud. Resistant
to gall mite. Yield
4. 8 t/ha with flowering duration about 9 months/year.
CO.1: Selection from a Long
Round type. Flowers have
long corolla tube; easy for
harvesting and marketing.
Yield 8.8 t/ha.
CO.2: Induced mutant from a Long
point type. Longer corolla tube;
flower buds bolder;
field tolerant to phyllody; Yield
11.1 t/ha.
Others: Long Point, Long Round,
Medium Point, Short Point and
Short Round.
J. grandiflorum
CO.1: Clonal selection from
germplasm. Suitable for both
loose flower production and oil
extraction. Pink streaks are
found on external surface of
petal. Average yield 10 t/ha.
The concrete recovery is 0.29
per cent.
CO.2: Induced mutant from CO1
Pitchi. Bolder pink buds with
long corolla tube yield
11.68 t/ha.
5. J. sambac
Ramanathapuram gundumalli: Round flowers
with good fragrance; yields 7
to 8 t/ha.
Khoya: Flowers familiar to J.sambac,
but bolder buds with less
fragrance.
.Others: Ramabanam,
Madanbanam,
Single Mogra,
Double Mogra, Iruvatchi,
Kasthurimalli, Oosimalli,
Soojimalli.
Preparation of field
Land with proper drainage, irrigation facilities and sunny location are essential. Pits of 45
cm3
are dug at least one month before planting and exposed to sunlight. A few days before
planting, pits are filled with 2 parts of FYM and one part each of fresh earth and coarse sand.
Propagation
Jasmine can be propagated by cuttings, layering, sucker, grafting, budding and tissue
culture.
J. auriculatum Semi hard wood cuttings
J. grandiflorum Terminal cuttings
J. sambac Terminal and semi
hardwood cuttings.
Semi hardwood of J. sambac
• Growth regulators. Quick dipping (of the basal cut end) in IAA (or) IBA @ 1000 ppm for
terminal cuttings and 2500 ppm for semi hard wood cuttings is done.
• Best rooting medium: - sand: vermiculite: moss at 1:1:1 ratio.
6.
7. Plant Spacing, density and season
Species Spacing Density (Plants/ha) Season
J.auriculatum 1.5 x 1.5 m 4400 June to November
J.grandiflorum 2.0 x 1.5 m 3350 - do -
J.sambac 1.25 x 1.25 m 6400 - do -
Time of Planting
The best time for planting in most parts of India is during the monsoon but one can plant
jasmine almost round the year in climates as of Bangalore. Once planted, the jasmine remains
in the field for 10-15 years.
Planting
• Land with proper drainage, irrigation facilities and sunny location are essential.
• Pits of 45 cm3
are dug at least one month before planting and exposed to sunlight.
• A few days before planting, pits are filled with 2 parts of FYM and one part each of fresh
earth and coarse sand. Pits are to be watered to settle the mixture.
• Well rooted, healthy and strong plants are planted one in each pit.
Nutrition
• Jasmine responds to intensive manuring.
• Too much of manuring encourages vegetative growth and hampers quality and quantity
of blooms.
Nutritional requirement
Species Quantity(g/plant)
N P2O5 K2O
Method
J. auriculatum 60 120 120 6 split doses at bimonthly intervals
J. grandiflorum 100 150 100 2 split doses :
(1) June - July
(2) December - after pruning
J. sambac 60 120 120 2 split doses :
(1) June-July
(2) November - after pruning
Foliar Nutrition
• Spraying of zinc 0.25% and magnesium 0.5% before flowering increases flower yield.
• For Fe deficiency, FeSO4 at 5g/lit. is sprayed at monthly intervals until the chlorotic
symptoms disappear.
8. Irrigation
• Flooding once in a week or once in ten days depending on the soil and climatic
conditions.
Pruning
Need for Pruning
• In jasmine, flowering habit is terminal and axillary. So increasing the number of shoots
would increase the yield, for which pruning is essential. Pruning influences growth,
flower bud initiation, differentiation and ultimately the flower production.
Pruning period
Species Time of pruning
J. auriculatum Last week of January
J. grandiflorum Last week of December
J. sambac Last week of November
Pruning height: 45-50 cm from the ground level.
Weeding
• Commonly done manually but is expensive.
• Chemical weed control is effective and economical.
• Spraying Oryzalin 1 or 2 applications is effective.
• Mulching also reduce weed population.
Harvesting
• Jasmine gives economic yield only from the
third year and up to 12-15 years and then the
yield starts declining.
• The stage of harvest depends on the purpose
of flowers to be harvested. For fresh flowers,
fully developed unopened flower buds are
picked in the early morning, while for
extraction of concrete only fully opened fresh
picked flowers are required.
• Picking of flowers after 11 a.m. will considerably reduce the yield and quality of the
concrete.
9. • Damage to flowers during harvest and transit will affect shelf life of fresh flowers and
concrete recovery.
Yield
Species Flowers yield (kg/ha) Concrete recovery (%)
J. auriculatum 4733 to 9152 0.28 to 0.36
J. sambac 739 to 8129 0.14 to 0.19
J. grandiflorum 4329 to 10144 0.25 to 0.32
Grading
• There are no standard grades available for jasmine.
• The flowers may be graded according to the corolla tube length, bud size, shape and
freshness.
Packing
• Harvested flower should be given cold treatment before packing.
• Packing should be functional, economical and attractive besides being acceptable in
markets. Corrugated cardboard boxes are good for distant market.
