End of Ch. 25, Ch. 26, and Ch. 27

1. THE MIDDLE EAST, ASIA,
AND THE AMERICAS
THE END OF CHAPTER 25, CHAPTER 26, AND CHAPTER 27

3. OTTOMAN EMPIRE
 Structure of the Empire
 Sultan – Monarch, ruler, could at times be very strong (absolute), but at other times share power
 Regional governors
 Laws were different in each region, based on traditions and history
 Some regions were almost completely controlled the military, technically under Ottoman jurisdiction
 Monarchy controlled the Islamic authority, saw the point of conquest/empire to spread Islam
 Napoleon invaded Egypt in 1798
 Initially defeated Mamluk military units that were in charge in the province (Mamluks were a part of the
Janissaries)
 Napoleon is separated from his troops, and returns to France (some say he left intentionally)
 French military was left in charge of governing Egypt
 British navy blocks retreat, cuts off communication with France

4.  The Sultan sends more troops to challenge the French/reestablish order
 Led Muhammad Ali
 Troops were still slave-soldiers, mostly from Albania
 The French surrender and are allowed to withdraw in 1801 (before fighting occurs)
 Muhammad Ali uses his forces to take control of the region
 By 1805 he had solidified his power, taking over as governor
 By 1811 he removes any remaining Mamluks from the region, taking their lands and power
 Sought to establish a strong, European-style military in Egypt
 Brings on some of the French soldiers he had defeated to train his troops
Muhammad Ali

5.  Meanwhile, in the heartland of the Ottoman Empire, the Janissaries had
become powerful enough to ignore commands from the Sultan
 In 1807 Janissaries had killed Sultan Selim III, revolting against using
“Christian” weapons
 In 1826 Sultan Mahmud II was able to defeat the bulk of the powerful
Janissaries using loyal troops he had trained in the European style with
modern weapons
 Muhammad Ali used this period of conflict to take control of Syria
 Only stopped from taking the rest of the empire by European forces (Russia
and Austria – to protect a monarchy, and Britain – to protect their business
interests)
 After he died in 1849 his grandson, Ismail, takes over Egypt
 Ismail began to industrialize Egypt and to allow for a multitude of ideas to
develop on what a modern Muslim state would look like (see page 784 for
major writers of this time)
 By 1876 Egypt was bankrupt from state funded industrialization, Britain
and France take over Egypt’s finances, and when Egyptians revolt British
troops occupy Egypt and the British rule the country (and continue to do
so until 1956).
Muhammad Ali and Egypt

6. The Decline of the Ottoman Empire
 After Russia, Britain, and Austria pushed back the expansion
of Muhammad Ali, the Ottomans realized they needed
reforms and put in place the Tanzimat
 This attempted to modernize the empire and to Westernize it
 It, and the government, were supported by the European
powers
 The Greeks had gained independence in 1830, and nationalist
movements in the Balkans became more of a threat
 Russia (supporting Balkan groups) invaded in 1877 and by 1878
Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania, and Montenegro gained
independence, while Austria and Russia took territory
 The French took control over northwest Africa
 In 1908 a group of Turkish nationalists took over the empire
 Kept a Sultan as a figurehead, but ran the government
 Put in place secular reforms (not based on Islam)
 Paved the way for the Armenian Genocide and for the
persecution of the Kurds in SE Turkey

7. BRITISH CONTROLLED INDIA
 The last major revolt against British rule occurred in 1857
 Called the Great Mutiny/Great Revolt
 Indigenous soldiers in the British military revolted against high taxes, the army not
honoring the caste system, and the use of beef and pork fat to grease weapons
cartridges
 Put down with British and loyal local troops
 In 1858 British Parliament took control of governance
 Fewer than 3500 white British officials ran the civil service (made up of locals) over a
population of 300 million
 Opium, tea, and coffee (as well as cotton) become major exports
 Railroads and telegraph connected major cities by 1855
 Raw cotton went to Britain, then finished goods were brought back and sold
 Industrialization began in earnest around 1900
 Upper caste Hindus and upper class Muslims began to attend Western style
universities, these educated individuals eventually became the base for
Indian/Pakistani national movements

8. SOUTHEAST ASIA
 French influence was heavy in Vietnam due
to Catholic missionaries and business ties
 In 1825, King Minh Mang outlawed
Christianity and began executing Christians
 In 1859 French naval forced took the
southern part of the kingdom, then in 1884
they took the rest
 By 1887 French forces added Laos and
Cambodia, calling the territory French
Indochina
 What important product comes from here?
 In the 1870s and 1880s the British move into
Malaysia (Malaya) – Singapore since 1819
 US takes the Philippines after 1898
 Thailand remains the only independent state
 The Dutch had controlled the Indies since the
1600s

