This document describes the design of an inductively degenerated low noise amplifier (LNA) operating at 2.4GHz using 180nm CMOS technology. The LNA achieves a gain of 25dB, noise figure less than 0.6dB, and input and output return losses less than -20dB. Inductive source degeneration is used to improve stability while maintaining noise performance. Simulation results show the LNA has a noise figure of 0.5dB and power gain of 25.2dB while consuming 2.88mW from a 1.8V supply. The LNA is designed for applications in narrowband systems.
The session begins with an overview on the basic impairments in a fiber based optical network. It will then cover what technologies are available to alleviate these linear and non-linear impairments. The fundamental components of DWDM (ie filters, optical amplifiers, lasers, & receivers) will also be covered. The basic design principles that go into designing DWDM networks will be discussed. Converged platforms based on OTN infrastructures have been introduced into the transport network recently and this will be covered. Lastly, innovations in DWDM transport such as 200G transmission, Flex Spectrum ROADM and control plane integration will be summarized.
Performance Tradeoffs of 120 Gb/s DP-QPSK in ROADM SystemsADVA
Check out Mark Filer and Sorin Tibuleac's IEEE IPC 2013 slides on performance tradeoffs of 120 Gb/s DP-QPSK in ROADM systems employing broadcast-and-select versus route-and-select architectures
Design and Implementation of a Low Noise Amplifier for Ultra Wideband Applica...IOSRJVSP
This paper represents the design and implementation of Low Noise Amplifier for Ultra wideband application using 0.18μm CMOS Technology. The proposed two stage LNA is for a 3-5 GHz. At supply voltage of 1.8V, for the exceed limit of 50μm of width of each transistor, the power consumption is 7.22mW. Noise figure is 4.33dB, Maximum power gain i.e. S21 is 20.4dB, S12 < -20dB, S11 < -8dB, S22 < -10dB. For the required bandwidth range, LNA is unconditionally stable and have good linearity
SCR-Based ESD Protection Designs for RF ICsjournal ijrtem
Abstract: CMOS technology has been used to implement the radio-frequency integrated circuits (RF ICs). However, it was known that advanced CMOS technologies seriously degrade the electrostatic discharge (ESD) robustness of ICs. Therefore, on-chip ESD protection devices must be added into the chip, including RF ICs. To minimize the impacts from ESD protection devices on RF performances, the ESD protection at RF pads must be carefully designed. A review on ESD protection designs with silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR) devices in RF ICs is presented in this article. Keywords: CMOS, ESD, RF, SCR.
A 420uW 100GHz-GBW CMOS Programmable-Gain Amplifier Leveraging the Cross-Coup...aiclab
Cross-coupled pairs are certainly among the most widely adopted fundamental circuits still in use today. This elegant device arrangement yields broadband positive feedback with high gain and low power, desirable features both in analog and digital applications [1]. Its small signal properties are consistently leveraged in oscillators, impedance negators and to boost gain of transconductors, while the bistable behavior is exploited in static latches and memory cells. Traditionally, the regeneration capability is leveraged in the design of sense amplifiers and high-speed comparators. In this work, we investigated the performance of the cross-coupled pair for discrete-time linear amplification and we show that its regeneration feature proves to be attractive for implementing Programmable-Gain Amplifiers (PGAs).
Serial link interfaces, with emphasis on the challenges of future linksaiclab
The development of next-generation electrical link technology to support 400Gb/s standards is underway. Due to area and heat dissipation constraints, aggregation of currently available 25Gb/s systems is not an option, and migration path requires serial interfaces to operate at increased rates (i.e. 56Gb/s and more).
In this workshop, we focus on two key elements which are among the hottest research topics in the wireline community. First, the use FIR filters for optical and backplane channel equalization, key to enhance the performances of transceivers at increasing speed. Compared with copper channels, equalization in optical fibers is more challenging because the channel response varies enormously from fiber to fiber and also over time due to mechanical stress, vibrations or movement. The impact of filter noise and distortion, crucial aspects for an analog implementation, are discussed in detail. Second, the gradual shift from NRZ to PAM-4 modulation to lower the system Nyquist frequency. Since the amplitude of each eye is reduced by a factor of 3, while noise power is only halved, a high transmitter output amplitude is key to preserve high SNR. However, compared to NRZ, the design of PAM-4 TX is challenged by tight linearity constraints, required to minimize the amplitude distortion among the 4 levels and still needs equalization. For both of them we will highlight system-level and implementation-level challenges, state-of-the-art and possible solutions.
