1. The Crimean War
1853-1856

3. Russia Vs. Ottoman
Empire
• Why?
 Religious Issues
 OE gave France/RC control of some Christian sites in
Holy Land
 Rus. occupied OE provinces of Moldavia & Walachia in
order to “protect” Orthodox Christians
 Russia  Warm Water Port

4. Russia Vs. France & Great Brita
• Sided w/ OE
28 March 1854 – Declared war on Rus.
• Why?
Naval &commercial interests in Med.
Napoleon III – help raise popularity @
home
• Austria & Prussia = neutral

5. Outcomes
• Both sides = poorly
equipped and
commanded
• Sept. 1855 Rus. fortress
(Sevastopol) fell to Fr.
& GB

6. A War of Firsts
• Medical Treatment
– High death rate (1 in 6) due to
unsanitary conditions
• Cholera
• Typhus
• Dysentery
– Florence Nightingale + 38 nurses
volunteered
– Fought deplorable hospital
conditions
– Result: better sanitation & fewer Florence Nightingale, British Heroine
deaths

7. Nightingale Nurses of Crimean War

8. A war of Firsts
• Journalism
• Photo-journalism
– First war photos ever
Roger Fenton (GB) – First War Photographer

9. Allied Camp at Sevastopol

10. The tombs of the generals on Cathcart'sHill

11. Cossack
Bay,
Balaklava.

12. A British
Officer

13. British Hussar
(Calvary)

14. British Officers

15. French
Soldiers

16. French
General
Bosquet
Giving Orders

17. Ottoman
Soldiers

18. Treaty of Paris - 1856
• Ended Crimean War
• Required Russia to:
Surrender territory
Recognize neutrality of Black Sea
Renounce claims of protection over
Christians in OE
• Shattered Russia’s mighty image

19. Outcomes Post-Treaty
• Concert of Europe shattered
Nations more willing to fight to overthrow
existing orders than to fight to defend them
• Austriaasserted more influence w/in
the Germ. Federation
• Prussiaunhappy with a secondary role
(behind Austria) in Germ.

20. Consequences
• Europe = unstableapx. 25 years
• Without the Concert, each nation thought it
was only restrained by limits of its
 military power
 diplomatic influence

21. Italian unification
1858-1870

23. Beginnings of Nationalism
• Napoleon – united many states under 1
gov’t
• COV
– Split Italian states w/ no regard for national
groups
– Placedunder control of large empires:
• Austria
• France

24. Secret Societies
Italian artists, writers, thinkers became interested in
celebrating Italy’s cultural traditions
Others formed secret societies to work for political
change
Some even plotted to overthrow the Austrian
government in Italy

25. Mazzini & Young Italy
1831: Giuseppe Mazzini, launched a
nationalist group called Young Italy to
fight for unification of the Italian states
Mazzini had been exiled but smuggled
patriotic pamphlets into Italy
Young Italy attracted tens of thousands
of Italians to the cause of unification

26. Secret Societies
• Carbonari
– Secret society inspired by Fr Rev
– Members: mid-class, intellectuals
– Anti-RC Church
• Pope excommunicated them
– Pro-Unification

27. The Path Toward Unity
• As nationalism grew, some Italians led
unsuccessful rebellions
• Then, two men rose to lead a successful
movement to unify Italy…

28. Count Cavour
• Camiliodi Cavour
• Sardinia
• Founded the nationalist
newspaper, Il
Risorgimento - or
“resurgence”

29. Kingdom of Sardinia
• 1852: Cavour = Prime Minister
• Rebuilt economyw/ goal of unification
(monarchy)
• Strategic alliance w/ France
– Sardinia supported France in war with Russia
& gave them the provinces of Savoy & Nice
– In turn, France supported Sardinia in its war
against Austria - (successful liberation)

30. Garibaldi & the Red Shirts
• Mazzini = “heart”
• Cavour = “brain”
• Garibaldi = “sword”

31. Garibaldi
• Young Italy member (1833)
• At Cavour’s request, fought against
Austria (1854)
• Result: Gained Lombardy from Austria

33. The Red Shirts
• Red Shirts = Garibaldi’s followers
• By July 1860 - gained control of Sicily
• By September - conquered Naples
• Garibaldi wanted a republic, but …
• Kingdom of Two SiciliesSardinian king Victor
Emmanuel II

34. Unification
• 1861: territories held elections, all agreed to unification
• Holdouts were Venetia, still belonging to Austria; Papal
States, under French troops supporting pope
• 1866: Prussia defeated Austria, gave Venetia to Italy
• 1870: Prussia forced French to w/dfrom Rome
• 1870: completed unification under King Victor Emmanuel II

35. Garibaldi
Victor
Emmanuel
II
Cavour

37. German Unification
1871

38. Zollverein
• Von Metternich – Opposed united Germany
• Prussia leader
• Zollverein: economic union
– Eliminated tariffs among German states
• Politically fragmented

39. Otto von Bismarck
• Prussian Junker
• 1862 – chancellor to
Kaiser* Wilhelm I
*Kaiser = king

40. Bismarck’s loyalty
• Not a German
nationalist
• Loyal to the
Hohenzollerns –
the Prussian
royal family

41. Old Blood and Iron
• Strong military = important
• Wanted more $ military
• Parliament - “no”
• Famous “Blood and Iron”
speech

42. Bismarck (cont.)
“Germany does not look
to Prussia’s liberalism,
but to her power…The
great questions of the
day are not to be
decided by speeches
and majority resolutions
– that was the mistake of
1848 and 1849 – but by
blood and iron!”

