Phospholipases A2 (PLA2) enzyme release fatty acids from the second carbon group of glycerol. This particular phospholipase specifically recognizes the Sn-2 acyl bond of phospholipids and catalytically hydrolyzes the bond releasing arachidonic acid and lysophospholipids. PLA2 are commonly found in mammalian tissues as well as in insects and snakes venom. Venoms constitute a rich source of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes, which show remarkable diversity in their structure and function. In this investigation, we have made an attempt in analyzing the identical active domain in different PLA2 protein structure isolated from different venoms by studying the conserved active pocket residues. The 21 crystal structures of different PLA2 enzymes isolated from venoms of different species were studied and collected from PDB database. Comparative studies to analyse the conserved active site in this protein was carried out by superimposition studies using TOPMATCH server. To validate the superimposition results sequence alignment studies was carried out using T-COFFEE by multiple sequence alignment analysis. This revealed that 9 PLA2 enzymes from different venoms viz., Daboia russellii, Cerrophidion godmani, Dienagkistrodon acutus, Bothrops Neuwied, Agkistrodon contortrix, Naja sagittifera, Bos Taurus, Notechis sentatusscutatus, Apis mellifera showed similarity in their active pocket residues, indicating a single drug can effectively occupy their pocket and inhibit the functions of these nine proteins. Hence, in-silico drug designing studies for antivenom drugs against PLA2 was carried out by combinatorial screening of 18 antivenom compounds by docking with PLA2 molecule using Autodock 3.0 tool. In-silico drug designing studies revealed that among 18 antivenom compounds, Indole was most potent in its action in inhibiting the PLA2 function with inhibition constant of 0.04.
DNA Fingerprinting and Phylogenetic Relationship of the Genus Chlorophytum Ke...YogeshIJTSRD
Chlorophytum Ker Gawl, is a medicinally important plant genus employed since ancient time as a key component in Ayurvedic and Unani medicine. Genus represented with more than 217 species out of which 17 species have been reported from India. The main objective of this study is to evaluate molecular phylogeny of Chlorophytum species. In this study phylogenetic analysis of Chlorophytum species was carried out using AFLP marker. Total 16 selective primer combinations were scored as presence and absence of alleles for all the 17 species, resulting in total 938 allele, out of which 291 allele were found to be polymorphic. The percentage of polymorphism ranged from 18.3 in the combination E2M3 to 42 in the combination E1M1 .The phylogenetic tree is divided into two clade, each clade contains species with similar morphological characters. The extent of variations within species is discussed. Kale KA | Pohekar PV | Malode UA | Lakhe M. B "DNA Fingerprinting and Phylogenetic Relationship of the Genus Chlorophytum Ker -Gawl, from India using AFLP" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39932.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/39932/dna-fingerprinting-and-phylogenetic-relationship-of-the-genus-chlorophytum-ker-gawl-from-india-using-aflp/kale-ka
Detection of virulence factors produced by local isolates ofAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that isolated Aeromonas hydrophila from various local sources and identified virulence factors produced by the isolates. Twelve A. hydrophila isolates were identified based on morphological, cultural, and biochemical characteristics. The isolates showed hemolytic activity, slime production, and high protease production, indicating virulence. Isolate H4 was the most virulent and resistant to several antibiotics. Plasmid profiling found isolate H4 contained two small plasmids, which were cured using SDS. Cured isolates lost antibiotic resistance but retained virulence factor production, suggesting virulence genes are chromosomally located.
Developmental Anomalies and Oxidative Stress Responses in Zebrafish (Danio Re...Premier Publishers
The discharge of human pharmaceuticals via wastewater treatment plants represents a major threat to non-target aquatic organisms since they are continually exposed throughout their lifespan. The individual effects of the anaesthetic, lidocaine; the cytostatics, ifosfamide and cyclophosphamide; and the antimicrobials, sulfamethoxazole, amoxicillin and erythromycin on 24 hpf (hours post fertilization) zebrafish (Danio rerio) following a 96-h exposure was investigated by evaluating embryonic development, catalase (CAT) enzyme activity, and the gene expressions of CAT, cytosolic superoxide dismutase (SOD1), and mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (SOD2). Lidocaine, cyclophosphamide and sulfamethoxazole induced neurotoxicity (scoliosis, tail malformation) and cardiotoxicity (pericardial edema, bradycardia) in the zebrafish which correlate with their adverse effects in mammals. These observations were linked to oxidative stress as indicated by the significant alteration of CAT activity and amounts of transcripts of SOD1, SOD2, and CAT. The CAT activity and gene expressions of the antioxidants were significantly upregulated at sublethal and levels of ifosfamide, lidocaine, cyclophosphamide, and erythromycin non-toxic to embryonic development in this study which suggest that these antioxidants may play a role in the prevention of teratogenicity in the larvae. The multi-level effect approach adopted in this study provides a better understanding of the mechanisms of toxicity employed by lidocaine, cyclophosphamide and sulfamethoxazole towards zebrafish. This study shows the importance of evaluating stress biomarkers and emphasizes the need for chronic studies in assessing pharmaceutical effects on aquatic organisms.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the physiological, biochemical, and genotoxic effects of wastewater on maize seedlings. The study exposed maize seeds and seedlings to different concentrations (0, 10, 50, and 100%) of wastewater collected from three sources: municipal wastewater, woolen mill wastewater, and polyvinylchloride wastewater. It found that the wastewater negatively impacted germination rates, biomass, seedling length, and photosynthetic pigments in a concentration-dependent manner. It also observed increases in oxidative stress markers and antioxidant enzyme activity in response to the wastewater. Various sources of wastewater were found to cause genotoxic effects
This document describes the identification of two species of Gliocephalotrichum fungus isolated from fallen fruits of the medicinal plant Terminalia chebula in Western Ghats, India. The fungi were identified as Gliocephalotrichum longibrachium and G. bulbilium based on morphological characteristics and ITS sequence similarity. For G. longibrachium, this represents a first report of its occurrence in India. Both species showed intraspecific variation in morphology. The identification was supported by phylogenetic analysis of ITS sequences which showed >99% similarity to known species.
The document summarizes research characterizing alcohol/aldehyde dehydrogenase (ADHE) enzymes from six Entamoeba varieties. Key findings include:
1) ADHE genes were isolated, sequenced, and expressed from E. dispar, E. invadens, E. moshkovskii, and E. terrapinae.
2) The ADHE proteins showed similar molecular weights (2.7 kDa) and consistency in amino acid structure, indicating evolutionary convergence.
3) Biochemical analysis of the ADHE enzymes' alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenase activities and kinetics will provide insight into their structure-function and evolution.
4) Inhibiting the EhADH2 enzyme in E
Identification of fish species using dna barcode from visakhapatnam, east coa...RUSHINADHA KAKARA
This document describes a study that generated DNA barcodes from fish species collected at a fishing harbor in Visakhapatnam, India. DNA was extracted from tissue samples of 50 fish individuals and a 658 base pair region of the COI gene was amplified and sequenced. The sequences were analyzed using tools like ORF finder, BLAST, and multiple sequence alignment. A phylogenetic tree was constructed to investigate relationships between sequences. The goals were to create a reference barcode library for the region and investigate species identification and potential cryptic species. The study focused on analyzing barcodes of Tripletail fish, which previous work on barcoding this species is limited.
Detection and Subtype Identification of Blastocystis Isolates from Wastewater...gon0603
Presented during the 6th Asian-Pacific Organization for Cell Biology (APOCB) International Congress, EDSA Shangri-La, Manila, Philippines, 25 to 28 February 2011
DNA Fingerprinting and Phylogenetic Relationship of the Genus Chlorophytum Ke...YogeshIJTSRD
Chlorophytum Ker Gawl, is a medicinally important plant genus employed since ancient time as a key component in Ayurvedic and Unani medicine. Genus represented with more than 217 species out of which 17 species have been reported from India. The main objective of this study is to evaluate molecular phylogeny of Chlorophytum species. In this study phylogenetic analysis of Chlorophytum species was carried out using AFLP marker. Total 16 selective primer combinations were scored as presence and absence of alleles for all the 17 species, resulting in total 938 allele, out of which 291 allele were found to be polymorphic. The percentage of polymorphism ranged from 18.3 in the combination E2M3 to 42 in the combination E1M1 .The phylogenetic tree is divided into two clade, each clade contains species with similar morphological characters. The extent of variations within species is discussed. Kale KA | Pohekar PV | Malode UA | Lakhe M. B "DNA Fingerprinting and Phylogenetic Relationship of the Genus Chlorophytum Ker -Gawl, from India using AFLP" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39932.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/39932/dna-fingerprinting-and-phylogenetic-relationship-of-the-genus-chlorophytum-ker-gawl-from-india-using-aflp/kale-ka
Detection of virulence factors produced by local isolates ofAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that isolated Aeromonas hydrophila from various local sources and identified virulence factors produced by the isolates. Twelve A. hydrophila isolates were identified based on morphological, cultural, and biochemical characteristics. The isolates showed hemolytic activity, slime production, and high protease production, indicating virulence. Isolate H4 was the most virulent and resistant to several antibiotics. Plasmid profiling found isolate H4 contained two small plasmids, which were cured using SDS. Cured isolates lost antibiotic resistance but retained virulence factor production, suggesting virulence genes are chromosomally located.
