HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

1. JAIPUR CITY
SUBMIITED BY :
ARCHI VARSHNEY
ANUPAM YADAV
SIDDHARTHA NIGAM
VARNITAAGARWAL
.
SUBMIITED TO :
AR. DEVINA AGARWAL
ANAND COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

2. JAIPUR – THE PINK CITY.
 JAIPUR LIES AT A DISTANCE OF ABOUT 200 MILES FROM DELHI, 150 MILES FROM
AGRA AND 84 MILES FROM AJMER.
 CAPITAL CITY OF RAJASTHAN IS LOCATED ADMITS THE ARAVALI HILL RANGES AT AN
ALTITUDE OF ABOUT 430 M ABOVE SEA LEVEL.
JAIPUR IS CONSIDERED BY MANY URBANISMS TO BE ONE OF THE BEST PLANNED
CITIES IN INDIA. THE CITY WAS ESTABLISHED IN 1729 BY MAHARAJA JAISINGH AS THE
NEW CAPITAL OF KACHWAHA DYNASTY.
 IN THE 19TH CENTURY THE CITY GREW RAPIDLY AND BECAME PROSPEROUS BY 1900
IT HAD A POPULATION OF 160,000.
THE CITY’S WIDE BOULEVARDS WERE PAVED AND LIT WITH GAS. JAIPUR WAS PAINTED
PINK BY MAHARAJA MAN SINGH WHEN PRINCE OF WALES, LATER EDWARD VII, VISITED
JAIPUR IN 1876.
THE ROYAL HERITAGE OF JAIPUR LIVES IN ITS ARCHITECTURE AND CULTURE.

3. CITY AND ITS EVOLUTION
• REASONS FOR MAHARAJA SAWAI JAI
SINGH TO CHANGE HIS CAPITAL
FROM AMBER TO JAIPUR:
• MILITARY REASONS
• DEFENCE WAS AN IMPORTANT
CONSIDERATION.
• A SITE AT THE SOUTH OF AMBER ENSURED
GREATER DISTANCE FROM DELHI AND ALSO
PREVENTED THE EXPANSION OF THE CITY IN
THAT DIRECTION.
• OUT SKIRTING HILL RANGES (NAHARGARH
HILLS) SHAPED AS A HORSESHOE WOULD
ALLOW THE NEW CITY TO EXPAND ONLY IN THE
SOUTH. SO THIS FLAT SITE WITH A BASIN LIKE
SHAPE WAS CHOSEN.
• IT WAS AN OPEN PLAIN BOUNDED ON THE
NORTH-WEST AND EAST BY HILLS.
•

4. GEOGRAPHICAL REASONS
• THE ROCKY TERRAIN OF AMBER RESTRICTED EXPANSION.
• JAIPUR HAD THE POTENTIALITIES OF DEVELOPING INTO A CITY WITH
ADEQUATE DRINKING WATER DUE TO THE PRESENCE OF A PERENNIAL
STREAM NEARBY AND GOOD DRAINAGE SYSTEM.
• ITS RUGGED HILLS ALSO ENSURED A CONSTANT SUPPLY OF BUILDING
MATERIAL, WHICH MIGHT BE REQUIRED IN THE TIMES TO COME.
•
EARLIER RAJPUT CAPITALS WERE
ESTABLISHED IN THE HILLS, AND SO
MOVING CAPITAL TO THE PLAINS WAS AN
EX OF SAWN JAI SINGH'S BOLDNESS.