9. CHINA
 The Qing Dynasty had been relatively insulated from foreign interference
 They traded mostly in tea, and mostly with the British
 Limited all trade with foreign powers to the city of Canton/Guangzhou
 Increasingly after 1800 the British (illegally) brought opium into China, by the 1830s there was a huge opium epidemic
 When the Qing Emperor tried to shut it down, the British reacted by sending 42 ships, blockading major ports and
forcing the Chinese rulers to negotiate (First Opium War 1839-42) (Hong Kong is given to Great Britain)
 British (and French) troops return in the Second Opium War from 1856-1860, eventually occupying Beijing, forcing China
to open more ports to foreign trade
 Taiping Rebellion - from 1851-1864 a Christian religious sect successfully took over a large part of east-central China
 Sino-Japanese War in 1894-95 resulted in the loss of influence in Korea, and control in Manchuria (why does this
especially hurt?)
 After the Open Door Policy, the Boxer Rebellion in 1900 results in foreign forces putting down the rebellion, then
subjecting the government to heavy foreign control
 In 1911 Western educated revolutionaries overthrow the monarchy and create a Chinese Republic

11. JAPAN
 The ”Opening” of Japan
 Japanese trade with foreign powers under the Tokugawa Shogunate had been limited to the Dutch, and only in Nagasaki
 In 1853, the US decided to try to force Japan to negotiate new trade arrangements (Commodore Matthew Perry, gunboat
diplomacy) – this results in opening two more port cities
 Revolts in Yokohama against foreigners result in American, British, Dutch, and French intervention in 1858
 In 1867 reform-minded samurai overthrew the Tokugawa Shogunate, and restored power to the emperor
 This is called the Meiji Restoration (Meiji was the royal family’s name)
 Reformed the kingdom on a Western model, but retained Japanese culture
 Industrialization, military reforms, they even adopted a constitution in 1889
 Korea resisted gunboat diplomacy by the US in 1871, but by 1894 it was internally unstable
 Japan and China fight for dominance in the Sino-Japanese War, the more advanced Japanese defeat China, take Korea, and move
into Manchuria (also gain Formosa(Taiwan))
 Influence in Manchuria led to the Russo-Japanese War in 1904-1905, Japanese win

12. Japanese imperial expansion continues into the 1900s, putting them into commercial conflict with Western powers.
More information about Australia and New Zealand and the migration of people out of Asia is at the end of Ch. 26.

13. THE AMERICAS: MEXICO
• Independence from Spain between 1810-1821
• For the next few decades the central government was weak
• After Texas seceded in 1836 and gained independence, the US saw the opportunity to “manifest destiny”
• Pres. Polk moved into the Southwest, starting the Mexican-American War (1846-1848)
• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ceded CA, NV, UT, and parts of WY, CO, AZ, and NM to the US – making a large number of Mexican citizens
US citizens overnight
• The sale of a small area of AZ and NM to the US in 1853 sparked liberal reforms
• From 1857-1861 liberal and conservative troops fought each other, when liberal troops were winning, conservatives invited
Napoleon III to invade – the defeat of these French troops at a town called Puebla is Cinco de Mayo
• After the US Civil War, the US government sent tons of arms to the liberals in Mexico, who eventually overthrew the French
backed Maximillian, Napoleon III’s cousin, the “emperor” of Mexico in 1867
• Benito Juarez, the liberal leader, leads Mexico in a period of reconciliation until 1876, his liberal successor, Porfirio Diaz, would
lead a relatively stable country until 1911
• It was, however, very inequitable towards the lower classes, peasants, and many indigenous groups
• In 1911 multiple rebel groups across the country unite in their disdain for Diaz, who was all but a dictator by this point
• These included Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata, but also less revolutionary groups such as the Constitutionalist (who eventually ruled)

14. THE AMERICAS: THE UNITED STATES
• Constitution was ratified 1789
• Louisiana Purchase, 1803
• War of 1812
• US trade with Europe
• Britain, but also France (under Napoleon)
• British blockade
• British impressment of American merchant marines
• Skirmishes along Canadian border
• Ends with no territory change, after Napoleon is defeated in Europe
• At the time, it was often called the Second War for Independence
• Texas Independence, 1836
• Texas annexed by the US, 1845
• Britain releases claims on Pacific Northwest, de facto US territory, 1846
• Mexican-American War, 1846-1848
• Mexico loses northwestern territories

15. SOUTH AMERICA
• SIMON BOLIVAR
• FROM VENEZUELA
• SPREAD TO PRESENT DAY COLOMBIA, THEN ECUADOR
• LASTLY TO PERU AND BOLIVIA (NAMED AFTER HIM)
• ATTEMPTED TO UNIFY SOUTH AMERICAN STATES
• GRAN COLOMBIA – 1824-1830
• PERU AND BOLIVIA – NEVER REALIZED
• SOUTHERN SOUTH AMERICA
• ARGENTINA, BOLIVIA, PARAGUAY, URUGUAY
• 1816, LEADERSHIP FROM BUENOS AIRES DECLARES INDEPENDENCE
FROM SPAIN
• PARAGUAY – SEPARATISTS HAD ALREADY DECLARED INDEPENDENCE IN
1811
• URUGUAY AND BOLIVIA – STRONG LOYALIST MOVEMENTS
• CHILE
• ARGENTINIAN LEADERSHIP SENDS EXPEDITIONS INTO CHILE,
INDEPENDENCE DECLARED 1817
• PERU AND BOLIVIA
• ARGENTINIAN FORCES STALL, COMMAND GIVEN TO BOLIVAR

16. REGIONALISM
• WHAT IS REGIONALISM?
• HOW DOES IT MANIFEST IN SOUTH AMERICA?
• HOW DOES IT MANIFEST IN THE UNITED STATES?