Developmental Anomalies and Oxidative Stress Responses in Zebrafish (Danio Re...Premier Publishers
The discharge of human pharmaceuticals via wastewater treatment plants represents a major threat to non-target aquatic organisms since they are continually exposed throughout their lifespan. The individual effects of the anaesthetic, lidocaine; the cytostatics, ifosfamide and cyclophosphamide; and the antimicrobials, sulfamethoxazole, amoxicillin and erythromycin on 24 hpf (hours post fertilization) zebrafish (Danio rerio) following a 96-h exposure was investigated by evaluating embryonic development, catalase (CAT) enzyme activity, and the gene expressions of CAT, cytosolic superoxide dismutase (SOD1), and mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (SOD2). Lidocaine, cyclophosphamide and sulfamethoxazole induced neurotoxicity (scoliosis, tail malformation) and cardiotoxicity (pericardial edema, bradycardia) in the zebrafish which correlate with their adverse effects in mammals. These observations were linked to oxidative stress as indicated by the significant alteration of CAT activity and amounts of transcripts of SOD1, SOD2, and CAT. The CAT activity and gene expressions of the antioxidants were significantly upregulated at sublethal and levels of ifosfamide, lidocaine, cyclophosphamide, and erythromycin non-toxic to embryonic development in this study which suggest that these antioxidants may play a role in the prevention of teratogenicity in the larvae. The multi-level effect approach adopted in this study provides a better understanding of the mechanisms of toxicity employed by lidocaine, cyclophosphamide and sulfamethoxazole towards zebrafish. This study shows the importance of evaluating stress biomarkers and emphasizes the need for chronic studies in assessing pharmaceutical effects on aquatic organisms.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the physiological, biochemical, and genotoxic effects of wastewater on maize seedlings. The study exposed maize seeds and seedlings to different concentrations (0, 10, 50, and 100%) of wastewater collected from three sources: municipal wastewater, woolen mill wastewater, and polyvinylchloride wastewater. It found that the wastewater negatively impacted germination rates, biomass, seedling length, and photosynthetic pigments in a concentration-dependent manner. It also observed increases in oxidative stress markers and antioxidant enzyme activity in response to the wastewater. Various sources of wastewater were found to cause genotoxic effects
This document describes the identification of two species of Gliocephalotrichum fungus isolated from fallen fruits of the medicinal plant Terminalia chebula in Western Ghats, India. The fungi were identified as Gliocephalotrichum longibrachium and G. bulbilium based on morphological characteristics and ITS sequence similarity. For G. longibrachium, this represents a first report of its occurrence in India. Both species showed intraspecific variation in morphology. The identification was supported by phylogenetic analysis of ITS sequences which showed >99% similarity to known species.
The document summarizes research characterizing alcohol/aldehyde dehydrogenase (ADHE) enzymes from six Entamoeba varieties. Key findings include:
1) ADHE genes were isolated, sequenced, and expressed from E. dispar, E. invadens, E. moshkovskii, and E. terrapinae.
2) The ADHE proteins showed similar molecular weights (2.7 kDa) and consistency in amino acid structure, indicating evolutionary convergence.
3) Biochemical analysis of the ADHE enzymes' alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenase activities and kinetics will provide insight into their structure-function and evolution.
4) Inhibiting the EhADH2 enzyme in E
Identification of fish species using dna barcode from visakhapatnam, east coa...RUSHINADHA KAKARA
This document describes a study that generated DNA barcodes from fish species collected at a fishing harbor in Visakhapatnam, India. DNA was extracted from tissue samples of 50 fish individuals and a 658 base pair region of the COI gene was amplified and sequenced. The sequences were analyzed using tools like ORF finder, BLAST, and multiple sequence alignment. A phylogenetic tree was constructed to investigate relationships between sequences. The goals were to create a reference barcode library for the region and investigate species identification and potential cryptic species. The study focused on analyzing barcodes of Tripletail fish, which previous work on barcoding this species is limited.
Detection and Subtype Identification of Blastocystis Isolates from Wastewater...gon0603
Presented during the 6th Asian-Pacific Organization for Cell Biology (APOCB) International Congress, EDSA Shangri-La, Manila, Philippines, 25 to 28 February 2011
ABSTRACT- Mosquito-borne diseases have intruded the globe since immemorial time. The present scenario for
commanding the mosquitoes is aimed at application of target and stage-specific, cost-effective and biodegradable
phytoproducts. Plant extracts are safer for non-target organisms including man. Plant based formulations would be more
feasible environmental products with proven potential as insecticide. Therefore, in the present study of larvicidal
activity of biologically active compound Apigenin extracted from leaf of Jatropha gossypifolia against the filarial
vector, Culex quinquefasciatus was studied. Standard WHO protocols with minor modifications was adopted for the
larvicidal bioassay. The active compound Apigenin extracted through ethyl alcohol solvent from the leaf of Jatropha
gossypifolia plant of family Euphorbiaceae was administered for 24h or 96h to the larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus.
Exposure of larvae over 24h to sub-lethal doses (40% and 80% of LC50) of apigenin, significantly (P<0.05) altered the
level of total protein, total free amino acid, glycogen and activity of enzymes acetyl cholinesterase, acid and alkaline
phosphatase activity in whole body tissue of Culex quinquefasciatus larvae. The alterations in all these biochemical
parameters were significantly (P<0.05) time and dose dependent.
Key-words- Jatropha gossypifolia, Euphorbiaceae, Culex quinquefasciatus, biochemical effects, Wuchereria bancrofti
Detection of Stall Region during Testing of CompressorIJMER
Most of the algorithms for anti surge control for industrial centrifugal compressor
work on the data taken from various process parameters . In recent years , some more works have
been done to co- relate the compressor stall / surge with machinery vibrations. These features have
been applied in some compressor control PLC as well. Compressor stalls are aerodynamic stalls
which can result to reduced compression efficiency or complete breakdown in compression. Stall is
normally a precursor to surge which cause radial vibration at certain frequencies .Pure surge, on the
other hand, is an axisymmetric oscillation of the mass row along the axial length of the compressor. It
is more severe than rotating stall and may cause severe damage to compressor. For high speed , high
pressure centrifugal compressor, it is imprative to conduct a ASME PTC10 type 1 test before
equipment is towed out. For high pressure centrifugal compressor, aerodyanmics induced vibration
may lead to Resizing diffuser and return channelleading to enormous delay if issue is not identified at
OEM ( Original equipment manufacturer ) test bench itself .This paper provides a road map to draw a
surge limit line and locating stall region in compressor map which can help deriving a Real Surge
Precursor Algorithm based on vibration and dynmaic pressure analysis at OEM works . These can be
used also as a part of diagnostic tool to identify the real source of sub synchronous vibration.
Mosquito larvicidal activity of leaf and seed extracts of Lantana camara on A...researchanimalsciences
Background and Objectives: This paper reports the toxicity of Lantana camara to developmental stages of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Aqueous extracts of leaf and seed of the plant were also tested for their effect on the hatchability of mosquito egg and age at pupation and emergence.
Methods: Different concentrations of aqueous leaf and seed extract were prepared. The data of mortality rate were subjected to finney’s method of probit analysis. The plant was also tested for their effect on the hatchability of mosquito eggs.
Results: Percent log LC50 / 24 h values of the leaf and seed extracts of L. camara to IV instar larvae were 2.25 and 2.25 respectively. Percent hatchability of mosquito eggs was remarkably reduced when treated with higher concentration of the toxicants. Extended time of pupation and emergence was observed for the larvae reared in different concentrations of the plant extract.
Conclusion: The results suggested that leaf and seed extract of Lantana camera possessed remarkable larvicidal, ovicidal, and prolonged time of pupation and adult emergence against Aedes aegypti.
Article Citation:
Sathya K, Mohanraj RS, Dhanakkodi B .
Mosquito larvicidal activity of leaf and seed extracts of Lantana camara on Aedes aegypti.
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(2): 040-047.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0013.pdf
Validation of reference genes in leaf-cutting ant Atta sexdens rubropilosa in...IJEAB
Atta sexdens rubropilosa is an important leaf-cutting ant species considered as a pest in agricultural crop or reforestation areas. Quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is a technique that can help us to understand the regulation and the function of a gene. However, its reliability depend on the data normalization. Different normalization strategies can be adopted for qPCR, reference genes has been cited as one of the most effective methods. It has not been identified a universal reference for all organism and experiment. In this way, the validation of reference gene is crucial step. This is the first study to evaluate reference genes for leaf-cutting ants. To this, we analyzed the expression levels of candidate reference genes (act, ef1-alpha, ef1-beta, GAPDH and rpl18) in different developmental stages (larva, pupa and worker) and tissues (head, mesosoma and worker without gaster) of A. sexdens rubropilosa. Four different algorithms (BestKeeper, geNorm, NormFinder and comparative ΔCt method) were used in statistical analysis of the stability of the genes and RefFinder was used to propose a consensus list for ranking the reference genes. Our results showed that the most suitable combinations of reference gene candidates were rpl18 and ef1-alpha for the different developmental stages and rpl18 and ef1-beta for the different tissues. In this work, we also report the obtaining from a putative acetylcholinesterase from A.sexdens rubropilosa (GenBank KY464935), which was used as a target gene to confirm the reliability of reference genes suggested.
Secondary Metabolites of the Entomopathogenic Fungus, Cladosporium cladospori...Premier Publishers
Cladosporium cladosporioides is one of the promising entomopathogenic fungi acting as insect-pathogenic microorganism or can be used as a source of toxins against insect pests. Ethyl acetate extract of the secondary metabolites of C. cladosporioide was obtained, and its volatile constituents were characterized using GC/MS technique. Also, two major compounds were isolated and identified as 3-phenyl propanoic acid (6) and 3-(4β-hydroxy-6-pyranonyl)-5-isopropylpyrrolidin-2-one (7). It's worthy to mention that this isolated compound (7), is reported from C. cladosporioides for the first time. Also, the toxicity of the ethyl acetate extract of the secondary metabolites of C. cladosporioides against both adults and nymphs of cotton aphid, A. gossypii was determined. Data showed that C. cladosporioides ethyl acetate extract was most effective against nymphs showing LC50 of 24.5827 ppm, LC90 of 128.7385 ppm and toxicity index of 100%, while, it showed LC50 of 36.6959 ppm, LC90 of 154.4394 ppm and toxicity index of 76.69% against adults.