5.  JAI SINGH AND THE GURU VIDYADHAR(WHO
WAS A ‘SHASPATI’ – HINDU PRIEST ARCHITECT),
PLANNED THE WHOLE TOWN ACCORDING TO
THE PRINCIPLES OF HINDU ARCHITECTURAL
THEORY.
VAASTU IS A SCIENCE OF COMMON
UNDERSTANDING BASED ON EXPERIENCE AND
EXPERIMENTATION WHEREIN BOTH THE
THEORETICAL AND THE PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF
KNOWLEDGE ARE EMBODIED TOGETHER WITH
INSTINCTIVE PROBLEM SOLVING.
THE TOWN OF JAIPUR IS, IN FACT, BUILT IN THE
FORM OF A EIGHT-PART MANDALA KNOWN AS
THE ‘PITHAPADA’.NINE SIGNIFIES THE 9 PLANETS
OF THE ANCIENT ASTROLOGICAL ZODIAC.
PLAN OF JAIPUR
PLANNING OF JAIPUR :

6. IT IS ALSO KNOWN THAT SAWAI JAI SINGH WAS A GREAT ASTRONOMER AND A
TOWN PLANNER, AND HENCE THE ‘PITHAPADA’.ALSO, THE COMMERCIAL SHOPS ARE
DESIGNED IN MULTIPLES OF NINE(27), HAVING ONE CROSS STREET FOR A PLANET.
THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE CITY STARTED IN 1727. IT TOOK AROUND 4 YEARS TO
COMPLETE THE MAJOR PALACES, ROADS AND SQUARE.
THE CITY WAS BUILT FOLLOWING THE PRINCIPLES OF SHILPA SHASTRA THE
INDIAN ARCHITECTURE.
HUGE FORTIFICATION WALLS WERE MADE ALONG
WITH SEVEN STRONG GATES.


7. •IT IS BASED ON HINDU SYSTEMS
OF TOWN PLANNING AND
FOLLOWED THE PRINCIPLES
PRESCRIBED IN THE SHILPA-
SHASTRA, AN ANCIENT INDIAN
TREATISE ON ARCHITECTURE
•ACCORDING TO THIS SHASTRA
THE SITE SHOULD BE DIVIDED
INTO GRIDS OR MANDALAS
RANGING FROM 2X 2 TO 10 X 10.
• PLANNED ACCORDING TO THE
PRASTARA TYPE OF LAYOUT,
WHICH GIVES PROMINENCE TO
THE CARDINAL DIRECTIONS.
•THE PLAN OF JAIPUR IS A GRID
WITH GRIDLINES BEING THE
CITY’S MAIN STREETS.
TOWNPLAN OF THE
CITY OF JAIPUR

8. RAJA JAISINGH PLANNED THE
CITY KEEPING IN MIND VASTU
SHASTRA.
CITY WAS DIVIDED INTO 9
SQUARES. OCCURRENCE OF A
HILLSIDE CHANGED.THE
PLACEMENT OF ONE OF THE
SQUARES.THE CENTRAL SQUARE
COMPRISE OF THE PALACE. OF WHICH
TWO CONSIST THE STATE BUILDINGS AND
PALACES, WITH THE REMAINING SEVEN
ALLOTTED TO THE PUBLIC.
CITY PLAN OF JAIPUR

9. PLANNIG PROCEDURE :-
• The palace building covered two
blocks, ie the ninth block.
•4th block was not usable on account of
steep hills , So this North-West ward
was transferred to the South-East
corner of the city, making the shape of
the plan as a whole asymmetrical rather
than square.
Road network:-
•Road network follows a definite hierarchy.
• The major east-west and north-south road ,form the sector
boundaries and are called Rajmarg as they lead to the city
gates.
•These measure 33m. wide. There is a network of 16.5m
wide which runs north-south in each sector linking the
internal areas of the sectors to the major activity spine. The
main streets of the city were 111ft. wide, secondary streets
55 ft. wide & the smaller ones 27ft. wide.
• An orthogonal grid of 8.25mx4.00m roads in the prastara-
chessboard pattern further divide sectors into Mohallas.

