Chrysanthemums, known as the 'queen of east,' symbolize longevity and joy, ranking second in commercial flower crops after roses. Primarily cultivated in India, especially in Tamil Nadu, they require well-drained soil and a temperature range of 16 to 25°C for optimal growth, with careful attention to watering and fertilization. Various varieties exist for multiple uses, including cut flowers and garlands, with specific cultivation practices recommended for maximizing yield and quality.

1. -By Miss. Raksha Anil Hingankar.

4. One of the most important traditional flower
Also Known as QUEEN OF EAST or Glory of East
or Winter Queen/ Autumn Queen
Chrysanthemums generally symbolize longevity,
fidelity, joy and optimism.
Chrysanthemum = “Chrysos” means “Golden” and
“anthos” means “Flower”.
C. sinense, C. inicum, C. japonicum, C. ornatum,
C. maxima are some species involved in the
development.
Occupies a place of pride at commercial crop as
well as a popular exhibition flower.
Ranks 2nd after Rose.
Wide range of type, size and color and also forms.

5. It is used as potted plant (pot mums), as well as, cut flower, and in
Asia, even as loose flower.
Phyrethroids are derived from pyrethrins (insecticidal substance)
found in natural pyrethrum extracted from the Chrysanthemum
cinerarifolium and Chrysanthemum coccineum.
Tall grown plants are used for background planting in borders.
Dwarf growing are used for flower beds and pot culture.
Loose type flowers are useful for garland, veni, worship, etc.
Long stem flowers – cut flowers for Bouquet, vase, etc.
Extra large – Bloomed cultivars for exhibition.
Decorative and fluffy bloomed small-flowered cultivars are
ideal for garland and hair decoration.
 Chrysanthemum morifolium is an important source of
essential oil and sesquiterpenoid alcohol.

6. The chrysanthemum is one of the most important flower
crops commercially grown in different parts of the world.
In India, it is commercially grown in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka,
and Maharashtra.
It is grown in on area of about 4,000 ha.
In India, Area under cultivation – 17.89 ha, production –
Loose Flower- 183.36 MT, Cut Flower- 504.32 MT. (2013-14)
 Tamil Nadu is the highest producing country in India. (71.29
MT in 2015-16).
 In 2015-16, Maharashtra production was 5.05 MT of loose
flower.
 In different states of India, it is grown with different names,
Guldaudi in Hindi belt,
Chandramalika in the eastern state,
Samanti in the southern states and
Shevanti in the western states.

7. Soil:
A well drained, sandy loam of good texture and good
aerated.
Good amount of organic matter should be contained.
pH required is 6.5 to 7.5.
Being a shallow fibrous rooted plant, it is very sensible
to water logged conditions.
Climate:
A qualitative short day plant.
The most important environmental factors influencing the
growth and flowering of these plants are light and temperature.
Temperature affect the rate of vegetative growth and flowering.
Relative humidity suitable is 70 to 75%.
Optimum temperature: 16 to 250C.
Required ultimate attitude of 1200 m.

8. Incurved
Reflexed
Spider type
Korean single
Korean double
Decorative
Anemone
Pompon

9. Varieties for garland purpose: Eaggi, Basanti, Shanty,
Indira, Rakhi, Red Gold, Birbal, Sahani, Vasantika, Sharad
Mala, Meera and Jaya.
Varieties for cut spray: Apsara, Birbal Sahani, Jayanti,
Jubilee, Kundan, Purnima, Nanako, Riot, Arctic and
Charlia.
Other varieties: Florets, snowball, Agni-shikha, Navneet
yellow, Gypsy Queen, Ajina Purple, M-24, Gauri, etc.
Developed by Dr. PDKV, Akola-
PDKV Ragini ( CHR-Mut-05-02)
o New colour pattern i.e. Red tinge on yellow
petals.
o More number of flowers per plant
o High yield (Avg. 179.40 q/ha)
o Moderately resistant to Fusarium wilt.

