This document summarizes trends in European politics from 1815-1848, including the Congress of Vienna which sought to restore traditional monarchies, Metternich's suppression of liberalism and nationalism, and the revolutions of 1830 and 1848 which protested economic hardship and called for greater political and social reforms. Key events discussed include the Spanish rebellion of 1820, Greek independence from the Ottoman Empire, the July Revolution of 1830 in France, and the revolutions of 1848 which began in France and spread to the German and Italian states as nationalist sentiments grew.

1. ITALY AND ITS UNIFICATIONItaly from 1815 to 1846Reforms, Revolt and Reaction 1846-1850

2. TRENDS IN EUROPEAN POLITICS

3. The Congress of Vienna seeks to restore traditional waysConservatismA political philosophy bases on the desire to preserve traditions and long-established institutions.The reaction against the ideas of the Enlightenment and the radical changes of the French Revolution

4. Liberals call for equality and changeLiberalismA political philosophy based on a belief in individual freedom, equality under law and freedom of thought and religion. Liberal IdeasFrench Declaration of Rights of ManLiberals called for written constitutions, parliamentary government, and the protection of “natural rights”American Bill of Rights

5. 19th century liberalsMiddle ClassBankers, merchants, lawyers, journalists, university students and intellectuals.Giving political power to the common people might threaten both liberty and property.Particularly in France, favored a republic in which all citizens, rich and poor, would be able to vote and to hold office.

6. Nationalist feelings emerge in the French RevolutionNationalismdevotion to one's national groupNationalism had wide appeal in 19th century Europe.It developed among people who has strong ties to:

7. The Congress of Vienna Czar Alexander of RussiaKing Frederick William III of PrussiaEmperor Francis I of AustriaHost- Austrian emperor

8. Prince Klemens von MetternichMetternich hated the liberal ideas proclaimed by the French Revolution.Despise nationalism, fearing it would cause a war in Europe.The spirit of nationalism, Metternich feared, could lead to the break-up of the Austrian Empire.The belief that society could be reshaped according to the ideals of liberty and equality had brought 25 years of revolution, terror and war.

9. Prussia and Russia threaten the balance of powerWhat must be done with the territories that had been part of Napoleon’s empire?It caused series disagreements among the delegates at the Congress of Vienna. One dispute threatened to involve Europe in another war.Both Prussia and Russia hoped to gain new lands and agreed to work together to accomplish their goals.Prussia wanted to take over the German kingdom of Saxony.Czar Alexander by combining the Polish kingdom by combining the Polish lands that Russia held with those taken by Austria and Prussia in the partitions. The new Polish kingdom will be placed under Russian Control

10. Britain and Austria, saw the westward of Russia as a threat to the balance of power in Europe. Metternich declared that he had no fought Napoleon only to give way to the czar.France gains a voice in the Congress Prince Talleyrand of FranceJoined with Metternich and the British delegate, Viscount Castlereagh in an alliance to oppose Prussia and Russia.Russia and Prussia backed down and reduced their demands

11. The Congress of Vienna changes European borders.The Netherlands became a kingdom that included BelgiumSwitzerland regained its independence.Austria received the northern Italian states of Lombardy and Venetia as well as other territory on the Adriatic Sea.Prussia received the Rhineland and part of the Saxony.

12. Russia was granted Finland and a large part of the Polish territories, though less than czar had wanted.Sweden received Norway.Britain obtained the Dutch Cape Colony in South Africa and naval bases in the North Sea, the Mediterranean and Indian Ocean.

13. European monarchies are restoredThe Concert of Europe maintains Europe stability.1815 Russia, Austria, Prussia and Great Britain agreed to act together in the future to preserve peace in Europe and to maintain the territorial settlement of the Congress of Vienna.Quadruple Alliance then it is called Concert of Europe

14. Metternich tries to suppress liberalism and nationalismMetternich turned the Concert of Europe into an agreement to protect absolute monarchy by checking liberal ideas and nationalist movements.Metternich’s systemConservative rules set up spy systems, censored books and newspapers and imprisoned liberals.

15. 1819,student political clubs in German Universities called forCarlsbad DecreesGerman unity Liberal reformsBritish left the Quadruple Alliance but still look part in European conferences.

16. Revolution from 1820-1830

17. Movements for liberal reform persistKing Ferdinand VII restored to the throne in 1815, ruled harshly and persecuted liberal reformers1820, Spanish army officers revolted and forced the king to restore the constitution of 1812.Members of the Quadruple Alliance sent a French army in 1823 to crush the rebellion. The leaders of the revolt were brutally punished and Ferdinand’s repressive continued.

18. Italian reformers seek independence and unityItaly 1820Hapsburg Austria, the dominant power in Italy, ruled Lombardy and Venetia in the North; and other members of the Hapsburg family ruled Tuscany and Parma.In the south, Bourbon king rules the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies which included Sicily and the state of Naples.The Papal states in central Italy were governed by the Pope.Only the Kingdom of Sardinia the island of Sardinia and the state of Piedmont were ruled by an Italian family, the House of Savoy.The pope joined other conservative European rulers and denounced the uprisings.