10. • THE CENTRAL AXIS OF THE TOWN WAS
LAID FROM EAST TO WEST BETWEEN
THE GATES OF THE SUN(SURAJ POL)
AND THE MOON(CHANDPOL) .
• THIS WAS CROSSED BY TWO ROADS
AT RIGHT ANGLES DIVIDING THE
TOWN INTO NINE ALMOST SQUARE,
ALMOST EQUALLY SIZED BLOCKS,
WHICH WERE FURTHER SUB DIVIDED
BY LANES AND ALLEYS ALL AT RIGHT
ANGLES.
• BY BUILDING THE WESTERN
BOUNDARY OF THE CITY RIGHT UP TO
THE HILL’S SOUTHERN APEX, IT
PROVIDED A CONTINUOUS LINE OF
DEFENCE.
• THE MANDALA COULD NOT BE
COMPLETE IN THE NW DUE TO THE
PRESENCE OF THE HILLS.
• ON THE OTHER HAND IN THE SE AN
EXTRA SQUARE HAS BEEN ADDED
THAT PLUGGED THE GAP BETWEEN THE
CITY AND THE EASTERN HILLS.

11. PHYSICAL PLANNING AND
DESIGN.
RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBOURHOOD
PLANNING CONCEPT WAS MOHALLA
WHICH ACT AS MODULE FOR URBAN
GROWH. SAFE, SECURE, LIVING
ENVIRONMENT IS CREATED WHERE
INDIVIDUALS HAVE THEIR OWN
HORIZON TO FLOURISH AND GROW.
SUN PATH , WIND DIRECTION GIVEN UTMOST
IMPORTANCE.
SUN PATH
FOLLOWING MAJOR FACTORS ARE ALSO
CONSIDERED.
 1. CONTOUR AND TOPOGRAPHY
 2. STORM WATER DRAINAGE
 3. CLIMATE
 4. HYDOLOGY AND SOIL
 5. CONTEXT

12. AMENITIES
 AMENITIES ARE PROVIDED WITH RESPECT TO KING AND UPPER CLASS
INSTEAD OF COMMON MAN.
AMENITIES ARE PROVIDED ON MAIN ROAD, WITHIN 5 MINUTE WALKING
DISTANCE. PLACEMENT OF AMENITIES WAS DONE WITH RESPECT TO FUNCTION,
USE AND TRAFFIC.
 FURTHER JUXTAPOSITION HAS CREATED DISTINCT NODES AND ACTIVITY
LANDMARKS, WHICH ULTIMATELY HAS CREATED DEFINED PATH.THUS SOCIALLY
INTERACTIVE SPACES ARE CREATED BY DESIGN, BUILT FORM DEFINITION, OPEN
SPACE PATTERN AND ROAD PATTERN. INTERACTION SPACE

13. PUBLIC SPACES:-
• Chaupars
• Bazaars
• Mohallas
• Streets
• Temples

14. CHAUPARS:-
• It is a intersection of EW
roads with three NS roads.
• Each chaupar is around
100m x 100m.
• Used for public gathering
on festive occasions.
•The distance between two
chaupars is about 700m
which is ideal for pedestrian
movement.

15. STREETSCAPES AND CHOWKS
•THE MAIN MARKETS, HAVELIS AND
TEMPLES ON THE MAIN STREETS IN
JAIPUR WERE CONSTRUCTED
BY THE STATE IN THE 18TH CENTURY,
THUS ENSURING THAT A UNIFORM
STREET FACADE IS MAINTAINED.
• THE WIDTHS OF ROADS WERE
PREDETERMINED.
• JUNCTIONS OF THE MAIN AXIAL
STREETS FORMED THE TWO SQUARE
CIVIC OPEN SPACES CALLED
CHAUPARS (BADI CHAUPAR AND
CHHOTI CHAUPAR).
THE WIDTH OF THE SQUARE
CHAUPARS WAS THREE TIMES THAT
OF THE MAIN STREET.
•
View of a main bazaar street - the width of the
main roads was kept 39 1/4 gaz - 108
feet, secondary roads are half this size - 54 feet,
the tertiary roads are 27 feet and
the inner mohalla streets are 13 feet wide.

