PPH is an important cause of maternal mortality. Through this presentation one can understand the PPH & its management options.

1. Medical Management of
Post-partum Hemorrhage (PPH)
Jitendra Patil
M. Pharma (Pharmacology)

2. BOTTOM LINE
Averting Maternal Death is based on having a
prepared mind, a prepared team & a full range of
possible therapies
PPH IS TRULY
AN EQUAL OPPORTUNITY KILLER

3. Our Best Estimate is A Gross
Underestimate
200,000 women die from
PPH each year**
*International College of Midwives, 2003
**FIGO, 2003

4. Facts
All pregnancies are at risk of PPH even
if no predisposing factors are present

5. Post-Partum Hemorrhage (PPH) ……
• Bleeding after childbirth
• Life-threatening condition
• Blood loss > 500 ml during a vaginal delivery or > 1,000 ml
with a cesarean delivery.*
*http://emedicine.medspsce.com/article/796785-overview

6. Why is PPH a concern ?
• Important cause of maternal mortality
• Accounting for nearly one quarter of all maternal deaths
• India-The maternal mortality rate
560/100,000 live births & 35-56%
PPH accounts for 35-56% of
Maternal deaths in India.**
*http://emedicine.medspsce.com/article/796785-overview
worldwide.*
Human Reproduction Research Collaborating Center (ICMR), J N Medical College, Balgaum, KA, India.

7. Types of PPH
PPH can be divided into 2 types:
 Primary postpartum hemorrhage: Occurs within 24 hours of
delivery
 Secondary postpartum hemorrhage: Occurs 24 hours to 6
weeks after delivery.
Most cases (99%) of postpartum
hemorrhage are primary
http://www.rcog.org.uk/womens-health/clinical-guidance/prevention-and-management-postpartum-haemorrhage-green-top-52

8. Why bleeding occurs ?
…placental removal leaves a 20cm
diameter wound that continues to bleed
if uterine musculature does not contract
and stay contracted

9. Aetiology
http://emedicine.medspsce.com/article/796785-ove
4 T’s
• Tone (Uterine Atony 75-90%)
• Trauma (Surgical or assisted vaginal delivery)
• Tissue (Retained Placenta)
• Thrombosis (Congenital & acquired abnormal clotting
abnormalities)

11. How much time do we have ?
It is estimated that, if untreated,
Death occurs on average in:
2 hours from Postpartum Hemorrhage
12 hours from Antepartum Hemorrhage
2 days from Obstructed Labor
6 days from Infection

12. Degree of Anemia
Accentuates Mortality Risk
J Nutr. 2001 Feb;131(2S-2):604S-614S;

13. Pitfalls in Assessing Quantity of Blood Loss

14. Medical Therapies

15. General Practice
Active management of third stage
of labor decreases PPH

16. Active management of Third Stage of Labor
• Administering a uterus-contracting drug, e.g. Oxytocin,
Misoprostol within one minute of birth
• Applying controlled cord traction & counter traction to the
uterus
• Massaging the fundus of the uterus through the abdomen
• Monitoring for further signs of bleeding

17. Active Vs Expectant Management
Management of
Third Stage of
Labor
Blood Loss *
> 500 mls
Blood loss *
> 1000 mls
Expectant
(n=3126)
13.6% 2.6%
Active (n=3158)** 5.2% 1.7%
* Clinical estimation generally thought to be underestimates by about 34-50%
**Oxytocin, Ergometrine or both IM/IV
Prendiville, Elbourne, McDonald, The Cochrane Library issue 3, 2003

18. Management of PPH
First line of Therapy
Uterotonic agents
 Oxytocin
 Ergot-alkaloids (Ergometrine, Methyl Ergonovine)
 Prostaglandins (Dinoprostone, Misoprostol)
 Surgical Interventions e.g. artery ligation
 Radiological embolisation
 Haemostatic drugs e.g. Tranexamic acid
D C Dutta. Text book of Obstetrics.5th Edn. 2001.
Second Line of Therapy
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD003249.

19. Oxytocin
• Oxytocin is a synthetic form of the nanopeptide produced in the
http://www.uspharmacist.com/content/d/in-service/c/28279/
posterior pituitary.
• It stimulates the (upper) active segment of the myometrium to
contract rhythmically, which constricts spiral arteries & decreases
blood flow through the uterus.
• Clinical response is rapid & occurs within 3 to 5 minutes.
• Oxytocin is dosed at 10 to 40 U/L .
• Side effects are very rare, but occasional causes nausea & vomiting.
• The only serious side effect is dilutional hyponatremia, which may
happen with prolonged use.
• Rapid IV infusion is associated with hypotension & tachycardia.