Abstract
Objective(s):
Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) command a great deal of attention for biomedical applications nowadays. The data about the degree of toxicity and the accumulation of gold nanoparticles in-vivo is not enough to judge.
Materials and Methods:
A total of 32 healthy male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 including: three GNP-treated and one control group. Groups 1, 2 and 3 received 0.5 cc of a solution containing 5, 10, and 100 ppm Au daily via intraperitoneal (IP) injection for 7 days, respectively. The control group was treated with 0.5 cc normal saline with same procedure. Then, several biochemical parameters such as serum glutamate oxaloacetat transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamate pyrvate transaminase (SGPT) were evaluated at 2, 7 and 14 days after the last injection. After 14 days, all the rats were sacrificed and liver, lung tissues were separated and evaluated.
Results:
SGOT two days after intervention was significantly greater in the group 2 than the control group. In liver histological assessment, in group 1, basophils were observed around the central veins, in group 2 fading and no observation of central veins was seen, and in group 3 hepatic damage was noticed. The lung histological results showed severe vascular hyperemia in group 1, air sacs damage in group 2, and complete air sacs destruction in group 3.
Conclusion:
The results showed extreme changes in the histopathology of lung and liver tissues caused by spherical nanogold with 5-10 nm size in all of three treatment groups.
Rapid Impact Assessment of Climatic and Physio-graphic Changes on Flagship G...Arvinder Singh
‘NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MAN AND ENVIRONMENT’October 15 – 16, 2012
Organized by
Department of Zoology and Environmental Sciences, Punjabi University, Patiala (Pb.) – 147 002, India
This study evaluated the larvicidal activity of ethanolic extracts from five plant species against larvae of Anopheles arabiensis and Culex quinquefasciata mosquitoes. The plants were collected from areas around El-Fashir and tested at different concentrations. Culex larvae were more sensitive than Anopheles larvae. Cymbopogon nernatus and Gusiera senegalensis extracts showed better control than the other plant extracts tested. All plant extracts were effective against both mosquito species and could be suitable replacements for synthetic larvicides.
biological activity of Calotropis procera against desert locust and migratory...Narimene Kaidi
The treatments based on acetone extracts of Calotropis procera against imagos of Schistocerca gregaria and Locusta migratoria have been
very convincing due to the speed and efficiency of the action of said plant, on mortality and on haemogram of treated locusts.
Barbaro et al, 2007. comparative study on extracts from the tissue covering thepryloock
1. The study compared properties of tissue extracts from the stingers of freshwater Potamotrygon falkneri and marine Dasyatis guttata stingrays.
2. By SDS-PAGE, the tissue extracts had similar protein bands above 80 kDa, but differences below this mass.
3. P. falkneri tissue extract displayed lethal, dermonecrotic, and myotoxic activities, while D. guttata did not. Both induced similar edema in mice. P. falkneri induced stronger nociception.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call for paper 2012, journal of pharmacy, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, research and review articles, Pharmacy journal, International Journal of Pharmacy, hard copy of journal, hard copy of certificates, online Submission, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, international journal, publishing a paper
This document provides an introduction to general toxicology using the zebrafish egg model. It discusses the author's background working with alternative test methods and regulatory affairs. The principles of toxicology are outlined, including common in vivo models and alternative test methods. The zebrafish egg model is presented as a universal model for applications like acute toxicity testing, developmental toxicity assessment, safety pharmacology, and mammalian organotoxicity prediction. Protocols for zebrafish husbandry, egg production, development stages, and teratogenicity testing are described.
Biochemical Monitoring of Detoxifying Enzyme Levels in Field Population of Mo...BRNSS Publication Hub
The major cause of resistance mechanism in mosquitoes is the detoxification and degradation of
insecticides by overproduction of various metabolic enzymes. Quantitative metabolic enzyme assays
of carboxylesterases (α and β), mixed function oxidases (MFO), and glutathione S-transferases (GST)
have been commonly used in the detection of insecticide resistance due to its sensitive nature even at low
frequencies. For the present study, larval strains of Culex quinquefasciatus Say and Aedes aegypti (L) were
collected from the Cochin Corporation, Kerala, India, and were assayed to organophosphate temephos
and carbamate propoxur. The resistance ratio of median lethal time for temephos and propoxur from the
field population of C. quinquefasciatus and A. aegypti is higher than the laboratory population. Elevated
levels of α and β esterase enzyme were observed with the ratio of 1.6 and 1.54 for C. quinquefasciatus
and 1.51 and 1.47 for A. aegypti. In Culex mosquitoes, 1.71, and in Aedes, 1.64 fold increase in GST
enzyme level and 1.38 and 1.3 fold increase for the MFO level determined. The study results revealed
the urgent needs of improving the vector control methods by introducing alternative techniques and
strategies against mosquitoes.
Histopathological effects of nanosilver (Ag-NPs) in liver after dermal exposu...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective(s):
With the advent of nanotechnology, significant progress has been made in the area of nanoscale materials such as nanosilver (Ag-Nps). These nanoparticles have a wide range of applications and been used for antimicrobial purposes for more than a century. However, little
attention has been paid to the toxicity of nanosilver wound dressing. This study was designed to investigate the possible histopathological toxicity of Ag-NPs in liver of mice during wound healing.
Materials and Methods:
A group of 50 female BALB/c mice of about 8 weeks were randomly divided into two groups: Ag-NPs and control groups (n=25). After creating similar wound on the backs of all animals, the wound bed was treated in Ag-NPs group, with a volume of 50 microliters of the nanosilver solution (10ppm) ,and in control group, with the same amount of distilled water. The experiment lasted for 14 days. Histopathaological samplings of liver were conducted on days 2, 7 and 14 of the experiment.
Results:
Histopathological studies demonstrated time-dependent changes in mice liver treated with Ag-NPs compared to control group. Some changes include dilation in central venous, hyperemia, cell swelling, increase of Kupffer and inflammatory cells.
Conclusion:
This study suggests that use of nanosilver for wound healing may cause a mild toxicity, as indicated by time-dependent toxic responses in liver tissue. However, this issue will have to be considered more extensively in further studies
Gonadal histo morphology and antifertility effects of bonny light crude oil i...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of ingesting Bonny Light Crude Oil (BLCO) on male fertility in rats. Rats were given varying doses of BLCO for 60 days, then sperm counts were analyzed and testes were examined histologically. Sperm counts significantly decreased in treated rats compared to controls. Histological examination found degenerative and necrotic changes in testes of treated rats, including fewer sperm-producing cells and damage to Sertoli cells that support sperm maturation. The results suggest that ingesting BLCO has adverse effects on the male reproductive system and fertility in rats.
The document discusses a study that analyzed 18 grape hybrids and 7 parents from India using 12 microsatellite markers. The goals were to confirm the hybrid nature of the progenies and construct a molecular database of the parents. Cluster analysis grouped the parents and hybrids into two major groups based on genetic relationships. Three markers (VVMD-32, VVS-29, and VVS-2) were able to confirm the hybrid nature of all progenies by detecting polymorphisms between the male and female parents that were then present in the hybrids. The study confirmed the reliability of using microsatellite markers for parentage analysis and genetic studies in grapevines.
The document discusses molecular biology research on the fungus Monascus spp. It provides details on:
1) Molecular markers that have been used to classify Monascus spp., including RAPD, D1/D2 regions of LSU rRNA, ITS, IGS, ISSR, and SRAP. These markers revealed genetic diversity and grouped species.
2) Genetic transformation techniques for Monascus spp., such as protoplast transformation, electroporation, bombardment, REMI, and ATMT. Protoplast transformation was successfully used to create mitotically stable transformants of M. aurantiacus and M. purpureus.
3) Cloning of some genes from Mon
6 magalhães et al 2008 a hyaluronidase from potamotrygon motoro (freshwaterpryloock
1) Researchers purified and characterized a hyaluronidase enzyme from the venom of the freshwater stingray Potamotrygon motoro.
2) A two-step purification process involving gel filtration chromatography and ion exchange chromatography resulted in a 366-fold purification with a 79 kDa hyaluronidase enzyme.
3) The purified hyaluronidase had a pH optimum of 4.2 and maximum activity at 40°C. Its activity was inhibited by certain metal ions and heparin.
- Esterases are an important family of enzymes found in insects that play roles in development, behavior, reproduction and digestion. They are involved in the metabolism of esters and can confer resistance to organophosphate insecticides in some insects.
- The document discusses different classifications of esterases and highlights their importance as potential drug targets for insecticide development. It also notes the problems of increasing insecticide resistance in arthropods and the need for resistance monitoring programs.
Mutagenic and genotoxic assessment of atrazine-based herbicide to freshwater ...Taqprimer institute
Mutagenic and genotoxic assessment of atrazine-based
herbicide to freshwater fishChanna punctatus(Bloch) using
micronucleus test and single cell gel electrophoresis
1. The document describes the development of a new single-cell RNA-seq method called Quartz-Seq that has higher reproducibility and sensitivity than existing methods.
2. Quartz-Seq can quantitatively detect various types of non-genetic cellular heterogeneity and can distinguish different cell types and cell cycle phases of a single cell type.
3. It can also comprehensively reveal gene expression heterogeneity between single cells of the same cell type in the same cell cycle phase.