16. •THE STREETS AND CHOWKS (CENTRAL OPEN
SQUARES IN A TOWN) OF THE INTERNAL
CHOWKRIES (SECTORS) WITH NUMEROUS
CLUSTERS
OR MOHALLAS WERE NOT PREDETERMINED;
•HENCE SHOW A MIX OF GRID IRON AND
ORGANIC PATTERN, WITH THE BASIC UNIT OF
BUILT FORM
BEING THE RECTANGULAR HAVELI
• HISTORICALLY, THE CHAUPARS WERE
OUTLETS FOR INTENSE SOCIAL USE WITH
WATER STRUCTURES CONNECTED BY
UNDERGROUND AQUEDUCTS, SUPPLYING
NUMEROUS SOURCES OF DRINKING
WATER AT STREET LEVEL.
•PRESENTLY, THE CENTRE OF EACH
CHAUPAR HAS SQUARE
ENCLOSURES WITH ORNAMENTAL
FOUNTAINS.
View of a chaupar today

17. BAZAARS
• ORIGINAL MARKETS IN THE CITY
INCLUDE KISHANPOLE BAZAAR,
GANGAURI BAZAAR, JOHARI BAZAAR,
SIREH DEORHI BAZAAR, ALONG THE
MAIN NORTH-SOUTH AND EAST-
WEST AXES THAT INTERSECT AT
CHHOTI AND BADI CHAUPARS.
• TYPICAL ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES
OF THE BAZAAR STREETS ARE - USE
OF CHHAJJAS (SUNSHADES)
RESULTING IN STRONG HORIZONTAL
LINES, PROJECTING VERTICAL
BLOCKS ON BRACKETS, A MODULAR
SYSTEM OF ARCHES FILLED WITH
DELICATE LATTICED SCREENS TO CUT
DIRECT SUN AND GLARE OF
REFLECTED SUN IN THE STREET.

18. • ON THE MAIN STREETS STRICT CONTROL WAS EXERCISED ON THE STREET
FAÇADE, ALONG WHICH WERE LOCATED SHOPS
AND ARCADES- ONE STOREY HIGH, BUT BEYOND THE FRONTAGE THE BUILDINGS
COULD BE OF ANY HEIGHT OR ANY SHAPE,
SOME BUILT WITH FLAT ROOFS & OTHERS WITH TRADITIONAL CHATTRIS.
SOURCE:
• BAZAAR STREETS HAVE TEMPLES ABOVE SHOPS WITH WIDE STAIRCASE
STARTING FROM PAVEMENT TO THE TEMPLE LEVEL.
SPACE ABOVE SHOPS AT FIRST FLOOR LEVEL ORIGINALLY FUNCTIONED AS
GALLERIES FOR WATCHING ROYAL PROCESSIONS, RELIGIOUS FESTIVALS AND
PUBLIC CELEBRATIONS
Uniform planned shop
fronts on bazaar streets.

19. Defined street façade at a chaupar with sunshades and
latticed colonnades at upper floors and shop fronts on
the ground floor

21. AMER FORT OVERVIEW
• Amer Fort is located in Amer Located high on a hill.
• Amer fort has a traditional Hindu and Rajput style of architecture.
• Its is aesthetically crafted out marble and red sand stone giving it a rustic and mysterious look.
there are intricate(complex) paintings of ancient hunting styles and portraits of significant
Rajput rulers.
• It is an old fort, built in 1592 by Raja Man Singh.
• Amer Fort is known for its artistic Hindu style elements, has influences of both Hindu and
Muslim architecture. With its large ramparts and series of gates and cobbled paths, the fort
overlooks Maota Lake It is the main source of water for the Amer palace.
• Constructed of red sandstone and marble, the attractive, opulent palace is laid out on four
levels, each with a courtyard.
• The palace was the residence of the Rajput Maharajas and their families.
• The structure was fully expanded by his descendant, Jai Singh I.
• Even later, Amer Fort underwent improvements and additions by successive rulers over the
next 150 years
.

