This document discusses the composition and distribution of fluids in the human body. It notes that 60% of the body is fluid, with 40% being intracellular fluid and the remaining extracellular fluid distributed between interstitial fluid and intravascular fluid. It provides details on fluid requirements, losses, electrolyte concentrations in different compartments, and types of intravenous fluids including crystalloids and colloids. The document emphasizes the importance of fluid balance and maintenance of adequate hydration and outlines factors to consider for fluid management in pre-operative, intra-operative, and post-operative settings.

1. Dr. N.K. Agrawal
Professor,
JNMC, Sawangi

2.  HOW MUCH IS WATER ON EARTH?

4.  HOW IS COMPOSITION OF FLUID IN HUMAN
BODY?

6. 60% of the body is FLUID
40% of the body is SOLID

7. HOW IT VARIES WITH SEX AND AGE?

8.  Total body water :

9. HOW THE FLUID IS DISTRIBUTED IN BODY?

10.  The body fluid is mainly having
 Intra cellular compartment (ICF)
 Extra cellular compartment (ECF)

13. Electrolytes(mEq/L) ECF ICF
Sodium 142 10
Potassium 4.3 150
Chloride 104 2
Biocarbonate 24 6
Calcium 5 0.01
Magnesium 3 40
Phosphate & Sulphate 8 150

14.  HOW THE BODY LOOSES WATER?
INSENSIBLE
AND
SENSIBLE loss of water

15.  Oral or IV fluid intake and urine output are important
parameters of body fluid balance
 Normal daily insensible fluid loss:
Fluid loss – Fluid input = 1000-300 = 700 ml.
 Daily fluid requirement = urine output + insensible loss
Insensible fluid input Insensible fluid loss
300 ml water due to oxidation 500 ml through skin
400ml through lung
100 ml through stool

16. URINE OUT PUT IS
=1.5ml/kg/hr
 For a person of 70kg
 Urine out put=70 x 1.5x24=2.5lit/day

17.  For a normal adult fluid requirement is
 Urine out put +insensible loses
 2.5 lit + 0.7 lit= 3.2 lit/day

18.  THIS IS THE REQUIREMENT OF AN
INDIVIDUAL DAILY
 For an adult- 2ml/kg/hr
 Children - 4ml/kg/hr

19.  To maintain normal body fluid balance one must take
this much minimum water
 Whether a person is fasting or for surgery
 One must be given fluid to keep the fluid compartment
hydrated this is—
 Maintenance fluid therapy

20.  Osmolarity is determined by amount of solute
dissolved in a solvent measured in volume(lt).
 Osmolality of any solution is measured by measurment
of its freezing point.

21.  Plasma Osmolality =
2 x Na + Glucose(mg/dl)/ 18 + BUN(mg/dl)/2.8
.

22.  A VERY IMPORTANT ASPECT
 ONE ML OF FLUID CONTAIN HOW MANY
DROPS?

23.  NORMAL IV SET 1ML= 15 drops
 PAEDIATRIC IV SET 1ML= 60 drops

24.  Crystalloids:
hypotonic- 5% dextrose ,D5 1/2 NS OR 1/4NS
Isotonic- 0.9%Nacl, ringer lactate, ringer acetate
Hypertonic- 3%,5%, 7.5% Nacl.
 Colloids:
Hydroxyethyl starches
Gelatins
Dextran
Albumin.

25. Crystalloids are aqueous solutions of inorganic and
small organic molecules, the main solute being either
normal saline or glucose. Depending on the
concentration of the solute, crystalloid solutions are
isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic.
Colloids, in contrast, are homogeneous noncrystalline
substances containing large molecules.
Colloids have much greater capacity to remain within
the intravascular space.

