- The document provides guidance on the initial management of newly diagnosed immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) in children.
- It recommends treatment based on symptom severity rather than platelet count alone, with the goal of achieving a platelet level sufficient for adequate hemostasis rather than a normal platelet count.
- For children with newly diagnosed ITP and mild bleeding or platelet counts above 20x109/L, outpatient management is preferred over hospitalization provided close follow-up can be ensured.
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Here is a very comprehensive lecture about ITP, its types , signs and symptoms and management. This lecture presentation was delivered by Dr Nida TMO in MBW HMC Peshawar Pakistan.
ITP is immune mediated acquired hemorrhagic disorder of adults and children characterized by transient or persistent thrombocytopenia and depending upon severity of thrombocytopenia, increased risk of bleeding
Effect of hydrocortisone on development of shock amongDr fakhir Raza
effects of hydrocortisone on development of shock among patients with severe sepsis the HYPRESS Randomized Clinical Trial American Medical Association caring for the critically ill patients Surviving sepsis campaign, to determine weather hydrocortisone therapy in patients with severe sepsis prevents the development of septic shock
CASE REPORT ON osteomyelitis.
Osteomyelitis (Femur debridement & Bone cement Spacer with External fixator).
Femur Deridement-
Doctors may recommend a procedure called debridement to remove dead or damaged bone tissue in people with osteomyelitis. During this procedure, the doctor cuts away dead or damaged bone tissue. He or she also washes the wound to remove any dead or loose tissue.
Osteomyelitis: Osteomyelitis is an infection in a bone. Infections can reach a bone by traveling through the bloodstream or spreading from nearby tissue. Infections can also begin in the bone itself if an injury exposes the bone to germs.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
2. ✓Điều trị dựa trên mức độ nặng của triệu chứng , không dựa
trên số lượng tiểu cầu đơn độc.
✓Mục tiêu of điều trị là đạt đk số lượng tiểu cầu liên quan đến
quá trình cầm máu phù hợp hơn là đạt tới sl TC bình thường.
3. QUẢN LÝ TRẺ MỚI MẮC ITP (ASH 2019)
Ngoại trú vs nhập viện?
Điều trị vs quan sát?
Thời gian dùng corticosteroid và loại?
Điều trị trẻ ITP xuất huyết không đe dọa tính mạng và hoăc
giảm HRQoL?
4. ĐIỀU TRỊ NGOẠI TRÚ HAY NHẬP VIỆN ?
• Trẻ mới mắc ITP VÀ TC <20 x 10 ^9/L không
xuất huyết or chỉ xuất huyết nhẹ ( ở da), ASH
chống lại việc nhập viện và ủng hộ quản lý ngoại
trú .
• Note :
✓BN không chắc chắn về chẩn đoán
✓Có những vấn đề xã hội
✓Sống xa bệnh viện
✓Không thể theo dõi
Có thể nhập viện (preferable)
“recommendation based on very low certainty in
the evidence of effects”
Good practice statement. The referring
physician should ensure that the patient has
follow-up with a hematologist within 24 to 72
hours of diagnosis.
5. ĐIỀU TRỊ NGOẠI TRÚ HAY NHẬP VIỆN ?
• Trẻ mới mắc ITP VÀ TC >=20 x 10 ^9/L không
xuất huyết or chỉ xuất huyết nhẹ ( ở da), ASH
chống lại việc nhập viện và ủng hộ quản lý
ngoại trú .
• Note :
✓BN không chắc chắn về chẩn đoán
✓Có những vấn đề xã hội
✓Sống xa bệnh viện
✓Không thể theo dõi
Có thể cho nhập viện (preferable)
“recommendation based on very low certainty in
the evidence of effects”
Good practice statement. The referring physician
should ensure that the patient has follow-up with
a hematologist within 24 to 72 hours of diagnosis.
6. ĐIỀU TRỊ HAY QUAN SÁT ?