22. LAYOUT PLAN

23. AMER FORT TOP VIEW
THIRD COURTYARD
MAIN
ENTRY
AND FIRST
GATE
CENTRAL COURTYARD
OF THE PALACE
FIRST
COURTYARD
SECOND
COURTYARD
SECOND GATE
MAOTA
LAKE
JAI
MANDIR
SEESH MAHAL
PRIVATE QUARTERS
FOR ROYAL
WOMENS ZENANA

24. MAOTA LAKE
SURAJ POL AND SUN
GATE GANESH POL
MAIN 2 GATES OF AMER FORT

25. The Palace is divided into 4 main sections
each with its own entry gate and courtyard.
MAIN ENTRY: Main entry is through the Suraj Pole (Sun Gate)
which leads to Jalebi Chowk, the first main courtyard.
• This was the place where armies would hold victory parades with their
war bounty on their return from battles, which were also witnessed by
the This gate was built exclusively and was provided with guards as it
was the main entry into the palace.
• It faced east towards the rising sun, hence the name "Sun Gate".
Royal cavalcades and dignitaries entered the palace through this gate.
Chhatris
Crenellation's
Chajja over
openings
Jharokha
Arched entrance

26. SECOND COURTYARD:DIWAN-I-AM
• The second courtyard, up the main stairway of the first level
courtyard, houses the Diwan-i-Aam or the Public Audience
Hall.
• Built with a double row of columns, the Diwan-i-Aam is a
raised platform with 27 colonnades, each of which is mounted
with an elephant-shaped capital, with galleries above it.
• As the name suggests, the Raja(King) held audience here to
hear and receive petitions from the public
• DIWAN-E-AM forms the second level of the amer fort. its is the
massive hall open on three sides with extensive mosaic glass
work.
elephant-
shaped capital
double
row of
columns

27. VIEW OF DOUBLE COLOUMB

28. SECOND GATE:GANESH POL
 Ganesh Pol, or the Ganesh Gate, named after
the Hindu god, Lord Ganesh is the entry into the private
palaces of the Maharajas.
• It is a three-level structure with many frescoes that
was also built at the orders of the Mirza Raja Jai Singh
(1621–1627). Above this gate is the Suhag Mandir
where ladies of the royal family used to watch functions
held in the Diwan-i-Aam through latticed windows.
Suhag Mandir
latticed windows
Frescoes
Foliated arched
entrance

29. • The 3rd courtyard is where the private
quarters of the Maharaja, his family and
attendants were located.
• This courtyard is entered through the
Ganesh Pol.
• The courtyard has two buildings, one
opposite to the other, separated by a
garden laid in the fashion of the Mughal
Gardens.
SEESH MAHAL
• The building to the left of the entrance
gate is called the Jai Mandir or Sheesh
Mahal ,exquisitely embellished with glass
inlaid panels and multi-mirrored ceilings.
• The mirrors are of convex shape and
designed with colored foil and paint .it
was built by king Man Singh in 16th
century and completed in 1727.
• The walls around the hall hold carved
marble relief panels.
THIRD COURTYARD: PRIVATE QUARTERS

30. • The other building seen in the
courtyard is opposite to the Jai Mandir
and is known as the Sukh Niwas or
Sukh Mahal. This hall is approached
through a sandalwood door with
marble inlay work with perforations.
• A piped water supply flows through an
open channel that runs through this
edifice keeping the environs cool, as in
an air-conditioned environment.
Based on
Mughal
gardens
Corridor
Double columns
(alternative with 2
Double layers of columns are
used and double arches
SUKH MAHAL

31. MAGIC FLOWER
Magic flower
It is a carved marble
panel at the base of one
of the pillars around the
mirror palace depicting
two hovering butterflies;
the flower has seven
unique designs including a
fish tail, lotus, hooded
cobra, elephant trunk,
lion's tail, cob of corn, and
scorpion, each one of
which is visible by a
special way of partially
hiding the panel with the
handsannel flows into the
garden.

32. • South of this courtyard lies the Palace of
Man Singh I, which is the oldest part of
the palace fort.
• The palace took 25 years to build and was
completed in 1599 during the reign of
Raja Man Singh I . It is the main palace.
• In the central courtyard of the palace is
the pillared bara Dari or pavilion; frescoes
and colored tiles decorate the rooms on
the ground and upper floors.
• This pavilion was used as the meeting
venue by the maharanis.
• All sides of this pavilion are connected to
several small rooms with open balconies.
The exit from this palace leads to the
town of Amer, a heritage town with many
temples, palatial houses and mosques.
• THIRD GATE:Tripolia gate-Tripolia gate
means three gates. It is an access to the
palace from the west. It opens in three
directions, one to the Jaleb Chowk,
another to the Man Singh Palace and the
third one to the Zenana Deorhi on the
south.