• Wholesalers pack flowers in bamboo baskets.
• They are packed so as to maintain some moisture and air circulation in the baskets.
• Water is sprinkled on the newspapers covering the inside of the basket.
• The top is covered with paper again and closed with a bamboo basket cover or gunny
sack which is stitched at the edges.
Packing Jasmine for local market Special Packing for Export
Longevity of flowers
Stage of harvest and pre and post harvest handling markedly influence the quality of
picked flowers. In J. sambac var. Khoya treatment with boric acid (0.5%), sucrose (1%),
aluminium sulphate (0.1%) and silver nitrate (0.01%) flowers remained fresh up to 72 hrs.
10. Plant protection
Pests
Bud worm (Hendecasis duplifasciallis): The bud worm which is a greenish larva with
a black head bores into immature buds and feeds on floral structures. Spray of Monocrotophos
2 ml/l should be applied for the control of bud worm.
Red Spider Mite (Steneotarsonemus pallidus): The incidence of red spider mite is high
during warm and dry weather, especially during summer. The mites are seen feeding on under
surface of the leaves which become yellow and drop off. Thimet 2g/l should be given. Five
applications of Aldrin at ten days interval were found effective.
Blossom midge
Spray Monocrotophos 36 WSC 2 ml/lit or Endosulfan 35 EC 2 ml/lit
Diseases
Leaf Blight
Caused by two fungi viz., Cercospora jasminicola and Alternaria jasmini. Symptoms are
reddish brown spots on upper surface of leaves. Spray of Benlate (0.4%), Bavistin (0.1%) and
Bordeaux mixture (1%) are equally effective.
Wilt
Caused by Fusarium solani, symptoms are yellowing of lower leaves which gradually
spread upwards and finally resulting in death of the plant. Drenching of soil around the plants
with Bordeaux mixture (1%) is the control measure.
Yellowing of leaves
It is caused by 3 factors viz., iron deficiency, nematode infection and root rot disease.
Iron deficiency
It can be rectified by spraying ferrous sulphate 5 g/lit at monthly intervals until the
chlorotic symptoms disappear.
Nematode
Initially test the soil for nematode infection. Apply 10 g of Temik granules near root zone
and then irrigate the field.
Root rot
Drench the soil around the plant with Copper oxychloride at 2.5 g/lit.
Season of flowering and harvest
Flowering commences in March - April. Fully developed unopened flower buds should
be picked in the morning hours.
11. Extraction of jasmine concrete
Jasmine concrete obtained from Jathi Malli (Pitchi) – Jasminum grandiflorum is a wax
like substance containing the natural flower perfume together with some plant waxes, albumin
and colouring matter. The natural perfume is available in very small quantity (0.25%) in jasmine
flowers in the form of volatile oil. The usual and simple method of steam distillation for the
extraction of the volatile oil could not be adopted in this case as jasmines do not yield the
perfume oil on steam distillation. Hence, the solvent extraction method is practiced in which the
principle is that the odoriferous substances of the flower are allowed to be absorbed by a highly
volatile solvent and then the solvent is evaporated leaving the odoriferous principles.
STEP I – Solvent treatment
Flowers are soaked in Food Grade Hexane (Having Boiling point of 70o
C).
Mixing Hexane 2 litres / kg of flowers for 30 minutes.
Rotate the container slowly for 20 minutes in the rotary type of extractor.
Perfume substance along with wax and pigments dissolved in Hexane
STEP II – Evaporation
Perfume laden solvent is led into the evaporator
Evaporation at a constant temperature of 75o
C.
Vapour of the solvent condemned into liquid for recycling
Liquid (Perfume, wax & pigments) is distilled in a vacuum distillation unit for complete removal
of solvent in the still
Floral concrete settled in the still in the form of molten wax
Cooled and Stored in glass (or) aluminium containers
Marketing, Distribution and Transportation
Transporting of jasmine flower is done through trucks, ships (Refrigerated) etc. Before
long distance transportation it is better to keep flowers in bamboo basket which should be
12. covered under moist muslin cloth. Proper care should be taken so that flowers are not handled
badly or damaged during transportation.
Intercultural operations
Pruning
In Jasmine flowering habit is terminal and axillary so increase in the number of shoots is
main criterion for increasing yield. In J. auriculatum pruning from 24 January is best time. In J.
sambac pruning in either November or February to 30 cm gives highest flower yield. In J.
grandiflorum mid December time is found suitable for pruning.
Important tips and best practices for crop cultivation:
• Always use disease free planting material.
• Timely weed management should be done.
• Flower should be harvested at proper time and stage. These are distributed to the
market in bamboo basket which should be covered under moist muslin cloth.
Alternate Use
Veni, gajra, garland, loose flower, flower arrangement
*********
1. Spanish Jasmine is botanically called as
a. Jasminum grandiflorum b. J. auriculatum
c. J. sambae d. J. pubescens
2. Inflorescence of jasmine is
13. a. Raceme b. Panicle
c. Cymose d. Spike
3. J. sambac is commercially propagated through
a. Semi-hardwood cutting b. Terminal cutting
c. Air layering d. Hardwood cutting
4. Post harvest life of jasmine can be increased by spraying
a. Boric acid b. Sucrose
c. both a & b d. None of the above
5. Solvent used for the extraction of jasmine concrete in
a. Methane b. Hexane
c. Ethrel d. Toluene