This document reports on a study that sequenced and analyzed the small subunit ribosomal RNA (ssu-rRNA) genes of several protistan parasites - Dermocystidium salmonis, Dermocystidium sp., Ichthyophonus hoferi, and Psorospermium haeckelii. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that these parasites form a novel clade, along with the "rosette agent" parasite of fish. This clade, termed the DRIPs clade, diverges near the divergence of animals and fungi, and may constitute the earliest branching lineage within the animal kingdom based on the most parsimonious analyses. However, the precise phylogenetic position is unclear. This finding
ABSTRACT- Mosquito-borne diseases have intruded the globe since immemorial time. The present scenario for
commanding the mosquitoes is aimed at application of target and stage-specific, cost-effective and biodegradable
phytoproducts. Plant extracts are safer for non-target organisms including man. Plant based formulations would be more
feasible environmental products with proven potential as insecticide. Therefore, in the present study of larvicidal
activity of biologically active compound Apigenin extracted from leaf of Jatropha gossypifolia against the filarial
vector, Culex quinquefasciatus was studied. Standard WHO protocols with minor modifications was adopted for the
larvicidal bioassay. The active compound Apigenin extracted through ethyl alcohol solvent from the leaf of Jatropha
gossypifolia plant of family Euphorbiaceae was administered for 24h or 96h to the larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus.
Exposure of larvae over 24h to sub-lethal doses (40% and 80% of LC50) of apigenin, significantly (P<0.05) altered the
level of total protein, total free amino acid, glycogen and activity of enzymes acetyl cholinesterase, acid and alkaline
phosphatase activity in whole body tissue of Culex quinquefasciatus larvae. The alterations in all these biochemical
parameters were significantly (P<0.05) time and dose dependent.
Key-words- Jatropha gossypifolia, Euphorbiaceae, Culex quinquefasciatus, biochemical effects, Wuchereria bancrofti
Detection of Stall Region during Testing of CompressorIJMER
Most of the algorithms for anti surge control for industrial centrifugal compressor
work on the data taken from various process parameters . In recent years , some more works have
been done to co- relate the compressor stall / surge with machinery vibrations. These features have
been applied in some compressor control PLC as well. Compressor stalls are aerodynamic stalls
which can result to reduced compression efficiency or complete breakdown in compression. Stall is
normally a precursor to surge which cause radial vibration at certain frequencies .Pure surge, on the
other hand, is an axisymmetric oscillation of the mass row along the axial length of the compressor. It
is more severe than rotating stall and may cause severe damage to compressor. For high speed , high
pressure centrifugal compressor, it is imprative to conduct a ASME PTC10 type 1 test before
equipment is towed out. For high pressure centrifugal compressor, aerodyanmics induced vibration
may lead to Resizing diffuser and return channelleading to enormous delay if issue is not identified at
OEM ( Original equipment manufacturer ) test bench itself .This paper provides a road map to draw a
surge limit line and locating stall region in compressor map which can help deriving a Real Surge
Precursor Algorithm based on vibration and dynmaic pressure analysis at OEM works . These can be
used also as a part of diagnostic tool to identify the real source of sub synchronous vibration.
Mosquito larvicidal activity of leaf and seed extracts of Lantana camara on A...researchanimalsciences
Background and Objectives: This paper reports the toxicity of Lantana camara to developmental stages of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Aqueous extracts of leaf and seed of the plant were also tested for their effect on the hatchability of mosquito egg and age at pupation and emergence.
Methods: Different concentrations of aqueous leaf and seed extract were prepared. The data of mortality rate were subjected to finney’s method of probit analysis. The plant was also tested for their effect on the hatchability of mosquito eggs.
Results: Percent log LC50 / 24 h values of the leaf and seed extracts of L. camara to IV instar larvae were 2.25 and 2.25 respectively. Percent hatchability of mosquito eggs was remarkably reduced when treated with higher concentration of the toxicants. Extended time of pupation and emergence was observed for the larvae reared in different concentrations of the plant extract.
Conclusion: The results suggested that leaf and seed extract of Lantana camera possessed remarkable larvicidal, ovicidal, and prolonged time of pupation and adult emergence against Aedes aegypti.
Article Citation:
Sathya K, Mohanraj RS, Dhanakkodi B .
Mosquito larvicidal activity of leaf and seed extracts of Lantana camara on Aedes aegypti.
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(2): 040-047.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0013.pdf
Validation of reference genes in leaf-cutting ant Atta sexdens rubropilosa in...IJEAB
Atta sexdens rubropilosa is an important leaf-cutting ant species considered as a pest in agricultural crop or reforestation areas. Quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is a technique that can help us to understand the regulation and the function of a gene. However, its reliability depend on the data normalization. Different normalization strategies can be adopted for qPCR, reference genes has been cited as one of the most effective methods. It has not been identified a universal reference for all organism and experiment. In this way, the validation of reference gene is crucial step. This is the first study to evaluate reference genes for leaf-cutting ants. To this, we analyzed the expression levels of candidate reference genes (act, ef1-alpha, ef1-beta, GAPDH and rpl18) in different developmental stages (larva, pupa and worker) and tissues (head, mesosoma and worker without gaster) of A. sexdens rubropilosa. Four different algorithms (BestKeeper, geNorm, NormFinder and comparative ΔCt method) were used in statistical analysis of the stability of the genes and RefFinder was used to propose a consensus list for ranking the reference genes. Our results showed that the most suitable combinations of reference gene candidates were rpl18 and ef1-alpha for the different developmental stages and rpl18 and ef1-beta for the different tissues. In this work, we also report the obtaining from a putative acetylcholinesterase from A.sexdens rubropilosa (GenBank KY464935), which was used as a target gene to confirm the reliability of reference genes suggested.
Secondary Metabolites of the Entomopathogenic Fungus, Cladosporium cladospori...Premier Publishers
Cladosporium cladosporioides is one of the promising entomopathogenic fungi acting as insect-pathogenic microorganism or can be used as a source of toxins against insect pests. Ethyl acetate extract of the secondary metabolites of C. cladosporioide was obtained, and its volatile constituents were characterized using GC/MS technique. Also, two major compounds were isolated and identified as 3-phenyl propanoic acid (6) and 3-(4β-hydroxy-6-pyranonyl)-5-isopropylpyrrolidin-2-one (7). It's worthy to mention that this isolated compound (7), is reported from C. cladosporioides for the first time. Also, the toxicity of the ethyl acetate extract of the secondary metabolites of C. cladosporioides against both adults and nymphs of cotton aphid, A. gossypii was determined. Data showed that C. cladosporioides ethyl acetate extract was most effective against nymphs showing LC50 of 24.5827 ppm, LC90 of 128.7385 ppm and toxicity index of 100%, while, it showed LC50 of 36.6959 ppm, LC90 of 154.4394 ppm and toxicity index of 76.69% against adults.
Abstract
Objective(s):
Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) command a great deal of attention for biomedical applications nowadays. The data about the degree of toxicity and the accumulation of gold nanoparticles in-vivo is not enough to judge.
Materials and Methods:
A total of 32 healthy male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 including: three GNP-treated and one control group. Groups 1, 2 and 3 received 0.5 cc of a solution containing 5, 10, and 100 ppm Au daily via intraperitoneal (IP) injection for 7 days, respectively. The control group was treated with 0.5 cc normal saline with same procedure. Then, several biochemical parameters such as serum glutamate oxaloacetat transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamate pyrvate transaminase (SGPT) were evaluated at 2, 7 and 14 days after the last injection. After 14 days, all the rats were sacrificed and liver, lung tissues were separated and evaluated.
Results:
SGOT two days after intervention was significantly greater in the group 2 than the control group. In liver histological assessment, in group 1, basophils were observed around the central veins, in group 2 fading and no observation of central veins was seen, and in group 3 hepatic damage was noticed. The lung histological results showed severe vascular hyperemia in group 1, air sacs damage in group 2, and complete air sacs destruction in group 3.
Conclusion:
The results showed extreme changes in the histopathology of lung and liver tissues caused by spherical nanogold with 5-10 nm size in all of three treatment groups.
Rapid Impact Assessment of Climatic and Physio-graphic Changes on Flagship G...Arvinder Singh
‘NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MAN AND ENVIRONMENT’October 15 – 16, 2012
Organized by
Department of Zoology and Environmental Sciences, Punjabi University, Patiala (Pb.) – 147 002, India
This study evaluated the larvicidal activity of ethanolic extracts from five plant species against larvae of Anopheles arabiensis and Culex quinquefasciata mosquitoes. The plants were collected from areas around El-Fashir and tested at different concentrations. Culex larvae were more sensitive than Anopheles larvae. Cymbopogon nernatus and Gusiera senegalensis extracts showed better control than the other plant extracts tested. All plant extracts were effective against both mosquito species and could be suitable replacements for synthetic larvicides.
biological activity of Calotropis procera against desert locust and migratory...Narimene Kaidi
The treatments based on acetone extracts of Calotropis procera against imagos of Schistocerca gregaria and Locusta migratoria have been
very convincing due to the speed and efficiency of the action of said plant, on mortality and on haemogram of treated locusts.
Barbaro et al, 2007. comparative study on extracts from the tissue covering thepryloock
1. The study compared properties of tissue extracts from the stingers of freshwater Potamotrygon falkneri and marine Dasyatis guttata stingrays.
2. By SDS-PAGE, the tissue extracts had similar protein bands above 80 kDa, but differences below this mass.
3. P. falkneri tissue extract displayed lethal, dermonecrotic, and myotoxic activities, while D. guttata did not. Both induced similar edema in mice. P. falkneri induced stronger nociception.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call for paper 2012, journal of pharmacy, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, research and review articles, Pharmacy journal, International Journal of Pharmacy, hard copy of journal, hard copy of certificates, online Submission, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, international journal, publishing a paper
This document provides an introduction to general toxicology using the zebrafish egg model. It discusses the author's background working with alternative test methods and regulatory affairs. The principles of toxicology are outlined, including common in vivo models and alternative test methods. The zebrafish egg model is presented as a universal model for applications like acute toxicity testing, developmental toxicity assessment, safety pharmacology, and mammalian organotoxicity prediction. Protocols for zebrafish husbandry, egg production, development stages, and teratogenicity testing are described.
