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Pankaj Sharma, profile picture
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Jaipur planning

- Jaipur was established in 1727 by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II as the new capital of Amber to replace the old congested city. - It was planned according to the principles of Hindu architecture and town planning with a grid layout divided into nine blocks by main streets. - The city was strategically located on a plain bounded by hills which provided natural fortification and building materials, and access to water supplies.

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• Jaipur lies at a distance of about 320 kms from Delhi, 240 kms from Agra and 135 kms from Ajmer. • located amidst the Aravali hill ranges at an altitude of about 430mabove sea level. • Latitude – 26 55’ ; Longitude – 75 50’ • The current district of Jaipur lies in Eastern Rajasthan, in the Banas River basin and forms a part of Eastern Plain of Rajasthan. • The eastern Rajasthan, lying to the east and south east of the Aravali divide includes the modern administrative districts of – Udaipur, Chittorgarh, Rajsamand, Banswara, Durgapur, Kota, Bundi, Baran, Jhalawar, Bhilwara, Ajmer, Jaipur, Tonk, Dausa, Dholpur, Karauli, Bharatpur and Alwar. The walled city of Jaipur ABOUT JAIPUR CITY
REASONS FOR MAHARAJA SAWAI JAI SINGH TO CHANGE HIS CAPITAL FROM AMBER TO JAIPUR (1727) MILITARY REASONS • Defence • A site at the South of Amber ensured greater distance from Delhi. • the out skirting hill ranges (Nahargarh hills) shaped as a horseshoe would allow the new city to expand only in the South. • It was an open plain bounded on the north-west and east by hills. GEOGRAPHICAL REASONS • The rocky terrain of Amber restricted expansion. • Jaipur had the potentialities of developing into a city with adequate drinking water due to the presence of a perennial stream nearby and good drainage system. • Its rugged hills also ensured a constant supply of buildingmaterial.
TWO SIGNIFICANT FACTS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ORIGIN OF THE CITY AND ITS SUBSEQUENT LAYOUT • The need of a new capital for 18th century Dhoondhar as the earlier one ofAmber built on a hill was getting congested. • Sawai Raja Jai Singh’s vision of the new capital as a strong political statement at par with Mughal cities and as a thriving trade and commerce hub for the region. • SITE : a valley located south of Amber and the plains beyond, a terrain that was the bed of a dried lake ; dense forest cover to the north and the east of the site. • PHYSICAL CONSTRAINTS : hills on the north that housed the fort of Jaigarh and the Amber palace beyond, and the hills on the east, which contained the sacred spot of Galtaji. • WATER SUPPLY: the Darbhavati river in the north was dammed to create the Jai Sagar and Man Sagar (that later housed the Jal Mahal) lakes. Later the Jhotwara River in the north west was diverted through the Amani Shah Nallah and a number of canals were channelized through Brahmapuri and Jai Niwas to supply water to the city.
PLANNING OF THE CITY • Unlike Dausa and Amber, the two previous capital cities of the Dhoondhar region established on hill-top, whose planning was guided by topographical structure of the areas, Jaipur city was revolutionary both in terms of its grid-iron pattern planning and its location at the base of the hills. • There was also a significant economic shift from an agricultural base in Dausa and Amber to trading in the capital of Jaipur. • The layout of the city of Jaipur wonderfully links the concept of a Shastric city with the practicalities of the chosen site. • First, the straight line of the ridge suggested itself as the route for one of the main east-west thorough fares and building a road along its crest makes best possible use of the topography for the purpose of drainage. • What followed then was to regularize the Amber- Sanganer road as a north-south route at right angles to it. • The point of intersection would be one of the city’s main cross-roads (chaupar) The intersection of the axes to define the Badi Chaupar (City Square).
• A road cutting the plain from N to S linking Amber, the capital to Sanganer, the principal trading town. This road had to be preserved and controlled and therefore had to fall within the city’s boundaries • A second road ran E toWbetween the Mughal cities of Agra and Ajmer and placing the new city on this already established communication line would help secure its economic success. However since this was an imperial road that could not be encroached on, thus the city had to be contained to the north of this line. • Also, a natural ridge runs across the plain, N of the road and parallel to it, in a roughly EW alignment (with a slight deviation of15 deg. from the cardinal axes). The area to its S is flat while that to its N slopes down gently. In Shastric terms, this is an ideal arrangement as declivity towards the north-east Is considered the best site. In practical terms, the ridge too had to be accommodated Ends of the roads marked by Gates in the City Wall PLANNING OF THE CITY
CONCEPTUAL PLANNING • It is a model of town planning the first planned city in India. It is based on Hindu systems of town planning and followed the principles prescribed in the Shilpa-shastra, an ancient Indian treatise on architecture .according to this shastra the site should be divided into grids or mandalas ranging from 2x 2 to 10 x 10. • Planned according to the Prastara type of layout, which gives prominence to the cardinal directions. • Thus plan of Jaipur is a grid of 3x3 with gridlines being the city’s main streets.