Next Generation Fiber Structured Cabling and Migration to 40/100gPanduit
The new high speed Ethernet standards, 40GBASE-SR4 and 100GBASE-SR10, will require a change in the fiber cable plant. Here we examine the media and connectivity solutions needed to ease the migration for 10 Gigabit Ethernet to 40 and 100 Gigabit Ethernet.
A SiGe BiCMOS E-Band Power Amplifier with 22% PAE at 18dBm OP1dB and 8.5% at ...aiclab
Huawei and the University of Pavia present a SiGe power amplifier at 80GHz. A common-base output stage causes the DC current to track the signal current and improve efficiency at back-off power. Realized prototype shows OP1dB of 18dBm with Psat of 19dBm. The efficiency at OP1dB and at 6dB are 22% and 8.5%,
respectively.
Wideband CMOS Power Amplifiers Design at mm-Wave: Challenges and Case Studiesaiclab
Constant striving towards higher data rates in modern communication systems and the foreseen revolution related to the forthcoming 5G mobile communications are laying the ground for an explosion of the millimetre-wave radio market. The reason? Frequency bands are wider, less overcrowded, and cheaper. Modulation schemes can be relaxed, while very directive antennas can be exploited to realize radio hops of several hundred meters.
On the other hand, the design of all the involved high frequency components is more demanding. The power amplifier, specifically, is a fundamental block of the transmitter for its impact on the overall performance of the entire system and hence poses severe challenges to the designer.
This workshop addresses the peculiar issues involved in the design of power amplifiers in this high-frequency scenario and compares them to the ones confronted with in the traditional microwave bands.
Experts coming from leading groups actively involved in mm-wave PA design will describe and comment upon solutions of choice and real-world examples, both in compound semiconductors (GaAs and GaN) and in Si-CMOS.
WLPC_EU Budapest 2016 | Jaime Fink | Why Wi-Fi Based Solutions are the Future...Keith Parsons
Copper and fiber do not make economic sense for connectivity outside of a few select geographies. Major industry players are shifting focus and turning their attention to the potential of wireless to deliver ubiquitous, high speed access. Despite excitement around 5G, Wi-Fi technology is much better positioned to be the last mile access technology of choice.
The session begins with an overview on the basic impairments in a fiber based optical network. It will then cover what technologies are available to alleviate these linear and non-linear impairments. The fundamental components of DWDM (ie filters, optical amplifiers, lasers, & receivers) will also be covered. The basic design principles that go into designing DWDM networks will be discussed. Converged platforms based on OTN infrastructures have been introduced into the transport network recently and this will be covered. Lastly, innovations in DWDM transport such as 200G transmission, Flex Spectrum ROADM and control plane integration will be summarized.
Performance Tradeoffs of 120 Gb/s DP-QPSK in ROADM SystemsADVA
Check out Mark Filer and Sorin Tibuleac's IEEE IPC 2013 slides on performance tradeoffs of 120 Gb/s DP-QPSK in ROADM systems employing broadcast-and-select versus route-and-select architectures
Design and Implementation of a Low Noise Amplifier for Ultra Wideband Applica...IOSRJVSP
This paper represents the design and implementation of Low Noise Amplifier for Ultra wideband application using 0.18μm CMOS Technology. The proposed two stage LNA is for a 3-5 GHz. At supply voltage of 1.8V, for the exceed limit of 50μm of width of each transistor, the power consumption is 7.22mW. Noise figure is 4.33dB, Maximum power gain i.e. S21 is 20.4dB, S12 < -20dB, S11 < -8dB, S22 < -10dB. For the required bandwidth range, LNA is unconditionally stable and have good linearity
SCR-Based ESD Protection Designs for RF ICsjournal ijrtem
Abstract: CMOS technology has been used to implement the radio-frequency integrated circuits (RF ICs). However, it was known that advanced CMOS technologies seriously degrade the electrostatic discharge (ESD) robustness of ICs. Therefore, on-chip ESD protection devices must be added into the chip, including RF ICs. To minimize the impacts from ESD protection devices on RF performances, the ESD protection at RF pads must be carefully designed. A review on ESD protection designs with silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR) devices in RF ICs is presented in this article. Keywords: CMOS, ESD, RF, SCR.