Biochemical Monitoring of Detoxifying Enzyme Levels in Field Population of Mo...BRNSS Publication Hub
The major cause of resistance mechanism in mosquitoes is the detoxification and degradation of
insecticides by overproduction of various metabolic enzymes. Quantitative metabolic enzyme assays
of carboxylesterases (α and β), mixed function oxidases (MFO), and glutathione S-transferases (GST)
have been commonly used in the detection of insecticide resistance due to its sensitive nature even at low
frequencies. For the present study, larval strains of Culex quinquefasciatus Say and Aedes aegypti (L) were
collected from the Cochin Corporation, Kerala, India, and were assayed to organophosphate temephos
and carbamate propoxur. The resistance ratio of median lethal time for temephos and propoxur from the
field population of C. quinquefasciatus and A. aegypti is higher than the laboratory population. Elevated
levels of α and β esterase enzyme were observed with the ratio of 1.6 and 1.54 for C. quinquefasciatus
and 1.51 and 1.47 for A. aegypti. In Culex mosquitoes, 1.71, and in Aedes, 1.64 fold increase in GST
enzyme level and 1.38 and 1.3 fold increase for the MFO level determined. The study results revealed
the urgent needs of improving the vector control methods by introducing alternative techniques and
strategies against mosquitoes.
Histopathological effects of nanosilver (Ag-NPs) in liver after dermal exposu...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective(s):
With the advent of nanotechnology, significant progress has been made in the area of nanoscale materials such as nanosilver (Ag-Nps). These nanoparticles have a wide range of applications and been used for antimicrobial purposes for more than a century. However, little
attention has been paid to the toxicity of nanosilver wound dressing. This study was designed to investigate the possible histopathological toxicity of Ag-NPs in liver of mice during wound healing.
Materials and Methods:
A group of 50 female BALB/c mice of about 8 weeks were randomly divided into two groups: Ag-NPs and control groups (n=25). After creating similar wound on the backs of all animals, the wound bed was treated in Ag-NPs group, with a volume of 50 microliters of the nanosilver solution (10ppm) ,and in control group, with the same amount of distilled water. The experiment lasted for 14 days. Histopathaological samplings of liver were conducted on days 2, 7 and 14 of the experiment.
Results:
Histopathological studies demonstrated time-dependent changes in mice liver treated with Ag-NPs compared to control group. Some changes include dilation in central venous, hyperemia, cell swelling, increase of Kupffer and inflammatory cells.
Conclusion:
This study suggests that use of nanosilver for wound healing may cause a mild toxicity, as indicated by time-dependent toxic responses in liver tissue. However, this issue will have to be considered more extensively in further studies
Gonadal histo morphology and antifertility effects of bonny light crude oil i...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of ingesting Bonny Light Crude Oil (BLCO) on male fertility in rats. Rats were given varying doses of BLCO for 60 days, then sperm counts were analyzed and testes were examined histologically. Sperm counts significantly decreased in treated rats compared to controls. Histological examination found degenerative and necrotic changes in testes of treated rats, including fewer sperm-producing cells and damage to Sertoli cells that support sperm maturation. The results suggest that ingesting BLCO has adverse effects on the male reproductive system and fertility in rats.
The document discusses a study that analyzed 18 grape hybrids and 7 parents from India using 12 microsatellite markers. The goals were to confirm the hybrid nature of the progenies and construct a molecular database of the parents. Cluster analysis grouped the parents and hybrids into two major groups based on genetic relationships. Three markers (VVMD-32, VVS-29, and VVS-2) were able to confirm the hybrid nature of all progenies by detecting polymorphisms between the male and female parents that were then present in the hybrids. The study confirmed the reliability of using microsatellite markers for parentage analysis and genetic studies in grapevines.
The document discusses molecular biology research on the fungus Monascus spp. It provides details on:
1) Molecular markers that have been used to classify Monascus spp., including RAPD, D1/D2 regions of LSU rRNA, ITS, IGS, ISSR, and SRAP. These markers revealed genetic diversity and grouped species.
2) Genetic transformation techniques for Monascus spp., such as protoplast transformation, electroporation, bombardment, REMI, and ATMT. Protoplast transformation was successfully used to create mitotically stable transformants of M. aurantiacus and M. purpureus.
3) Cloning of some genes from Mon
6 magalhães et al 2008 a hyaluronidase from potamotrygon motoro (freshwaterpryloock
1) Researchers purified and characterized a hyaluronidase enzyme from the venom of the freshwater stingray Potamotrygon motoro.
2) A two-step purification process involving gel filtration chromatography and ion exchange chromatography resulted in a 366-fold purification with a 79 kDa hyaluronidase enzyme.
3) The purified hyaluronidase had a pH optimum of 4.2 and maximum activity at 40°C. Its activity was inhibited by certain metal ions and heparin.
- Esterases are an important family of enzymes found in insects that play roles in development, behavior, reproduction and digestion. They are involved in the metabolism of esters and can confer resistance to organophosphate insecticides in some insects.
- The document discusses different classifications of esterases and highlights their importance as potential drug targets for insecticide development. It also notes the problems of increasing insecticide resistance in arthropods and the need for resistance monitoring programs.
Mutagenic and genotoxic assessment of atrazine-based herbicide to freshwater ...Taqprimer institute
Mutagenic and genotoxic assessment of atrazine-based
herbicide to freshwater fishChanna punctatus(Bloch) using
micronucleus test and single cell gel electrophoresis
1. The document describes the development of a new single-cell RNA-seq method called Quartz-Seq that has higher reproducibility and sensitivity than existing methods.
2. Quartz-Seq can quantitatively detect various types of non-genetic cellular heterogeneity and can distinguish different cell types and cell cycle phases of a single cell type.
3. It can also comprehensively reveal gene expression heterogeneity between single cells of the same cell type in the same cell cycle phase.
This document reports on a study that sequenced and analyzed the small subunit ribosomal RNA (ssu-rRNA) genes of several protistan parasites - Dermocystidium salmonis, Dermocystidium sp., Ichthyophonus hoferi, and Psorospermium haeckelii. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that these parasites form a novel clade, along with the "rosette agent" parasite of fish. This clade, termed the DRIPs clade, diverges near the divergence of animals and fungi, and may constitute the earliest branching lineage within the animal kingdom based on the most parsimonious analyses. However, the precise phylogenetic position is unclear. This finding
The document summarizes research on using DNA barcoding of the COI gene to identify aphid subspecies. It analyzed COI sequences from 17 aphid species and subspecies across 4 genera. Most subspecies (76.92%) had distinct COI sequences, with nucleotide substitutions ranging from 2-7 positions. Differences between subspecies reached levels typical between closely related species. Phylogenetic trees reliably separated the Myzus cerasi subspecies into 3 clusters. Genetic distances between subspecies were on average 0.011, similar to distances between closely related species. The results suggest COI sequencing can effectively identify aphid subspecies and help distinguish morphologically similar forms that may differ in pest status.
In silico analysis of human and zebrafish α 2 adrenergic receptorsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes homology modeling studies of human and zebrafish α-2 adrenergic receptors. Models were generated based on the crystal structure of the human dopamine D3 receptor. Key conserved residues in the transmembrane helices that stabilize receptor structure were identified. Novel ligand binding residues and the importance of residues regulating receptor function were also determined. The models provide insights into ligand interactions and orientations of residues that can inform pharmacophore design and mutational analysis to validate the zebrafish model for research on the α-2 adrenergic system.
Genome Sequencing in Finger Millet
Genome size estimation
SOLiD Sequencing Technology
Illumina Sequencing Technology
Gene prediction and functional annotation of genes
Mining of plant transcription factors and other genes
This document analyzed the genetic diversity of 50 Asian bitter gourd genotypes using morphological traits and molecular markers. Key findings:
1. Significant variation was found for yield and other traits based on morphological analysis, indicating genetic diversity. The highest yielding genotype was Sel-2.
2. Molecular analysis using RAPD and ISSR markers found high levels of polymorphism, with ISSR showing more polymorphic bands.
3. Cluster analyses based on morphological, RAPD, ISSR, and combined data grouped genotypes into clusters largely correlating with geographical origin and domestication status. The analyses demonstrate large genetic variability in the collection.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Identification and expression analysis of LEA gene family members in cucumber...asdasdas19
LEA (late embryogenesis abundant) proteins
are firstly discovered in seeds and then identified in vegetative tissues of different plant species. They are mainly
regulated under abiotic stress conditions. Although genome
wide studies of different gene family members have been
performed in cucumber, there is no such a study for LEA
genes. We have identified 79 LEA genes in the cucumber
genome. Based on phylogenetic analysis, CsLEA genes
could be classified into seven groups in which structural
motifs are relatively conserved. Tandem duplications play
an important role in cucumber genome for LEA gene
expansion. Orthologous and chromosomal relationships of
CsLEA genes were observed based on comparative mapping analysis with other species. The in silico micro-RNA
(miRNA) target analyses indicated that 37 CsLEA genes
were targeted by different miRNAs, especially mir854 and
mir414 are the most abundant identified ones. Public
available RNA-seq data were analyzed for expression
analysis of CsLEA genes in different tissues of cucumber
The International Journal of Engineering and Sciencetheijes
1. The study used DNA barcoding to identify nine medicinal plant species using sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of nuclear ribosomal DNA.
2. DNA was extracted from the plants and the ITS region was amplified via PCR and sequenced. The ITS sequences were then aligned and analyzed to identify unique patterns for each species.