CONCEPTUAL PLANNIG • The central axis of the town was laid from East toWest between the gates of the Sun ( Suraj pol) and the moon( Chandpol ) . • This was crossed by two roads at right angles dividing the town into nine almost square, almost equally sized blocks, which were further sub divided by lanes and alleys all at right angles. • By building the western boundary of the city right up to the hill’s southern apex, it provided a continuous line of defence. • The mandala could not be complete in the NW due to the presence of the hills. • On the other hand in the SE an extra square has been added that plugged the gap between the city and the eastern hills.
PLANNIG PROCEDURE • South of the main road were four almost equal rectangles. The rectangle opposite the palace has been broken up into two equal and smaller rectangles by the Chaura Rasta. Thus altogether there are now five rectangles on the south of the main road called Chowkris. • On the North of the main road from West to East are the Purani Basti, the Palace and Ramchandraji. • The principal bazaar leads from the western gate in the city wall, The Chandpole, passing in front of the Tripolia Gate, to the eastern city gate, the Surajpole. 1. RAMCHANDRASI 2. GANGAPOI CHAUKRI 3. TALKATORA 4. TOPKHANA HAZURI 5. PURANI BASTI 6. TOPKHANA DESH 7. MODI KHANA 8. GHAT DARWAZA 9. PALACE
PLANNIG PROCEDURE • The palace building covered two blocks, the town six and the remaining ninth block was not usable on account of steep hills. So this North-West ward was transferred to the South-East corner of the city, making the shape of the plan as a whole asymmetrical rather than square. • The city’s division into nine wards was also in conformity with the Hindu caste system, which necessitated the segregation of people belonging to different communities and ranks. • Even the lanes were named after the occupations of inhabitants such as Maniharon ka Rasta, Thakaron ka Rasta & many others. • Following the directions of the Hindu Shilpa shastra, width of the main streets & other lanes were fixed. Thus the main streets of the city were 111ft. wide, secondary streets 55 ft. wide & the smaller ones 27ft. wide. The map of early planned city of Jaipur
ROAD NETWORK • Jaipur’s road network follows a definite hierarchy. The major east-west and north-south road ,form the sector boundaries and are called Rajmarg as they lead to the city gates. These measure 33m. wide. • Next there is a network of 16.5m wide which runs north-south in each sector linking the internal areas of the sectors to the major activity spine. • An orthogonal grid of 8.25mx4.00m roads in the prastara-chessboard pattern further divide sectors into Mohallas. PUBLIC SPACES • Chaupars • Bazaars • Mohallas • Streets • Temples
• a square that occurs at the intersection of east west roads with three north south roads. • 100mx 100m • used for public gathering on festive occasions • The distance between two chaupars is about 700m which is ideal for pedestrianmovement. • It has controlled façade treatment enveloping it. CONCEPTUAL PLAN - CHAUPAR
View of a main bazaar street View of a chaupar today STREETSCAPES AND CHOWKS • The main markets, havelis and temples on the main streets in Jaipur were constructed by the state in the 18th century, thus ensuring that a uniform street facade is maintained. The widths of roads were predetermined. • Junctions of the main axial streets formed the two square civic open spaces called chaupars (Badi chaupar and Chhoti chaupar). The width of the square chaupars was three times that of the main street. • Historically, the chaupars were outlets for intense social use with water structures connected by underground aqueducts, supplying numerous sources of drinking water at street level. Presently, the centre of each chaupar has square enclosures with ornamental fountains. • The streets and chowks (central open squares in a town) of the internal chowkries (sectors) with numerous clusters or mohallas were not predetermined; hence show a mix of grid iron and organic pattern, with the basic unit of built form being the rectangular haveli.
THE VIEW WESTWARDS ACROSS THE CITY FROM THE DIRECTION OF GALTAJI. SANGANERI GATE VIEWS
P A N K A J S H A RMA