This document discusses ideal properties and objectives of root canal irrigants. An ideal irrigant should flush out debris, lubricate and dissolve tissue, prevent smear layers, and be antimicrobial. It should also be non-toxic and inexpensive. Common irrigants discussed include sodium hypochlorite, EDTA, chlorhexidine, and experimental mixtures. Proper irrigation requires the right needle placement, pressure, viscosity, and renewal of irrigants. Heating sodium hypochlorite can improve its efficacy.

3.  Mechanical
 Chemical
 Biological
The mechanical and chemical objectives are as follows:
• Flush out debris.
• Lubricate the canal.
• Dissolve organic and inorganic tissue.
• Prevent the formation of a smear layer during
instrumentation or dissolve it once it has formed.

4.  Biological
• Irrigants should have a high efficacy against
anaerobic and facultative microorganisms in their
planktonic state and in biofilms.
• Inactivate endotoxin.
• Be nontoxic when they come in contact with vital
tissues.
• Not cause an anaphylactic reaction.

6. Properties of an Ideal Irrigant
• Be able to digest proteins and dissolve necrotic
tissue.
• Have a low surface tension to reach the apical
delta and all the areas that cannot be reached
by the instruments.
• Have germicidal and antibacterial properties.
• Be non-toxic and non-irritating to the
periapical tissues.
• Keep the dentinal debris in suspension.

7. Properties of an Ideal Irrigant
• Lubricate the canal instruments.
• Prevent discoloration of the tooth.
• Bleach the tooth.
• Be relatively harmless to the patient and
dentist.
• Be readily available and inexpensive.

8. • Solvent action

19. • Germicidal and antibacterial effect .
• Toxicity .
• Preventing blockage .
• The lubricating effect
• The bleaching effect
• The harmlessness
• The cost

23.  EDTA
• Either viscous or aquous
• The action pre ,during and post instrumentation:
lubrication , emulsification and flotation.
• What not to do with chelating agents and the
mishandling.
 The weak acids: citric , phophoric and tannic acids.

25.  Chlorhexidine & Alexidine
• Wide spectrum antibacterial
• Cationic effect
• Bacteriostatic & bacteriocidal
• Substantivity
• 0.12%-2.0% CHX & 1% for ALX
• Eliminates E.faecalis
• Less toxic and less irritant
• No digestive property
• CHX reduce inflammatory root resorption
• CHX interacts with NaOCl creating toxic parachloroaniline
precipitate( PCA ),while ALX does not .

27.  Iodine Pottasium iodide .
• 2-5% conc
• 2% iodine in 4% potassium iodide .
• Antibacterial effect even E. Faecalis (with CHX or
Ca(OH).
• Low cytotoxicity .
• Stains dentin .
• Allergic reaction in some patients

28.  Hydrogen peroxide .
• Active against bacteria ,yeast and viruses.
• 3-5%
• Produce hydroxy free radicals & nascent oxygen destroying
proteins and DNA .
• Tissue dissolving effect but less than NaOCl .
• When combined with NaOCl produce bubbling effect and
pushing debris upword with greater antimicrobial effect on
anaerobes.

32.  Qmix
• CHX+EDTA+Triclosan(surfactant)
• Final rinse after NaOCl and saline To prevent PCA
formation(NaOCl>Saline>Qmix).
• Antimicrobial+smear layer removal.
• Free of antibiotic
• Premixed solution.

33.  MTAD (150mg/5ml of 3%doxycycline,citric acid &
polysorbate= Tween80) .
• Low surface tension.
• Presence of broad spectrum antibiotic that inhibits protein
synthesis
• Bacteriostatic and bacteriocidal + possibility of resistance.
• Smear layer elimination+organic and inorganic debris.
• Discoloration
• Allergic reaction possibility.
• Recommended as final irrigant.
• Doesn’t erode dentin as EDTA
• Powder+liquid
 Tetraclean (50mg/5ml of 3%doxycycline,citric acid and
polypropylene glycol) .

35. Efficiency of root canal irrigation in terms of debris
removal and eradication of bacteria depends on
several factors:
1. Penetration depth of the needle.
2. Diameter of the root canal.
3. Inner and outer diameter of the needle.
4. Irrigation pressure.
5. Viscosity of the irrigant.
6. Velocity of the irrigant at the needle tip.
7. Type and orientation of the needle bevel.

38. – The temperature.
.– The time
– Renew the irrigants .
– Movement of irrigant in the canal.

39. Heating NaOCl

49. • Laser activated disinfection.
• Photoactivated disinfection.
• Superoxidized water.
• Antibacterial nanoparticles.
• Ozonated water.

53. Summary of procedure
1. Initial manual preparation (vital pulp)
2. Chelating gel
3. Rotary instruments (Gates-Glidden or NiTi)
4. 5% NaClO 50°C
5. 10% EDTA
6. (Alternate and renew every 1-2 instruments)
7. Final rinse with ultrasonics
8. 1 minute 10% EDTA
9. 3 minutes 5% NaClO 50°C