3. Restriction digestion of the ITS region with EcoRV also produced unique banding patterns that could be used to identify each species. The study demonstrated that DNA barcoding using the ITS region is an effective tool for authentic identification of medicinal plants.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The need for a phylogeny driven genomic encyclopedia of eukaryotes #SMBEEuksJonathan Eisen
This document discusses the need for a phylogeny-driven genomic encyclopedia of eukaryotes. It notes that current sources of information on sequenced eukaryotic genomes, such as Wikipedia and GOLD, are disorganized and lack phylogenetic context. The document then analyzes genomic data from the poorly studied protist Collodictyon using 18S and 28S ribosomal DNA sequencing and phylogenomic trees inferred from 124 genes. The analysis finds that Collodictyon is closely related to Diphylleia and occupies a very early divergence in the eukaryote tree of life, either alone or as the sister group to Malawimonas. This suggests Collodictyon represents an important new lineage for
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document describes the CarrAgheen Molecular Marker Database (CaMM-Db), a comprehensive database of molecular markers for the red seaweed Chondrus crispus (carragheen). The database contains over 18,000 microsatellites and 12,000 SNPs identified from carragheen genomic sequences. CaMM-Db provides information on different microsatellite types and properties. It also integrates with primer design software to facilitate wet lab experiments. As the first database of its kind for carragheen, CaMM-Db is expected to be a valuable resource for genetic research on carragheen and other red seaweeds.
A Review on Reproductive and Neurobehavioral Effect of Pesticide lambda cyhal...ijtsrd
A synthetic pyrethroid used as an insecticide is called lambda cyhalothrin LCT . Investigation of LCTs effects on neurobehavioral and reproductive effects was the studys main objective. Therefore, the existing study was designed to investigate the effect of LCT on the reproductive and neurobehavioral effects. In this study found reproductive toxicity, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and splenotoxicity and also showed reduced testosterone levels and ovarian alteration. Also found neurotransmitter levels and AChE and Na K ATPase activities are suppressed. Gaurav Kumar | Navodita Priyadarshani "A Review on Reproductive and Neurobehavioral Effect of Pesticide lambda-cyhalothrin" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-2 , April 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd55107.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/biological-science/zoology/55107/a-review-on-reproductive-and-neurobehavioral-effect-of-pesticide-lambdacyhalothrin/gaurav-kumar
Assessment of Genetic Diversity in 13 Local Banana (Musa Spp.) Cultivars Usin...paperpublications3
Abstract: A Study was conducted to investigate the genetic variability among 13 local banana cultivars using 3 SSR primers of Mb1-69, Mb1-113 and Mb1-134. All the primer pairs amplified a total of 29 different marker bands with an average of 9.6 bands per primer. Among the 29 bands only 4 bands were monomorphic and the rest 25 bands were polymorphic. The sizes of the amplified DNA bands in 13 local banana cultivars varied from 200 bp to 600 bp. The primer Mb1-113 amplified the highest (14) number of DNA bands and the primer Mb1-69 amplified the lowest (7) number of DNA bands whilst primer Mb1-134 amplified 8 DNA bands. The values of pair-wise genetic distances ranged from 1.00 to 9.00 indicating the presence of wide genetic diversity. The dendogram constructed based on phylogenetic relationship analysis revealed that the highest genetic diversity (9.00) found between the cultivars champa and jawayta and also the cultivars champa and jahazy whilst the lowest (1.00) between the cultivars doubled haploid and kathaly, doubled haploid and sorishafruity, doubled haploid and amritsagor and doubled haploid and ganasundory. The UPGMA dendogram has segregated the 13 local banana cultivars into two major clusters. Agnishwar and champa formed in cluster 1 and the rest of the cultivars like sobri jesore, sobri, anazy, kathaly, jawayta, sorishafruity, amritsagor, jahazy, bangle, ganasundory and doubled haploid have constituted the cluster 2.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
This document summarizes a study that used leaf epidermal analysis to identify 10 sterile species of the genus Strychnos collected from the Oban Forest in Nigeria. The researchers examined 36 morphological and anatomical characters of the leaf epidermis. Principal component analysis revealed that epidermal cell number, length, width, trichome number, stomata number and indices were the major distinguishing features. Cluster analysis grouped the species into 3 clusters corresponding to sections within the Strychnos genus. Leaf epidermal analysis proved useful for identifying these sterile species and delimiting populations, which has implications for their use in herbal medicine and conservation efforts.
This document summarizes a study that isolated and characterized lactic acid bacteria from various environmental samples. 21 lactic acid bacteria isolates were obtained from milk, water, soil and plant samples. 10 were identified as Lactobacillus, 3 as Enterococcus, 2 as Staphylococcus, 5 as Lactococcus, and 1 as Leuconostoc based on biochemical and physiological tests. 6 of the isolates were found to harbor plasmids. Further characterization identified 3 isolates as Enterococcus faecium and 1 each as Weissella confusa, Pediococcus pentosaceus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Some isolates showed inhibitory activity
This document describes the development of a multiplex PCR assay targeting the cgcA gene, which encodes a diguanylate cyclase, to differentiate between species within the genus Cronobacter. Analysis of 12 Cronobacter genomes identified 7 conserved diguanylate cyclase-encoding genes, one of which, cgcA, showed species-specific divergence that matched known phylogenetic relationships between Cronobacter species. Primers were designed for this gene and tested in a multiplex PCR assay on 305 Cronobacter isolates representing 6 species. The assay correctly identified the species of all isolates tested and did not identify any of 20 non-Cronobacter species, demonstrating high specificity and sensitivity for rapid identification of Cronobacter.
Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) markers were utilized to identify the levels of heritable varieties and patterns of the populace structure among the five populaces of Pteris biaurita, a natural fern in India. A comprehensive examination was directed in three replicates at 2013-14 seasons in the Western Ghats, South India. Five wild P. biaurita, accessions (maiden hair) were assessed for genotyping studies. Results demonstrated a pivotal discrepancy among genotypes for they were characterized in view of this uniqueness in four groups by the genetic cluster examination. In this trial, ISSR primers amplified 63 polymorphic groups. In view of the genetic identity data, genotypes were figured and differed from 0.5714 to 0.6984. The percentage of polymorphism indicated predominant genotype that may be utilized for the conservation of species. ISSR appeared to be an obliging marker for prediction of genotype inside a closed group of inter specific populace in the investigation territory.
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Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
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Comparative Structural Analysis of Phospholipase A2 and Combinatorial Screening of PLA2 Inhibitors
1. Sanjay Sharma T., Sarnim G., Roshan A., Jignesh S., Mayank A., Vedamurthy A.B. & Joy Hoskeri H.
International Journal of Biometrics and Bioinformatics (IJBB), Volume (7) : Issue (1) : 2013 14
Comparative Structural Analysis of Phospholipase A2 and
Combinatorial Screening of PLA2 Inhibitors
Sanjay Sharma Timilsina , sanjaytimilsina@gmail.com
Dept. of Biotechnology
The Oxford College of Science,
H. S. R. Layout,
Bangalore -560 102,
Karnataka, India.
Sarnim Gurung nimzdude23@gmail.com
Dept. of Biotechnology,
The Oxford College of Science,
H. S. R. Layout,
Bangalore -560 102,
Karnataka, India.
Roshan Adhikari roshan028004@gmail.com
Dept. of Biotechnology
The Oxford College of Science,
H. S. R. Layout,
Bangalore -560 102,
Karnataka, India.
Jignesh Savani jigssavani@gmail.com
Dept. of Biotechnology,
The Oxford College of Science,
H. S. R. Layout,
Bangalore -560 102,
Karnataka, India.
Mayank Agrawal agrawal.mayank08@gmail.com
Dept. of Biotechnology,
The Oxford College of Science,
H. S. R. Layout,
Bangalore -560 102,
Karnataka, India.
Vedamurthy A.B. vedamurthy15@gmail.com
Dept. of Biotechnology,
The Oxford College of Science,
H. S. R. Layout,
Bangalore -560 102,
Karnataka, India.
Joy Hoskeri H. joybioinfo@gmail.com
Dept. of Bioinformatics,
Kuvempu University,
Jnana Sahyadri,
Shankaraghatta -577 451,
Shimoga, Karnataka, India.
2. Sanjay Sharma T., Sarnim G., Roshan A., Jignesh S., Mayank A., Vedamurthy A.B. & Joy Hoskeri H.
International Journal of Biometrics and Bioinformatics (IJBB), Volume (7) : Issue (1) : 2013 15
Abstract
Phospholipases A2 (PLA2) enzyme release fatty acids from the second carbon group of glycerol.
This particular phospholipase specifically recognizes the Sn-2 acyl bond of phospholipids and
catalytically hydrolyzes the bond releasing arachidonic acid and lysophospholipids. PLA2 are
commonly found in mammalian tissues as well as in insects and snakes venom. Venoms
constitute a rich source of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes, which show remarkable diversity
in their structure and function. In this investigation, we have made an attempt in analyzing the
identical active domain in different PLA2 protein structure isolated from different venoms by
studying the conserved active pocket residues. The 21 crystal structures of different PLA2
enzymes isolated from venoms of different species were studied and collected from PDB
database. Comparative studies to analyse the conserved active site in this protein was carried out
by superimposition studies using TOPMATCH server. To validate the superimposition results
sequence alignment studies was carried out using T-COFFEE by multiple sequence alignment
analysis. This revealed that 9 PLA2 enzymes from different venoms viz., Daboia russellii,
Cerrophidion godmani, Dienagkistrodon acutus, Bothrops Neuwied, Agkistrodon contortrix, Naja
sagittifera, Bos Taurus, Notechis sentatusscutatus and Apis mellifera showed similarity in their
active pocket residues, indicating a single drug can effectively occupy their pocket and inhibit the
functions of these nine proteins. Hence, in-silico drug designing studies for antivenom drugs
against PLA2 was carried out by combinatorial screening of 18 antivenom compounds by docking
with PLA2 molecule using Autodock 3.0 tool. In-silico drug designing studies revealed that among
18 antivenom compounds, Indole was most potent in its action in inhibiting the PLA2 function with
inhibition constant of 0.04.