10. Propagated by vegetative means by
suckers and terminal cuttings or
micro-propagation.
 By suckers:
The stem is cut just above the ground
After completion of flowering which induces the
formation of side shoots or suckers.
These side suckers are separated from mother plant and planted in sand.
The well rooted suckers can be directly planted to field.
 Terminal cuttings:
The cuttings are taken from a healthy stock plant, 5-7cm long
cutting are made removing lower leaves and half of the open leaves.
The cuttings are dipped in the IBA (2S00ppm) or in Seradexl
Keradex (rooting hormone) then planted in sand bed. Spacing : 30 X
30 cm or 30 X 45 cm.

11.  Ideal planting time is April – June
 Plant first in the nursery beds, and
then finally transplanting in the
permanent beds after one month,
followed by immediate irrigation.
 From the view of plant density of
32 cuttings per sq. m is reported
ideal.
 Usual spacing being kept in India is
20 × 30 cm, 30 × 30 cm, or 40 × 40
cm/m2, however, the spacing of 20
× 30 cm gives best economic yield.
1 to 1.25 lac cuttings / ha is ideal
for obtaining proper plant
population.

12.  Heavy feeder for nitrogen and potassium
 Responds well to manuring, add 8-10 tones
of well rotten FYM per acre.
 Apply 50 kg of nitrogen, 160 kg p2o5 and
80 kg k2o as a basal dose. (50:160:80)
 Spray GA3 at 50 ppm at 30, 45 and 60 days
after planting to increase the flower yield.
 Phosphorus is applied as the basal dose
before planting along with some 20 kg of
nitrogen.
 The other two split doses of nitrogen should
be applied after every two months of
planting.

13. Watering depends on the stage of plant growth, the
soil type, soil moisture level, prevailing weather
condition, and relative atmospheric humidity.
Immediately after transplanting, are once watered
to recover from the lifting shock and for proper
settling of roots.
Thereafter, these are watered at an interval of every
4-5 days in the summer season, however in winters,
these maybe watered at an interval of 7–10 days.
If rains delayed irrigation is given twice a week in
the first month and subsequently at weekly interval.
About 8 – 9 lit of water/sq.mt is required/day.

14. Weed control:
Done manually,
normally 8-10
yearly. Control of
soil is made loose
porous to
provide aeration.
Pinching:
Removal of
growing tips of the
growing tips of the plant
to induce the growth of
vegetative laterals. Soft
and Hard are the two
types of pinching.
De-suckering:
For proper growth of plants,
suckers are removed time to time.
Budding:
Helps to increase number of
plants.
Dis-budding:
Perform for large
and decorative flower.
Pinching

15. Depending upon the varieties, plant start yielding flower
after 3-4 months of transplanting.
For cut flower purpose, stem is cut about 10 cm above the
soil
The lower 1/3 of stem are placed in water to extend the
vase life of cut flowers.
Harvesting should be done early in the morning or late
evening.
Ideal period of harvesting is from Ist fortnight of Nov. to
Ist fortnight of February.
 Standard type chrysanthemum is harvested when
fully open, but before central disc starts elongating.
 Spray cultivars are harvested when fully open but
before the shedding of pollen, and pompons are
harvested when the center of oldest flower is fully open.

16. One can harvest the flowers around 15
times.
The yield ranges from 10 to 15 tones of
loose flowers per acre.
Yield of good quality sprays range from
1,00,00 – 1,20,000 from one ha area land.
Raton crop: 4-5 tones per ha.
Sprays- 1,00,000 stems can be obtained
from one ha.

17. 1. Aphids (Macrosiphoniella sanborni)
2. Thrips (Frankliniella sp.)
3. Leaf Folder (Hedyleta indicate)
4.Bud Borer (Helicoverpa armigera)
5. Hairy Caterpillar (Spilosoma oblique)
6.Termites (Microtermes obsel)
7. Lesion Nematode (Oratylenchus coffeae)
8.Bud and Leaf Nematode
(Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi)
1. Root rot: (Pythium spp
or Phytophthora spp
2. Leaf spot: (Septoria chrysanthemella)
3. Fusarium Wilt: (Verticillium dahlia)
4.Rust: (Puccinia spp)
5. Powdery mildew:
(Oidium chrysanthemi)
Viral disease:
Chrysanthemum stunt
Chrysanthemum mosaic disease