20. Carboprost
• It is synthetic prostaglandin analogue of PGF2α which enhance
uterine contractility and cause vasoconstriction
• IM dosing, initial: 250 mcg; if needed, may repeat at 15- to 90-
minute intervals; maximum total dose, 2 mg (8 doses).
• In 75% of cases, a successful clinical response is reached within 30 min.
• Clinical response may be enhanced with concomitant use of oxytocin.
• The reported side effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea,
http://www.uspharmacist.com/content/d/in-service/c/28279/
bronchospasm, & hypertension.
• The recommendation is that the drug be given with caution to
patients with hepatic or cardiovascular disease, asthma, or
hypersensitivity to the drug.

21. Methylergonovine Maleate
• Onset of action (tablet) is within 5 to 10 minutes
• Onset of the IM dose is 2 to 5 minutes
http://www.uspharmacist.com/content/d/in-service/c/28279/
• It is a semisynthetic ergot alkaloid.
• It causes generalized smooth-muscle contraction in which the
upper and lower segments of the uterus contract tetanically.
• It is available as 0.2mg tablets & is used 0.2mg 3 to 4 times/day in
the puerperium for 2 to 7 days.
• Side effects are very rare, but occasional causes nausea & vomiting.
• This drug should be used with extreme caution in patients with
hypertension or preeclampsia, especially if ephedrine (a
vasoconstrictive agent) is already given.

22. Misoprostol
*Med Res Rev. 1990 Apr-Jun;10(2):149-72
• Synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue
• Initially developed for oral use
• Other routes of administration
Sub-lingual, Rectal, vaginal & Buccal
Approved for PPH
• India
• Bangladesh
• Nepal
• Russia
• Uganda
• Nigeria
• Ethiopia
• Somalia
• Ghana
• Kenya
- - Countries - -

23. Misoprostol - - - FIGO

24. Misoprostol Advantages
 Thermostable
 Affordable uterotonic agent compared with other
 Ease of administration
 Useful in poor resource sources – skilled workers
• Standard management# with 600mcg Misoprostol lowered
maternal mortality by 81%.**
• Oral Misoprostol was associated with significant ↓ in the rate
of acute PPH and mean blood loss. ***
#Standard management defined as delivery attendance by a village health worker without
*Int Congr Series 1279 (2005) 358–363
**Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2010 Mar;108(3):289-94.
***Lancet.2006;368(9543):1248-53
administration of medication.

25. Clinical Guidance
The WHO recommends the use of Misoprostol in settings
where it is not possible to use Oxytocin or another injectable
uterotonic such as Ergometrine or an Oxytocin and
Ergometrine fixed-dose combination.
In the absence of personnel to offer active management of
the 3rd stage of labour, it is recommended that the trained
health worker should offer Misoprostol 600mcg orally
immediately after the birth of the baby.
WHO Statement regarding the use of misoprostol for postpartum haemorrhage prevention and treatment.
2009. Ref No: WHO/RHR/09.22

26. • Current data supports the use of Misoprostol in PPH.
• Safe & Effective treatment option in management of PPH.
• Oxytocin is a gold standard treatment in PPH.
• Increasing clinical evidences suggest Misoprostol as an
alternative to Oxytocin.

27. How should secondary PPH be treated?
 Secondary PPH is often associated with endometritis. When
antibiotics are clinically indicated, a combination of Ampicillin
(Clindamycin if penicillin allergic) & Metronidazole is appropriate.
 In cases of endomyometritis (tender uterus) or overt sepsis, then
the addition of Gentamicin is recommended.
 Surgical measures should be undertaken if there is excessive or
continuing bleeding, irrespective of ultrasound findings.
 A senior obstetrician should be involved in decisions &
performance of any evacuation of retained products of conception
as these women are carrying a high risk for uterine perforation.
RCOG guideline. 2009; Green top guideline 52: 1-24

28. How should secondary PPH be treated?
 It is generally accepted that secondary PPH is often associated
with infection & conventional treatment involves antibiotics &
uterotonics.
 In continuing haemorrhage, insertion of balloon catheter may be
RCOG guideline. 2009; Green top guideline 52: 1-24
effective.
 A combination of Clindamycin & Gentamicin is appropriate; for
Gentamicin, daily dosing regimens are at least as effective as
thrice daily regimens; once uncomplicated endometritis has
clinically improved with intravenous therapy, there is no additional
benefit from extended oral therapy.
 This antibiotic therapy does not contraindicate breastfeeding.

29. Interventional Therapies

30. Bimanual Compression

31. Internal Uterine Tamponade

32. Non-Inflatable Anti-Shock Garment

33. Surgical Interventions

34. B-Lynch “Brace” Suture

35. Hypogastric Artery Ligation

36. Pelvic Packing

37. Embolisation

38. Recommendations for All Hospitals
• Use the BRASS drape in all deliveries
• Perform PPH drills on all shifts with each new
group of interns, residents and nurses
• Place large posters of B-Lynch brace suture
technique on wall of each OR
• Develop SWAT team approach with bleeding
>1000cc on responsive to simple therapy

39. Save mother’s lives

40. Thank You for your
attention !!!