Keywords: Phospholipase A2, Antivenom Drugs, Superimposition Studies, Sequence Alignment,
Combinatorial Screening, Molecular Docking.
1. INTRODUCTION
Phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) represents an important class of heat-stable, calcium-dependent
enzymes catalyzing the hydrolysis of the 2-acyl bond of 3-n-phosphoglycerides. PLA2 enzyme
releases the fatty acid from the second carbon group of glycerol. This phospholipase
enzyme specifically recognizes the sn-2 acyl bond of phospholipids and
catalytically hydrolyzes the bond releasing arachidonic acid and lysophospholipids. Upon
downstream modification by cyclooxygenases, arachidonic acid is modified into active
compounds called eicosanoids, which are categorized as inflammatory mediators.[1] The Ca
2+
ion, an essential cofactor, and an Asp residue at position 49 are required for catalysis on artificial
substrates. [2] Their catalytic activity upon cell membranes of specific tissues suggests an
important role of these enzymes in venoms toxicity. PLA2 are commonly found in mammalian
tissues as well as venomous insects, fish venom, frog venom and snake venom.[3] PLA2 exhibits
wide varieties of pharmacological effects such as neurotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, myotoxicity,
necrosis, anticoagulation, hypotensivity, hemolysis, haemorrhage and edema.[4] Envenomation
due to venomous insect or snakes is a serious medical problem, especially in the farms where
venomous insects and snakes are abundant. The common species such as Crotalu rhodostoma,
Trimeresurus albolabris, Daboia russeli siamensis, Naja atra and other venomous insects are
responsible for envenomation in Southeast Asia. [5,6] In India itself, on an average 2,50,000
envenomation are recorded in a single year. India is the richest source for poisonous species of
frogs, insects and snakes. Among these majority of the bites and mortality are attributed to snake
species like Ophiophagus hannah (King cobra), Naja naja (Spectacled cobra), Daboia russelli
(viper), Bungarus caeruleus (Common krait), Echis carinatus (Saw scaled viper) etc. Among them
most reports are on haemolytic venomous snakes. These snake haemolytic venoms constitute a
rich content of PLA2 enzymes. Snake venom phospholipase A2 (svPLA2) can induce several
additional pathophysiological effects such as cardiotoxicity, myotoxicity, pre or postsynaptic
neurotoxicity, edema, hemolysis, hypotension, convulsion, platelet aggregation inhibition and
3. Sanjay Sharma T., Sarnim G., Roshan A., Jignesh S., Mayank A., Vedamurthy A.B. & Joy Hoskeri H.
International Journal of Biometrics and Bioinformatics (IJBB), Volume (7) : Issue (1) : 2013 16
anticoagulation. [7-11] Venoms from insects, frogs, snakes, fishes constitute a rich source of
PLA2 enzymes, which show remarkable functional similarity. Although, PLA2 enzyme is found in
various venom derived from different organism, but possesses similarity in their substrate
specificity. This reveals a hypothetical basis that this similarity is due to the conserved active site
in these enzymes. In continuation with our interest to unmask the molecular basis of structural
similarity and functional identity, we carried out an bioinformatics approach to study 21 PLA2
structures derived from various organisms viz., Daboia russellii, Bungarus caervleus, Sos scrofa,
Bothrops jararacussu, Naja sagittifera, Bos Taurus, Bothrops neuwiedi, Naja sagittifera, Bothrops
neuweidi pauloensis, Vipera ammodytes meridionalis, Micropechis ikaheka, Agkistrodon
contortrix, Echis carinatus, Ophiophagus hannah, Streptomyces violaceoruber, Gloydius halys,
Dienagkistrodon acutus, Notechis sentatus scutatus, Apis mellifera, Cerrophidion godmani,
Crotalus atrox by structure superimposition studies to understand and confirm the structural
relationship and analyse the conserved active site. Further, rigorous literature survey revealed
that there are no reports available on the active pocket residues of PLA2 enzyme. Hence, we
efficiently elucidated the active site and the residues that fall within this domain by bioinformatics
approach. Combinatorial screening of 18 antivenom compounds was carried out by docking
them in the elucidated active pocket by molecular docking approach to shortlist the potent
compounds that can act as an effective inhibitor against all the PLA2 enzyme that possess similar
active pocket.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. Collection of PLA2 Crystal Structures
The crystal structures of PLA2 enzyme isolated from venoms of different species were studied
and collected from Protein Data Bank (PDB) database. Out of different structures present in the
PDB database (www.rcsb.org/pdb), one PLA2 structure of each species present was downloaded
in pdb format. PLA2 structure of Daboia russellii (with PDB ID - 3CBI) as a parent molecule was
downloaded along with its sequence. Similarly PLA2 structures with PDB ID 2OSN (Bungarus
caervleus), 2AZY (Sos scrofa) , 1ZL7 (Bothrops jararacussu), 1TD7 (Naja sagittifera), 2BAX (Bos
Taurus), 1PCQ (Bothrops neuwiedi), 1ZM6 (Naja sagittifera), 1PC9 (Bothrops neuweidi
pauloensis), 1Q5T (Vipera ammodytes meridionalis ), 1OZY (Micropechis ikaheka), 1S8G
(Agkistrodon contortrix), 1OZ6 (Echis carinatus), 1GP7 (ophiophagus hannah), 1IT4
(Streptomyces violaceoruber), 1M8R (Gloydius halys), 1MG6 (Dienagkistrodon acutus), 2NOT
(Notechis sentatus scutatus), 1POC (Apis mellifera), 1GOD (Cerrophidion godmani), 1PP2
(Crotalus atrox) were downloaded along with their sequence.
2.2. Structure Superimposition Studies
Structural comparison by superimposition studies was carried out by using TOPMATCH server to
elucidate the conserved active site in PLA2 enzyme isolated from different organisms. [12] In this
approach the PLA2 structure of Daboia russellii (with PDB ID - 3CBI) was used as the parent
protein molecule (target) and other PLA2 structures derived from other organisms were used as
query and superimposed over this parent protein molecule. The superimposed PLA2 target and
query protein structures were viewed using Jmol viewer online (www.jmol.org). After the
TOPMATCH was performed the superimposed structure were downloaded in PDB format and the
sequence alignment were downloaded in PDF format.
2.3. Multiple Sequence Alignment Studies
PLA2 protein sequences of D. russellii, B. caervleus, S. scrofa, B. jararacussu, N. sagittifera, B.
taurus, B. neuwiedi, N. sagittifera, B. neuweidi pauloensis, V. ammodytes meridionalis, M.
ikaheka, A. contortrix, E. carinatus, O. hannah, S. violaceoruber, G. halys, D. acutus, N. sentatus
scutatus, A. mellifera, C. godmani and C. atrox were collected in FASTA format from Protein Data
Bank. PLA2 protein sequences similarity and availability of conserved signatures in all the 21
protein sequences was interpreted and studied by multiple sequence alignment approach using
T-Coffee server (www.ebi.ac.uk/tools/msa/tcoffee) [13]. Multiple sequence alignment (MSA) file
was downloaded and viewed in a color format using JalView. Results obtained by MSA study was
4. Sanjay Sharma T., Sarnim G., Roshan A., Jignesh S., Mayank A., Vedamurthy A.B. & Joy Hoskeri H.
International Journal of Biometrics and Bioinformatics (IJBB), Volume (7) : Issue (1) : 2013 17
used to support the superimposition study and to identify active domain and the amino acid
residues that fall within this domain.
2.4. PLA2 Enzyme Active Site Elucidation and Identification of Active Site Residues
The active pocket of PLA2 protein molecule was elucidated by using PDBSum of RCSB server
(www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/). In this approach, 17 PLA2 structures along with their inhibitors were
randomly selected and studied for the amino acid residues which were interacting with the
inhibitor compound as revealed by PDBSum protein-ligand interaction map. The selected inhibitor
molecules varied in their interaction position. The amino acid residues that were commonly
involved in interaction with all the inhibitor molecules were considered to be conserved and were
representing the active site that is found to be occupied by almost all the inhibitors. This
hypothesis was emphasized in elucidating the active pocket. Taking into account the number of
common amino acid residues of these 17 PLA2 interacting with inhibitor ligands, the active pocket
of PLA2 molecule was determined and these common interacting residues were considered as
active site residues.
2.5. Study and Collection of Antivenom Drugs
Rigorous literature survey was carried out to short list potent antivenom and PLA2 inhibitors.
Altogether 18 different antivenoms/PLA2 inhibitors viz., Acenapthene, aspirin, atropine,
betasitosterol, diisobutyl phthalate, diosgenin, indole, isooxazolidine, monalide,
petrosaspongiolide, piperazine, quercitin, revesatrol, rosmarinic acid, rutin, tetracycline, vidadol
and wedelolactone were selected and their structures were downloaded. The 3D coordinate’s file
of these 18 ligand molecules was generated using Prodrg
(davapc1.bioch.dundee.ac.uk/prodrg/).[14] The 3D coordinate file compatible for Autodock 3.0
was generated and downloaded in (.pdbq) format. The 3D coordinate files of all 18 molecules
were used for combinatorial screening.