43. Realpolitik
• Strong will
• Powerful manipulator
• Master of “Realpolitik”
– politics of reality
– based on practical matters, not theory or ethics
• Often resulted in ruthless decisions

44. Bismarck’s wars

45. 1864: Schleswig & Holstein
• Allied w/ Austria
• Seized from
Denmark
• Split:
– Austria  Holstein
– PrussiaSchleswig

46. 1866: Austro-Prussian War
• Prussia + Italy attacked Austria
• “Seven Weeks War” – Prussia
won
• Peace of Prague of 1866
– annexed Holstein + other
German states
– Banned A from Germ affairs
– P did NOT seek any A
territory (Realpolitik – why?)

47. 1870: Franco-Prussian War
• Growing rivalry between:
– France (Napoleon III)
– Prussia (Wilhelm I & Bismarck)
• Relative of Wilhelm offered Spanish throne
• France protested
• Bismarck rallied Germans (all Germans)

48. Ems Dispatch
• Bismarck released
altered telegram
• Wilhelm “insulted”
French ambassador
• Napoleon III (France)
declared war on Prussia

49. “On to Berlin!”
• France attacked
Prussia
• Prussia – military
superiority - won
• Napoleon III
surrendered (POW)

51. Germany Unifies
• January 18,1871
• German Confederation
made official
• Bismarck + 600
German princes,
nobles, and
generalsgathered
atVersailles
• Wilhelm I of Prussia =
Kaiser of the Second

53. Treaty of Frankfurt of 1871
• Peace treaty - May 1871
• France
– Paid huge indemnities (occupied by Prussia
until paid)
– Gave up Alsace & Lorraine
• All that was left were bitter feelings and
the desire for revenge…

54. Bismarck’s Kulturkampf:
Anti-Catholic Program
• Take education&marriage out ofclergy;s
hands civil marriages only recognized
• The Jesuits are expelled from Germany.
• The education of Catholic priests = under
supervision of German gov’t

55. Bismarck & Pope Leo XIII

56. Kaiser Wilhelm II
r. 1888-1918

57. “Dropping the
Pilot”
• 1890
• Wilhelm II dismisses
Bismarck
• Wilhelm I – puppet
gov’t (Bismarck in
control)
• Wilhelm II – wanted
to rule on his own

58. Eastern Europe
Late 19th Century

59. Austria

60. Austria
• Tensions btwn Austria & Hungary = great
(Hungarian War of Independence of 1848)
• 1866: Austria
– lost A-P War
– excluded from Germany
– very vulnerable/weak
• Magyars posed a serious threat

61. Nationalities of the Austrian
Empire

62. The Compromise of 1867
• The Dual Monarchy
• Austria + Hungary = Austro-Hungarian
Empire

63. How It worked
• Austrian empire divided in half
• Hungary gained autonomy but joined w/
Austria by
– One king (Franz Josef I)
– Finance Ministry
– Defense Min
– Foreign affairs Min

64. Emperor Franz Josef I
r. 1848-1916

65. Troubles
• Austria
– Poles
– Czechs
– Slavs
• Hungary
– Croatians
– Romanians
• Mixed ethnicities  nationalism  divisive
& slowly weakened A-H Empire

66. 19th C. Russia

67. Nicholas I
r. 1825 - 1855
• Autocracy
• Orthodoxy
• Nationalism

68. Alexander II
r. 1855-1881
• Attempted to liberalize &
modernize Russia
• Emancipation
Manifesto(1861) –
abolished serfdom
– Nobility opposed
– "It is better to abolish
serfdom from above than
to wait for the time when it
will begin to abolish itself
from below.”

69. Other Reforms
• Created Zemstvos– local elected counsels
that provided:
– Roads
– Schools
– Medical service
• Elections = wealthy

70. Other Reforms (cont.)
• Improved municipal government
• Universal military training (1874)
• Encouraged expansion
– Industry
– Railway network
• Still, some were unhappy…

72. Haters
• Liberals/Radicals wanted:
– Parliamentary democracy
– Freedom of expression
• Peasants
– Disappointed w/ Ag. reforms
– Paid more for land than worth
– Not taken care of

73. Secret Societies
• Illegal to criticize Tsar
• Land & Liberty – reform group
– Demanded land be given to peasants
– Some members wanted to use violence
• Assassination attempt

74. Narodnayavolya
• People’s Will
• Faction of Land & Liberty
• Wanted constitution
• Favored violence/terrorism
• Many unsuccessful attempts on Tsar’s life

75. Okhrana
• Result: development of a special section
of the Russian police force to deal w/
internal security
• Under cover agents
• Often joined rev. groups to spy on them

76. Assassination of Alexander II
• 1 March 1881
• St. Petersburg
• 2 explosions
• People’s Will

77. The Deceased Alexander II

78. The People’s Will
• Plotters arrested, tried &executed
• (actual assassin had died in explosion)

79. Alexander III
• Inherited throne from
father
• More later…