Between 1815-1914, Italy struggled for independence and unification. Several small revolutions broke out in 1819 and 1830 as some cities declared themselves republics. Giuseppe Mazzini founded Young Italy in 1830 to promote Italian unification. By 1848, Austria was on the verge of total control over Italy, so Italians sought help from allies. In 1860, most of Italy was unified and in 1861 Victor Emmanuel II was crowned as the first king of a largely unified Italy. However, it was not until 1910 that Italy defeated the Ottoman Empire and achieved full independence.