26. Distribution of
1,000 mL of fluid
given IV
Intracel
lular
Fluid
Interstit
ial Fluid
Intravas
cular
Fluid
5% Dextrose 666 249 83
Crystalloid 0 750 250
Colloid
Immedi
ate
0 0 1,000
After 4
hours
0 750 250
Blood 0 0 1,000

27.  Composition
 One liter contains 50 grams.
 Pharmacological Basis
 Corrects dehydration and
supplies energy.
 After consumption of glucose
remaining water is distributed
in all compartments so it is
best to correct intracellular
dehydration.
 D5% provides 170 Kcal/L

28.  Composition
 One liter contains :
Glucose 50 gm, Chloride 154 mEq,
Sodium 154 mEq
 Each 100 ml contains 5 gm glucose
and 0.90 gm NaCl.

29.  Composition
 One liter fluid supplies
Sodium 130 mEq, Potassium 4
mEq,
Calcium 3mEq, Bicarbonate 28mEq,
Chloride 109mEq
 Each 100 ml contains Sodium Lactate
320 md, sodium chloride 600 mg,
Potassium chloride 40 mg, calcium
chloride 27 mg

30.  Hydroxyethyl starches are
modified natural
polysaccharides similar to
glycogen.
 They are derived from
amylopectin, a highly branched
corn or potato starch.

31.  Produced by degradation of bovine collagen and
chemical modifications, gelatins are polydispersed
colloidal solutions.
 Three types
1. oxy-crosslinked,
2. urea-crosslinked,
3. and succinylated gelatins.
Molecular weight (average 30-35 kD), concentrations
(3.5%-5.5%) and volume-restoring efficacy (volume
effect 70%-100%).

32.  500ml, 3.5% solution
 100ml- 3.5 gms of gelatin
 Stable for 3years
 Mw wt- 30000-350000
 Half life- 2-4 hours
a) Uses- a) hypovolemia
b) Pre loading
c)haemo dilution

33.  Dextrans are polydispersed colloids -synthesized from
sucrose by the bacterium Leuconostoc mesenteroides.
 The formulations most frequently selected are dextran
40 and dextran 70, with molecular weights of 40 and
70 kD, respectively.
 After intravenous administration, small dextran
molecules less than 50 kD are rapidly eliminated by the
kidneys (filtration). All other molecules are being
metabolized to carbon dioxide and water by cell-bound
enzymes in the kidneys, liver, and spleen.

34.  Albumin is purified from
human plasma and is
commercially available as a
1. 5% (iso-oncotic),
2. 20%, or 25% (hyperoncotic)
solution. Because albumin is
heated and sterilized by
ultrafiltration, the risk of
bacterial or viral disease
transmission should be
eliminated.
 Albumin is the most abundant
plasma protein.

35. • Crystalloids are
1. inexpensive
2. adverse effects are
rare or absent
3. There is no renal
impairment,
4. minimal interaction
with coagulation
5. no tissue
accumulation,
6. and no allergic
reactions
• Colloids are
1. better volume-
expanding
properties,
2. minor edema
formation
3. improved
microcirculation.
4. Improve tissue
oxygenation.
5. expensive

36. Pre operative
Intra operative
Post operative

37.  Aims
 Correction of Hypovolemia
 Correction of Anemia
 Correction of Other Disorders.

38.  Hypovolemia jeopardizes O2 transport and increase the
risk of hypoxia & development of organ failure.
 Uncorrected hypovolemia is compensated by increased
vascular resistance and heart rate due to normal
baroreceptor reflex but these are lost during induction
of anesthesia.
 Causes : vomiting, nasogastric suction, blood loss, third
space loss, diuretic therapy etc

39.  Estimation severity of dehydration.
 Mild= 4% body weight fluid deficit.
 Moderate = 6-8 % body weight fluid deficit.
 Severe = 10 % body weight fluid deficit.
 Choice of fluid depends on nature of loss and
haemodynamic status,compositional abnormality.
 NS, RL , colloids & Whole blood are most widely used
fluids

40.  It is the space which normally dose not exist in body
 It is created due to some complications like Hydro
Thorax,Acsities

41.  Rate of fluid administration varies depending on
severity of fluid disturbance, presence of continuing
losses and haemodynamic and cardiac status.
 In severe deficit FT may be started at 1000ml/hr
,gradually reducing the rate as the fluid status
improves.
 Elderly require slow and careful correction.