A 420uW 100GHz-GBW CMOS Programmable-Gain Amplifier Leveraging the Cross-Coup...aiclab
Cross-coupled pairs are certainly among the most widely adopted fundamental circuits still in use today. This elegant device arrangement yields broadband positive feedback with high gain and low power, desirable features both in analog and digital applications [1]. Its small signal properties are consistently leveraged in oscillators, impedance negators and to boost gain of transconductors, while the bistable behavior is exploited in static latches and memory cells. Traditionally, the regeneration capability is leveraged in the design of sense amplifiers and high-speed comparators. In this work, we investigated the performance of the cross-coupled pair for discrete-time linear amplification and we show that its regeneration feature proves to be attractive for implementing Programmable-Gain Amplifiers (PGAs).
Serial link interfaces, with emphasis on the challenges of future linksaiclab
The development of next-generation electrical link technology to support 400Gb/s standards is underway. Due to area and heat dissipation constraints, aggregation of currently available 25Gb/s systems is not an option, and migration path requires serial interfaces to operate at increased rates (i.e. 56Gb/s and more).
In this workshop, we focus on two key elements which are among the hottest research topics in the wireline community. First, the use FIR filters for optical and backplane channel equalization, key to enhance the performances of transceivers at increasing speed. Compared with copper channels, equalization in optical fibers is more challenging because the channel response varies enormously from fiber to fiber and also over time due to mechanical stress, vibrations or movement. The impact of filter noise and distortion, crucial aspects for an analog implementation, are discussed in detail. Second, the gradual shift from NRZ to PAM-4 modulation to lower the system Nyquist frequency. Since the amplitude of each eye is reduced by a factor of 3, while noise power is only halved, a high transmitter output amplitude is key to preserve high SNR. However, compared to NRZ, the design of PAM-4 TX is challenged by tight linearity constraints, required to minimize the amplitude distortion among the 4 levels and still needs equalization. For both of them we will highlight system-level and implementation-level challenges, state-of-the-art and possible solutions.
Next Generation Fiber Structured Cabling and Migration to 40/100gPanduit
The new high speed Ethernet standards, 40GBASE-SR4 and 100GBASE-SR10, will require a change in the fiber cable plant. Here we examine the media and connectivity solutions needed to ease the migration for 10 Gigabit Ethernet to 40 and 100 Gigabit Ethernet.
A SiGe BiCMOS E-Band Power Amplifier with 22% PAE at 18dBm OP1dB and 8.5% at ...aiclab
Huawei and the University of Pavia present a SiGe power amplifier at 80GHz. A common-base output stage causes the DC current to track the signal current and improve efficiency at back-off power. Realized prototype shows OP1dB of 18dBm with Psat of 19dBm. The efficiency at OP1dB and at 6dB are 22% and 8.5%,
respectively.
Wideband CMOS Power Amplifiers Design at mm-Wave: Challenges and Case Studiesaiclab
Constant striving towards higher data rates in modern communication systems and the foreseen revolution related to the forthcoming 5G mobile communications are laying the ground for an explosion of the millimetre-wave radio market. The reason? Frequency bands are wider, less overcrowded, and cheaper. Modulation schemes can be relaxed, while very directive antennas can be exploited to realize radio hops of several hundred meters.
On the other hand, the design of all the involved high frequency components is more demanding. The power amplifier, specifically, is a fundamental block of the transmitter for its impact on the overall performance of the entire system and hence poses severe challenges to the designer.
This workshop addresses the peculiar issues involved in the design of power amplifiers in this high-frequency scenario and compares them to the ones confronted with in the traditional microwave bands.
Experts coming from leading groups actively involved in mm-wave PA design will describe and comment upon solutions of choice and real-world examples, both in compound semiconductors (GaAs and GaN) and in Si-CMOS.
WLPC_EU Budapest 2016 | Jaime Fink | Why Wi-Fi Based Solutions are the Future...Keith Parsons
Copper and fiber do not make economic sense for connectivity outside of a few select geographies. Major industry players are shifting focus and turning their attention to the potential of wireless to deliver ubiquitous, high speed access. Despite excitement around 5G, Wi-Fi technology is much better positioned to be the last mile access technology of choice.