• Trẻ mới mắc ITP không xuất huyết or xuất huyết nhẹ
ASH đề nghị quan sát (observation) hơn dùng :
❖Corticosteroids
❖ IV immunoglobulin (IVIG)
❖Anti-D immunoglobulin
13. FIRST-LINE THERAPIES
Glucocorticoids 1) Dexamethasone 0.6 mg/kg/ngày (maximum 40 mg /ngày ) x 4 ngày uống or IV ( không cần giảm liều
nếu dùng tg ngắn )
2)Prednisone 2 - 4 mg/kg /ngày (maximum 120 mg /ngày ) uống x 5-7 ngày (+/- giảm liều)
3) Methylprednisolone 30 mg/kg (maximum 1000 mg /day) IV , 1 liều/ngày x 3-4 ngày , (no taper needed
for this short course)
IVIG IVIG 1 liều 0.8-1 g/kg ,tăng số lượng tiều cầu trong vòng 24h.
• Dùng Acetaminophen và/hoặc diphenhydramine để hạn chế tác dụng phụ
• 1 liều methylprednisolone (30mg/kg, max: 1g) để hạn chế tác dụng phụ đặc biệt đau đầu.
Anti-D Anti-D 75 micrograms/kg (375 international units/kg) IV x 1 liều
• Co-admisister vs 1 liều methylprednisolone (30mg/kg, max: 1g) để tăng hiệu quả và hạn chế tác dụng
phụ.
• Anti-D có thể được dùng thay thế or cùng với IVIG ở trẻ có Rh (+), DAT (-), bệnh nhân chưa cắt lách.
SECOND-LINE THERAPIES
• Rituximab
• Thrombopoietin receptor agonists (TPO-RAs; eg, eltrombopag, romiplostim)
• Alternative immunosuppressive agents (eg, azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, mycophenolate mofetil, sirolimus,
cyclosporine)
(uptodate 2023)
14. SỬ DỤNG CHẾ PHẨM MÁU
❑ Platelet transfusions should only be used for life-threatening haemorrhages
following consultation with a Consultant Paediatrician and/or Haematologist.
• Best practice suggests giving platelet transfusion – 1 complete unit(if child>15 kg)
and re-check the count at 10 minutes post transfusion
• Platelets are consumed extremely quickly in ITP; therefore, it is necessary to
administer IV immunoglobulin concurrently
• Please note that anti-D is not recommended in this trust
“Trust Guideline for the Management of: Newly Diagnosed Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP) in Children”
❑Platelet transfusions – Platelet transfusions (as a bolus dose of 10 to 30 mL/kg,
generally followed by a continuous infusion). Platelet count should be assessed
immediately following the bolus (ie, 15 minutes after). Frequent testing thereafter is
important to ensure that the patient maintains a hemostatic platelet count and to
guide additional therapy. Patients with ITP generally require larger-than-normal
doses of platelets in transfusion due to rapid destruction (uptodate 2023)
15. Theo dõi
• Đếm tiểu cầu (qua CTM) 2-1 lần/tuần trong giai đoạn xuất huyết nặng
• Đếm tiểu cầu 1-2 tuần khi bệnh nhân hết xuất huyết niêm và sau đó
3-4 tuần, theo dõi tiếp tục cho đến khi tiểu cầu >150 × 109/L
• Ngừng theo dõi khi tiều cầu ổn định > 150 × 109/L sau 6 tháng
16. Immune Thrombocytopenia in Antiphospholipid Syndrome: Is
It Primary or Secondary?
https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9091170
17. NHỮNG TÌNH HUỐNG
CHẨN ĐOÁN TRÊN LÂM
SÀNG :
TH1: BN đủ tiêu chuẩn APS + ITP
thứ phát?
TH2 : antiphospholipid antibodies
(aPL) dương tính + ITP tiên phát ?
➢ Khi aPL (+) ở bệnh nhân ITP mà không có tiền sử huyết
khối hoặc biến chứng sản khoa, KHÔNG THAY ĐỔI CHẨN
ĐOÁN ITP TIÊN PHÁT CŨNG NHƯ KHUYẾN CÁO ĐIỀU TRỊ
➢ Hướng dẫn ASH đánh giá aPL ở bệnh nhân ITP không cần
thiết do thiếu bằng chứng về mối liên hệ lâm sàng.
➢ APS+ ITP ????