5. Sanjay Sharma T., Sarnim G., Roshan A., Jignesh S., Mayank A., Vedamurthy A.B. & Joy Hoskeri H.
International Journal of Biometrics and Bioinformatics (IJBB), Volume (7) : Issue (1) : 2013 18
FIGURE 1: Short listed potent antivenom and PLA2 inhibitors viz., (A) Isoxazolidine, (B) Quercetin, (C)
Aspirin, (D) Acenaphthalene, (E) Atropine, (F) Piperazine, (G) Di-isobutylphthalate, (H) Disogenin, (I) Indole,
(J) Monalide, (K) Petrosaspongiolide, (L) Revesatrol, (M) Rosamarinic acid, (N) Rutin, (O) Betasitosterol, (P)
Tetracyclene, (Q) Wedelolactone, (R) Vidalol for combinatorial screening.
6. Sanjay Sharma T., Sarnim G., Roshan A., Jignesh S., Mayank A., Vedamurthy A.B. & Joy Hoskeri H.
International Journal of Biometrics and Bioinformatics (IJBB), Volume (7) : Issue (1) : 2013 19
2.6. Combinatorial Screening by Molecular Docking Study
Automated docking was used to carry out combinatorial screening and determine the orientation
of all 18 antivenom compounds bound in the active site of PLA2 protein from Daboia russellii. A
lamarckian genetic algorithm implemented in the AutoDock 3.0 program was employed. [15] All
the 18 antivenom compounds were designed and the structure was analyzed by using
ChemDraw Ultra 6.0. 3D coordinates were prepared using PRODRG server. [16] The protein
structure file 3CBI was taken from PDB (www.rcsb.org/pdb), was edited by removing the
heteroatoms and C terminal oxygen was added by using SPDBV tool. [17] For docking
calculations, GasteigereMarsili partial charges [18] were assigned to the ligands and nonpolar
hydrogen atoms were merged. All torsions were allowed to rotate during docking. The active
pocket residues were predicted using CASTp server. [19] The grid map, which was centered at
the following active pocket residues of the protein 3CBI [LEU2(A), GLY30(A), HIS48(A),
ILE19(A), TRP31(A), ASP99(A), LYS69(A), TYR52(A), SER23(A), TYR22(A), ASP49(A),
PHE5(A), ALA18(A)], and generated by applying AutoGrid. The lamarckian genetic algorithm was
applied for minimization, using default parameters. The number of docking runs was 10, the
population in the genetic algorithm was 250, the number of energy evaluations was 100,000, and
the maximum number of iterations 10,000.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
PLA2 is commonly found in mammalian tissues, venomous insects, fish venom, frog venom and
snake venom but PLA2 from different organisms possesses similarity in their substrate specificity.
Based on this knowledge, the similarity in their function and substrate specificity is due to the
conserved active domain. This study was undertaken to analyze and unmask the molecular basis
of structural similarity and functional identity. In the present investigation, we carried out a
bioinformatics approach to study 21 PLA2 structures derived from various organisms by structure
superimposition studies to understand and confirm the structural relationship and analysis the
conserved active site to elucidate the active pocket residues that fall within this active domain.
Further combinatorial screening of 18 antivenom compounds was carried out by docking the
ligands in the elucidated active pocket by molecular docking approach.
3.1. Multiple Sequence Alignment Studies
Multiple sequence alignment by t-coffee revealed that protein with PDB ID 1IT4 (violaceoruber),
1PCQ (Bothrops neuwiedi) and 1POC (Apis mellifera) did not show any relationship with the
other protein sequence in the dataset. Whereas, other protein molecule showed region specific
similarity. The region segment that showed maximum identity in the data set is depicted in Figure
2.
FIGURE 2: Multiple sequence alignment showing the conserved region among the 21 PLA2 protein
molecules under study.
7. Sanjay Sharma T., Sarnim G., Roshan A., Jignesh S., Mayank A., Vedamurthy A.B. & Joy Hoskeri H.
International Journal of Biometrics and Bioinformatics (IJBB), Volume (7) : Issue (1) : 2013 20
3.2. Structure Superimposition Studies
Structure superimposition study using TOPMATCH server was carried out for 21 different PLA2
structures with 3CBI of Daboia russelli as a target reference molecule, to which all other PLA2
structures were superimposed to identify and interpret the structurally identical region among the
PLA2 enzymes. After a single run of superimposition of each PLA2 enzyme structure against the
parent target PLA2 with PDB ID 3CBI, the superimposed structures were downloaded in pdf
format and interpreted. Results of structure superimposition are depicted in figure 4. Further,
sequence superimposition in support to structural superimposition also demonstrated similar
results. The result of structural superimposition and sequence superimposition study revealed
that among all the PLA2 structures used for the study, the PLA2 structures with PDB ID as
1GOD, 1MG6, 1PC9, 1S8G, 1ZM6, 2BAX, 2NOT, 1POC showed high degree of similarity in the
first 122 amino acid in chain A, this is the frame within which the active pocket residue are found
and hence this frame represents the active site of PLA2 (Figure 3). Further, this investigation
hypothesizes the structural similarity within the active site domain reveals their functional
similarity and substrate specificity. However, four PLA2 molecule with PDB ID: 2OSN, 2AZY,
1QST, 1OZ6 also showed superimposition match in last 122 amino acid sequence, but this frame
is out of the active site domain.
FIGURE 3: Superimposed structures showing superimposed region of 3CBI (Target) with query (A) 1GOD,
(B) 1MG6, (C) 1PC9, (D) 1S8G, (E) 1ZM6, (F) 2BAX, (G) 2NOT and (H) 1POC.
This investigation support the hypothesis that, PLA2 enzyme although exists in various organism,
either in venom or in mammalian tissue, their functional similarity is always documented. Through
this investigation, it is presented that 8 PLA2 enzymes from organism viz., Cerrophidion godmani,
Dienagkistrodon acutus, Bothrops neuweidi pauloensis, Agkistrodon contortrix, Naja sagittifera,
Bos Taurus, Notechis sentatus scutatus and Apis mellifera showed active site domain structural
similarity with PLA2 of Daboia russelli. This is in direct corroboration with the fact that active
pocket’s structural similarity dictates their functional similarity.
8. Sanjay Sharma T., Sarnim G., Roshan A., Jignesh S., Mayank A., Vedamurthy A.B. & Joy Hoskeri H.
International Journal of Biometrics and Bioinformatics (IJBB), Volume (7) : Issue (1) : 2013 21
FIGURE 4: Amino acid sequence frame that falls within the superimposed region of 3CBI
(Target) with query 1GOD, 1MG6, 1PC9, 1S8G, 1POC, 1ZM6, 2BAX and 2NOT.
3.3. PLA2 enzyme active site elucidation and identification of active site residues
The active pockets of PLA2 molecule of Daboia russelli which was used for docking study was
identified using PDBSum of RCSB server. 17 different PLA2 molecule of Daboia russelli were
randomly selected and studied for the ligand interaction. The interacting amino acid residues with
different ligands, their repetition in different PLA2 structures and their respective frequency is as
noted in the table. Taking in consideration the frequency of their repeat the active pocket of PLA2
of Daboia russelli was considered to be the domain containing following residue (Leu2(A),
Phe5(A), Ala18(A), Ile19(A), Tyr22(A), Ser23(A), Gly30(A), Trp31(A), His 48(A), Asp49(A),
Tyr52(A), Lys69(A), Asp99(A)).
9. Sanjay Sharma T., Sarnim G., Roshan A., Jignesh S., Mayank A., Vedamurthy A.B. & Joy Hoskeri H.
International Journal of Biometrics and Bioinformatics (IJBB), Volume (7) : Issue (1) : 2013 22
FIGURE 5: Graph showing the frequency of interaction of the residues commonly interacting with the
inhibitor ligands.
3.4. Combinatorial Screening by Molecular Docking Study
Comparative computational docking of 18 potent antivenom compounds to the PLA2 revealed
that Indole, Isooxazolidine, Piperazine, Diisobutyl phthalate, Tetracycline and Rosamarinic acid
showed very high inhibition constant in the decreasing order (0.04, 0.01, 0.000627, 0.00546,
0.000259 and 0.000121 respectively) among all the antivenom compounds.
The docked energy for Indole was -10.55 with an estimated inhibition constant of 0.04 and
intermolecular energy -2.09, while the docked energy of Isooxazolidine was -3.62 with an
inhibition constant of 0.01 and intermolecular energy of1-3.62. Indole didn’t show any hydrogen
bonding while Isooxazolidine showed hydrogen bonding with the backbone hydrogen of Gly 30 of
PLA2.
Results of combinatorial screening revealed that among all 18 antivenom molecules Indole was
found to be the most potent antivenom compound. Hence, Indole, Isooxazolidine, Piperazine,
Diisobutyl phthalate, Tetracycline and Rosamarinic acid can be used to inhibit all the PLA2
enzymes from Cerrophidion godmani, Dienagkistrodon acutus, Bothrops neuweidi pauloensis,
Agkistrodon contortrix, Naja sagittifera, Bos Taurus, Notechis sentatus scutatus, and Apis
mellifera as they show structural similarity with PLA2 of Daboia russelli. Hence, they possess
ligand or substrate specificity and hypothetically have the ability to bind common compound.
Through this investigation it can be concluded that PLA2 enzyme from the above mentioned
organisms can be inhibited using a single potent drug like Indole.
11. Sanjay Sharma T., Sarnim G., Roshan A., Jignesh S., Mayank A., Vedamurthy A.B. & Joy Hoskeri H.
International Journal of Biometrics and Bioinformatics (IJBB), Volume (7) : Issue (1) : 2013 24
FIGURE 6: Docking of PLA2 with (A) Indole, (B) Isooxazolidine, (C) Piperazine, (D) Tetracycline, (E)
Rosmarinic acid, (F) Diisobutyl phthalate.
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