17. CANADA (1867-1882)
• WAR OF 1812
• THE US CIVIL WAR (1861-1865)
• CANADA CONSOLIDATES INTO ONE TERRITORY,
WITH A CAPITAL IN OTTAWA

18. SYSTEMS OF OPPRESSION (PT 1)
• INDIGENOUS NATIONS IN CONFLICT WITH THE US
• AS SETTLERS OF EUROPEAN DESCENT MOVED WESTWARD, TREATIES ARE BROKEN AND NOT HONORED (1790-1810)
• IN THE OHIO RIVER VALLEY, INDIGENOUS TRIBES SUPPORT GB IN THE WAR OF 1812, AND ARE DEFEATED
• IN THE 1820S TRIBES ARE FORCIBLY REMOVED FROM OH, PARTS OF IN, IL, MI, AL, AND MS
• AFTER ANDREW JACKSON IS ELECTED PRESIDENT, INDIAN REMOVAL ACT IS PASSED (1830)
• FORCES MOST REMAINING TRIBES IN THE EASTERN US TO RELOCATE WEST OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER, NEARLY HALF DIE
• THIS IS CALLED THE TRAIL OF TEARS (PASSES THROUGH HERE)
• TRIBES WEST OF THE MISSISSIPPI WERE FORCED TO LIVE ON RESERVATIONS BY US MILITARY FORCES BEFORE AND AFTER THE
CIVIL WAR, AND SUFFERED CONTINUAL MILITARY INTERVENTION UNTIL THE 1880S
• INDIGENOUS IN CONFLICT WITH MEXICO
• MOST GROUPS HAD BEEN HEAVILY SUPPRESSED UNDER SPANISH CONTROL SINCE EARLY COLONIZATION
• WEAK CENTRAL GOVERNMENT ALLOWED MAYANS TO REBEL IN EASTERN MEXICO IN 1847, RESISTING MEXICAN FORCES UNTIL
1870
• CHILE AND ARGENTINA
• INDIGENOUS TRIBES ARE ABLE TO RESIST TOTAL DOMINATION UNTIL THE 1870S, WHEN MODERN MILITARY TECHNIQUES AND
TECHNOLOGY ALLOW GOVERNMENT FORCES TO KILL LARGE NUMBERS OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AND MARGINALIZE THE REST

19. SYSTEMS OF OPPRESSION (PT 2)
• SLAVERY
• IN THE US
• AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE ENDS IN 1808
• LAST AFRICAN SLAVE SHIP ARRIVES IN ALABAMA IN 1859
• EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION, 1863
• FULL ABOLITION, 13th AMMENDMENT, 1865
• IOWA, NEW JERSEY (1866); TEXAS (1870); DELAWARE (1901); KENTUCKY (1976); MISSISSIPPI
(2013)
• IN SOUTH AMERICA
• MOST NEW STATES ABOLISHED BOTH THE SLAVE TRADE AND SLAVERY AFTER INDEPENDENCE
• BRAZIL ENDS SLAVE TRADE IN 1830, BUT DOESN’T ABOLISH SLAVERY UNTIL 1888
• WHAT WAS ONE CONSISTENT WAY TO GAIN FREEDOM THROUGHOUT THIS PERIOD?
• IN THE CARRIBEAN
• 1833 – BRITISH HOLDINGS (1838 – “APPRENTICESHIP”)
• 1840S – FRENCH HOLDINGS
• FINALLY COMPLETELY OUTLAWED IN SPANISH HOLDINGS IN 1886

20. IMMIGRATION
• INCREASED DRAMMATICALLY FROM THE MID 1850S ONWARD
• CANADA AND THE US SEE WESTERN EUROPEAN IMMIGRATION INTO THE 1870S; FOLLOWED BY
SOUTHERN EUROPEANS AFTER 1870. MOSTLY TO LARGE CITIES
• WHY?
• WESTERN US, CANADA, PERU, MEXICO (AND EVEN CUBA) SEE AN INFLUX FROM WHERE?
• THE CARRIBEAN SEES AN INFLUX FROM INDIA
• WHAT COUNTRY HAD THE LARGEST PERCENTAGE OF FOREIGN-BORN IN THEIR POPULATION BY
1910?
• WHERE FROM (PRIMARILY)?