42.  Monitoring :Improvement in tachycardia and blood
pressure, absence of orthostatic hypotension and
achieving urine output of > 30-50 ml/hr (in absence of
diuretics) suggests correction of fluid deficit.

43.  Intraoperative volume can be calculated as-
1. MAINTANACE-Correction of fluid deficit due to
fasting
2. REPLACEMENT- Replace the lost components
3. SPECIFIC-Loss due to tissue dissection/ hemorrhage

44.  Volume to be replaced for starvation=
Duration of starvation(hrs) x2ml/kg body weight
 1st hour = 50%
 2nd hour = 25%
 3rd hour = 25%
 Maintenance volume for intra-op: 2ml/kg/hours
 (fasting should never be more than 4-6 hrs, if so we
recommend to start iv fluids pre operatively)

45.  Fluid loss is calculated as-Type of surgery Fluid volume(ml/kg/hr)
Least trauma Nil
Minimal trauma 4
Moderate trauma 6
Severe trauma 8

46.  List trauma : cataract, sebaceous cyst , surgery etc
 Minimum : appendix, hernia, surgery etc
 Moderate : laparotomy , hysterectomy etc
 Severe : THR, bowel resection, etc

47.  intra-op blood loss calculation
MABL= EBV x (sHct-tHct)/ sHct
 Methods of estimation-
 Weight the sponges before and after use.
The difference in gm = volume in ml of blood they have
absorbed
This has to be added to suction bottle blood.
Then increase the total by 50 %.
Result will give you the actual blood loss.
 If blood loss is more than 20% of blood volume, give BT

48.  Total fluid would be
1st hr = 50 % of deficit+ maintenance + Fluid loss
according to surgery
2nd hr = 25 % of deficit+ maintenance + Fluid loss
according to surgery
3rd hr = 25 % of deficit+ maintenance + Fluid loss
according to surgery
4th hr onwards = Maintenance + Fluid loss according to
surgery.

49.  AIM
 BP > 100/70 mm of Hg or MAP >60 mm Hg
 HR < 120/min
 Urine output = 0.5 -1 ml/kg/hr along with normal
temperature , warm skin , normal respiration and
senses.
 How long to give fluids?--- it depends upon the type
and nature of surgery.

50.  If minor surgery - maintain fluid till NBM period
 Major surgery- fluids can be required till 24-48hrs.
 Fluid requirement = 2ml/kg/hr with isotonic
crystalloids
 Take into consideration Blood loss , urine output, blood
glucose levels, insensible fluid loss and titrate fluid
intake accordingly.
 Avoid glucose containing solutions in neurosurgical
patients, severely dehydrated patients & cautious use in
diabetic patients.

51.  WHAT HAPPENS IF FLUID IS EXCESS?

53.  So to avoid complications
we have to monitor FLUID

54.  Hemodynamic monitoring:
◦ Heart rate, Blood pressure
 Urine output monitoring
 Temperature & Sensorium
 Invasive monitoring
◦ CVP monitoring , Invasive BP, PCWP
 Echo
 Serum Electolytes

55.  Fluid overload
◦ Rise in BP, Tissue edema
◦ pulmonary edema
◦ poor wound healing
 hyperglycemia - Osmotic diuresis-
Dehydration
 Electrolyte imbalance
◦ Hypo/ Hypernatremia ,
◦ Hypo/ Hyperkalemia

56.  60% body weight is fluid
 40% is ICF,15% intertitial,5% intra vascular
 One requires 2ml/kg/hr water daily
 Intra operative 4ml,6ml,8ml /kg/hr as per type of
surgery
 Always consider total circulating volume
 1ml have 15 or 60 drops
 Never over infuse

57. SAVE WATER ,
SAVE EARTH ,
GIVE WATER,
GIVE LIFE