33. FOURTH COURTYARD:ZENANA
• The fourth courtyard is where the Zenana (Royal family women, including concubines or
mistresses) lived. This courtyard has many living rooms where the queens resided and
who were visited by the king at his choice without being found out as to which queen he
was visiting, as all the rooms open into a common corridor.
• The queen mothers and the Raja's consorts lived in this part of the palace in Zanani
Deorhi, which also housed their female attendants. The queen mothers took a deep
interest in building temples in Amer town.
The Lion gate, the premier gate, was once a guarded
gate; it leads to the private quarters in the palace
premises and is titled 'Lion Gate' to suggest strength.
Built during the reign of Sawai Jai Singh (1699–1743
AD), it is covered with frescoes; its alignment is
zigzag, probably made so from security
considerations to attack intruders.
FOURTH GATE:LION GATE
Kesar Kyaari is the another beautiful part of
Amber fort, the Kesar Kyari Bagh in a garden on
Maota Lake, right before Amber Fort, in Jaipur,
Rajasthan. This garden has star-shaped flower
beds in which the King used to plant saffron
flowers. The English meaning of Kesar Kyaari is
the ‘saffron fields’
KESAR KYAARI

34. HAWA MAHAL
•Hawa Mahal is the most popular
monument of Jaipur, located in the
Tripolia Bazaar.
• It is also known as “The Palace of
Wind”..
• it was built in 1799 A.D by Maharaja
Sawai Pratap Singh (grand son of
Sawai Jai Singh and son of Sawai
Madhoo Singh.
•Sawai Pratap Singh was a great
devotee of Lord Krishna and he
dedicated this mahal to the Lord
krishna.
•The exterior wall of Hawa Mahal looks like a mukut (crown), which adorns Lord
Krishna's head.
•The hawa mahal is the extension to the “ Zenana Quarters”.
•The main motive behind the making of Hawa Mahal was to enable ladies of the
royal household to watch the everyday life and royal processions of the city.

35. HAWA MAHAL
• Hawa Mahal is carved and
bordered with white motives
and carvings designed on the
walls dedication and
skillfulness of the artists of that
period.
• This is in a pyramid-shaped
structure endorses 953 small
peepholes.
• Hawa Mahal is famous for its
windows or 'Jharokhas' which
enable free circulation of air
within the structure.
•Lal Chand Usta was the architect of the Hawa Mahal.
•Constructed in pink sandstone.

36. PATTERN
This five-story, pyramid-shaped structure endorses 953 small
peepholes.
•Hawa Mahal, designed as a beehive castle with small
windows, has a height of 50 feet from its base.
•This structure, erected on a thin shield or podium
approximately 50 high, has walls less than a foot thick.
•. Each peephole has tiny lattice worked (jali) pink windows
and arched roofs with hanging cornices.

37. • The uppermost three stories are just a single room thick
but at the base are two courtyards.
• It is a 53 high thin shield, less than a foot in thickness, but
has over 900 niches and a mass of semi-octagonal bays,
carved sandstone grills.
• The pyramidal outline of the structure has one
characteristic feature of architecture - symmetry, and, as in
Jain temples, uses repetition of motifs to great
enhancement of beauty and looks.
Its entrance is a door which leads
to a spacious courtyard .
Courtyard surrounded by two-
storey buildings on three sides.
the top three storeys have the
thickness of a single room while
the bottom storeys have courtyards

38. HAWA MAHAL
• The interior of the Hawa Mahal is stark and plain
with passages and pillars reaching to the top storey.
• The building does not have stairs to reach the
upper floors; the storeys are connected by slopes.
• From Hawa Mahal, you have an excellent view of
the city.
• View Of the City From Hawa Mahal.