The document discusses different types of intravenous (IV) fluids. It describes crystalloid solutions as containing small molecules that pass through membranes into cells and tissues. Crystalloids are categorized as isotonic, hypotonic, or hypertonic based on their concentration of dissolved particles compared to plasma. Isotonic solutions have a similar concentration to plasma and are used to treat fluid volume deficits. Hypotonic solutions have a lower concentration than plasma and cause fluid to shift into cells. Hypertonic solutions have a higher concentration than plasma and draw fluid out of cells. The document also discusses colloid solutions, which contain large molecules that remain in blood vessels, expanding volume by drawing fluid from tissues.

1. IV Fluids
By,
Ms. Ekta S Patel

6. • Osmolality is the number of Osmols of solute particles per
kilogram of pure solvent.

7. • When administering IV fluids, the type and amount of fluid
may influence patient outcomes.

8. Crystalloids
• Isotonic
• Hypertonic
• Hypotonic

9. Crystalloids
• Crystalloid solutions contain small molecules that flow easily
across semi permeable membranes, from the bloodstream into
the cells and body tissues.
• Crystalloid solutions are categorized as isotonic, hypotonic, or
hypertonic.

10. Isotonic solutions
• Isotonic solutions have a concentration of dissolved particles
similar to plasma , and an osmolality of 250 to 375 mOsm/L
• These fluids remain within the extracellular compartment and
are distributed between intravascular (blood vessels) and
interstitial (tissue) spaces, increasing intravascular volume.
• They are used primarily to treat fluid volume deficit.

15. Hypotonic solutions
• Hypotonic solutions have a concentration of dissolved particles
lower compared to plasma and an osmolality < 250 mOsm/L
• Hypotonic fluids lower serum osmolality within the vascular
space by causing fluid to shift out of the blood into the cells
and tissue spaces.
• Typically used to treat conditions causing intracellular
dehydration, such as diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar
hyperglycemic states.

17. Hypertonic solutions
• Hypertonic solutions have a concentration of dissolved
particles higher than plasma and an osmolality > 375 mOsm/L
• A higher solute concentration causes the osmotic pressure
gradient to draw water out of cells, increasing extracellular
volume.
• These fluids are often used as volume expanders and may be
prescribed for hyponatremia (low sodium).
• They may also benefit patients with cerebral edema.

20. IV Drop Rate calculation

26. • Example: Calculate the IV flow rate for 1200 mL of NS to be
infused in 6 hours. The infusion set is calibrated for a drop
factor of 15 gtts/mL.

27. • Example: Calculate the IV flow rate for 200 mL of 0.9% NaCl
IV over 120 minutes. Infusion set has drop factor of 20
gtts/mL.

28. Colloids
• Colloid solutions contain large molecules that do not pass through
semipermeable membranes and therefore remain in the blood
vessels.
• Also known as volume/plasma expanders,
• Colloids expand intravascular volume by drawing fluid from the
interstitial space into the vessels through higher oncotic pressure.
• Less total volume is required compared to IV fluids.
• Colloids are indicated for patients in malnourished states and
patients who cannot tolerate large infusions of fluid.

30. CCES
• Which solutions have a concentration of dissolved particles
similar to plasma?
• A. Hypotonic
• B. Hypertonic
• C. Isotonic
• D. Colloids

31. • Which solutions have a concentration of dissolved particles
lower compared to plasma?
• A. Hypotonic
• B. Hypertonic
• C. Isotonic
• D. Colloids

32. • Which solutions have a concentration of dissolved particles
higher compared to plasma?
• A. Hypotonic
• B. Hypertonic
• C. Isotonic
• D. Colloids

33. • Which solutions have a concentration an osmolality < 250
mOsm/L?
• A. Hypotonic
• B. Hypertonic
• C. Isotonic
• D. Colloids

34. • Which solutions contain large molecules that do not pass
through semipermeable membranes?
• A. Crystalloids
• B. Hypertonic
• C. Isotonic
• D. Colloids

35. • C
• A
• B
• A
• D