The document discusses antiseptics, astringents, and sialogogues, outlining their properties, mechanisms of action, and classifications. Antiseptics are substances that destroy or inhibit microorganisms, while astringents promote protein precipitation and have various medical uses, and sialogogues enhance salivary secretion for conditions like xerostomia. Additionally, antisialogogues are mentioned as substances that reduce salivary secretion, useful in certain medical scenarios.

1. Antiseptics, Astringents And
Sialogogues
BIBI UMEZA
Department of Pharmacology

2. ANTISEPTICS
Antiseptics are substances which destroy or
prevent the growth of microorganisms, applying
to living tissue.

3. Properties Desirable in Antiseptics
• Chemically stable.
• Cheap.
• Nonstaining with agreeable colour and odour.
• Cidal and not merely static, destroying spores
as well
• Active against all pathogens—bacteria, fungi,
viruses, protozoa.
• Require brief time of exposure.

4. • Able to spread through organic films and
enter folds and crevices.
• Active even in the presence of blood, pus,
exudates and excreta

5. In addition it should be:
• Rapid in action and exert sustained
protection.
• Nonirritating to tissues, should not delay
healing.
• Nonabsorbable, produce minimum toxicity if
absorbed.
• Nonsensitizing (no allergy).
• Compatible with soaps and other detergents

6. Spectrum of activity
• Reflecting nonselective of action.
• some are selective, e.g. hexachlorophene,
quaternary ammonium antiseptics, acriflavin, etc
are more active on gram-positive than gram-
negative bacteria;
• silver nitrate is highly active against gonococci
• benzoyl peroxide against P. acnes.

7. Mechanisms of action
Germicides are varied, but can be grouped into:
1. Oxidation of bacterial protoplasm.
2. Denaturation of bacterial proteins including
enzymes.
3. Detergent like action increasing permeability
of bacterial membrane.

8. CLASSIFICATION
1. Phenol derivatives: Phenol, Cresol, Hexylresorcinol,
Chloroxylenol, Hexachlorophene.
2. Oxidizing agents: Pot. permangnate, Hydrogen
peroxide, Benzoyl peroxide.
3. Halogens: Iodine, Iodophores, Chlorine, Chlorophores.
4. Biguanide: Chlorhexidine.
5. Quaternary ammonium (Cationic): Cetrimide,
Benzalkonium chloride, Dequalinium chloride.
6. Soaps: of Sod. and Pot.
7. Alcohols: Ethanol, Isopropanol.

9. • Aldehydes: Formaldehyde, Glutaraldehyde.
• Acids: Boric acid, Acetic acid.
• Metallic salts: Silver nitrate, Silver sulfadiazine,
Mild silver protein, Zinc sulfate, Calamine, Zinc
oxide.
• Dyes:Gentian violet, Acriflavine, Proflavine.
• Furan derivative: Nitrofurazone.

27. ASTRINGENT
“Brings about protein
precipitation.”
E.g.: Alum

28. USES
 For Styptic action
 Anti inflammatory
 Anti perspirant
 Anti microbial
 To remove unwanted skin

29. • They form a protective coating and harden the
surface.
• Astringents check minor hemorrhages—arrest
capillary oozing as they promote clotting and
precipitate proteins on the bleeding surface.
• Astringents are therefore used as obtundents,
styptics and mummifying agents.

30. Types of Astringents
• Vegetable astringents—tannic acid, gall
• Metallic astringents—salts of zinc, copper,
iron, aluminum and silver; also alum
• Miscellaneous—alcohol, dilute acids.

31. Uses:
Uses: Astringents are used as mouthwashes,
paints, lotions and dentifrices in aphthous
ulcers, stomatitis, gingivitis and as local
hemostatics

32. SIALOGOGUES

33. SIALOGOGUES
• Sialogogues are agents which enhance
salivary secretions.
• Pilocarpine is generally used as a sialogogue.
• Cevimeline a newly introduced drug enhances
salivary secretion by directly stimulating the
muscarinic receptors

34. USES
• Sialogogues are used to treat acute symptoms
of sialoadenitis that may be seen in
sialolithiasis. Surgical excision is required in
most cases
• Xerostomia—often follows radiotherapy of the
head and neck. It may be troublesome
because it causes difficulty in speaking and
swallowing. It may be treated with pilocarpine
• Sjögren’s syndrome—cevimeline is used.

35. Antisialogogues
• An antisialogogue is a substance that reduces
salivary secretion.
• Propantheline bromide an atropine substitute
is commonly used.

36. Uses
• Sialocele: An antisialogogue is used to
suppress glandular function during healing or
to encourage spontaneous resolution of the
sialocele.
• Postsurgical: An antisialogogue is used for a
short period following surgeries of the
salivary glands and salivary ducts. Temporary
reduction in the flow of saliva is thought to be
helpful in faster wound healing

37. • In post-traumatic parotid fistulas and
sialoceles
• Trauma to the salivary gland and salivary
ducts

38. Thank you