OPTIMIZATION OF CMOS 0.18 M LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER USING NSGA-II FOR UWBVLSICS Design
A design and optimization of 3-5 GHz single ended Radio Frequency (RF) Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) for ultra-wide-band (UWB) applications using standard UMC 0.18 µm CMOS technology is reported. Designing of RF circuit components is a challenging job, since even after performing lengthy calculations and finding parameter values it is less guarantee that the design performs as expected. In view of this the optimization tool; Elitist Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II); has been employed to get the optimized starting values of components in the proposed LNA design. The obtained NSGA-II parameters were simulated using Cadence Spectre- RF simulator. The designed Low Noise Amplifier achieves a power gain of 22 dB and a minimum Noise Figure of 3 dB is achieved. It dissipates 12.5 mW of power out of 1.8 V supply
Optimization of Cmos 0.18 µM Low Noise Amplifier Using Nsga-Ii for UWB Applic...VLSICS Design
A design and optimization of 3-5 GHz single ended Radio Frequency (RF) Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) for
ultra-wide-band (UWB) applications using standard UMC 0.18 μm CMOS technology is reported.
Designing of RF circuit components is a challenging job, since even after performing lengthy calculations
and finding parameter values it is less guarantee that the design performs as expected. In view of this the
optimization tool; Elitist Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II); has been employed to get
the optimized starting values of components in the proposed LNA design. The obtained NSGA-II
parameters were simulated using Cadence Spectre- RF simulator. The designed Low Noise Amplifier
achieves a power gain of 22 dB and a minimum Noise Figure of 3 dB is achieved. It dissipates 12.5 mW of
power out of 1.8 V supply.
The design & simulation of low noise amplifier for 1 2.8 ghz using aln s...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper, we have designed low noise amplifier using 2 stage Cascade topology. We have focused on intermediate matching network design of amplifier for low noise figure and selection of transistor PHEMT is based on noise figure as well as quiescent point required for 0 grid voltage so that amplifier will need only single DC supply i.e. Vdd. Depends upon different topologies used for LNA design with wide band requirement, we chose cascaded topology for good gain with low noise amplifier and optimized for greater bandwidth. Practical inductors are bulky as well as counter intuitive elements for high frequency as they behave as capacitors and to reduce S11. Several windings in inductors make them resistive which increases noise by 0.2-0.4 dB. So we proposed inductor-less input matching network for both stages so that we can increase bandwidth as well as perfect match for low noise figure. This LNA is designed using Advanced Design System (ADS) software to provide 0.5 dB noise figure with power gain of 25 dB and 1-2.5 GHz Bandwidth. So it can be used an L-Band satellite modem that is used in an asset tracking application. Layout is designed using muruta manufacturing lumped components and Aluminum Nitride (AlN) substrate having high dielectric constant and high thermal conductivity. Key Words: LNA, PHEMT, ADS, AlN
The Approach on Influence of Biasing Circuit in Wideband Low Noise Amplifier ...IJEACS
This proposed work investigates the effects of biasing
circuit in the ultra-wideband microwave low noise amplifier
which operates between 3GHz to 10GHz. The complete circuit is
visualized the importance of every component in the design with
respect to linear measurements like Gain, Noise Figure, Return
loss under unconditionally stable condition. The design and
realization are made by using Hybrid Microwave integrated
circuit in AWR microwave office. The thing that is absolutely
necessary and frequently the difficult step in the design of an
LNA is 'biasing circuit design'. The difficulty situation arises
because traditional methods LNA by using S-parameters data
files in EDA tools provides almost all linear measurements.
Hence a number of time consuming iterations of different biasing
circuits with optimization methods may be required to reach
targeted specifications with the fixed operating point at the
desired points in the load line. Considering this behavior, various
alternate biasing circuit schemes are prepared and founded the
results associated with it. Furthermore, this paper unmistakably
clarifies the impacts of the biasing circuit by utilizing
intermodulation and harmonics distortion technique for
portrayal characterization. Different cases and sorts of the
biasing circuits with various biasing focuses have been tested and given clear perspective of the biasing ideas.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.