19. A revolt in Russia failsDecembrist uprisings 1825Nicholas I, new czarTo prevent the spread of liberal ideas, Nicholas imposed rigid censorship and established a secret police force to spy on potential troublemakersGreece gains independenceFirst successful national revolutionGreek patriots revolted against rule by 18211827 Britain, France and Russia aided and helped the Greeks and independence declared in 1829

20. The people of Paris again rebelLouis XVIII had become king in 1814, he recognized that the French people would not accept a return to absolute monarchy.Constitutional charterCharles XHe tried to bring back special privileges for the nobility and the clergy.In July 1830 he ordered censorship of newspaper and put restrictions on voting that took this right from many wealthy bourgeoisie.

21. Paris revoltthey hamper the movement of government troops, they built barricades, using paving stones, furniture, tree trunks and wagons.Guns in hand they sand the “Marseillaise” the anthem of the French Revolution.The king fled to BritainRevolts break out in Italy and BelgiumLouise Philippe “citizen king”They named him the new king.

22. Revolts break out in Italy and BelgiumIn 1830 revolution in France touched off revolts in Italy and BelgiumThe Concert of Europe, at the urging of France and Britain, arranged a peace settlement that established a constitutional monarchy in Belgium. The Belgians elected a German prince, Leopold I, as their king.Polish rebels are crushedThe rebels were not united, however, and they lacked the support of the peasants, who wanted land. Russian armies defeated the rebels, and Czar Nicholas I imposed even stricter rule on Poland. Polish nationalist rebellions continued through out the later 1800’s but none succeeded.

23. 1848 is a year of Revolutions

24. Economic problems trouble EuropeBetween 1846 and 1848 Europe suffered an economic crisis. disease ruined the potato crops

25. Drought reduced the grain harvestHigh pricesFood riotsWidespread sufferings

26. Lead to severe unemploymentBlaming their governments for their misery, the common people sought reforms

27. Discontent increases in FranceAs in 1830, rebellion in France was the spark that set off other revolutions.Louis Philippe’s rule had never satisfied a large section of the people in France.Suffered from unemployment and low wagesAttracted to the new reform called socialism

28. Socialist thinkerBelieved that the government, not private individual should own factories, banks and other business and run them for the whole society.

29. A worker’s revolt follows a moderate revolutionFebruary 1848The Parisians rioted and once again set up barricades for street fighting. Louis abdicated, and the Second Republic was established.Aims: favored in political liberty but not social reform. They were willing only to give all men the right to vote.Louis Blanc urged the new government to make changes that would benefit the workers.

30. As a result of Blanc’s demandsThe cost of the workshop program upset many taxpayers, both peasants and bourgeoisieNational workshop

31. June 1848The government closed the workshop and the Parisian workers rose in revolt over the loss job. Men and women and children again set up barricades in the streets of Paris.The assembly changed the constitution to ensure strong government control though it also gave voting rights to all adult males. French voters elected

32. Louis Napoleon’s conservative rule made him very popular. In 1852 the voters overwhelmingly approved his becoming Napoleon III. The second empire replaced the republic created in 1848

33. Nationalism leads to revolt in Austrian landsWith new pride in their national histories and traditions, Czechs and Hungarians in particular protested against German Domination of the Austrian Empire.Writers began to write in their own language instead of Latin, German and French they had been taught to use in school.

34. Rebellions break out in Austria, Bohemia, and HungaryLess than a month after the February 1848 revolution in France, German students and workers in the Austrian capital of Vienna revolted.They demanded a constitution and an end to feudal practices.Emperor dismissed Metternich who had become a symbol of repression.They also abolished serfdom and promised a constitution.

35. Czech nationalist in Bohemia revolted against German Dominance. demandedCzech language be used on an equal basis with German in the schools and government.March 1848 Louis Kossuth a Hungarian patriot led the Hungarians in demanding a greater degree of self-government.The constitution ended feudal privileges, guaranteed freedom of religion and of the press, and gave all adult male property owners the right to vote.

36. The Austrian government suppresses the rebellions.Hapsburg Austria cleverly took advantage of both its military strength and the differences among the various nationality groups.June 1848The imperial troops bombarded Prague, the Capital of Bohemia. With the help of the Bohemian Germans, the Czechs were suppresed.October 1848 Austrian soldiers, mostly peasants, attacked students and workers in Vienna. Thousands were killed as the imperial army retook the city.

37. September 1848When the Austrians led a Croatian army against the Hungarians, Kosuth’s troops pushed them back.April 1849The Hungarians proclaimed Hungary an independent republic.June 1848The new Austrian emperor, Francis Joseph called for help from Czar Nicholas I of Russia. A Russian army of 130,000 attacked Hungary from the east and by August the rebels had been defeated

38. Revolts break out in ItalyMazzini and Young ItalySecret SocietiesItalian artists, writers, thinkers became interested in celebrating Italy’s cultural traditions

39. Others formed secret societies to work for political change, plotted to overthrow Austrian government in ItalyYoung Italy1831, popular writer, Giuseppe Mazzini, launched nationalist group called Young Italy to fight for unification of Italian states